What period does modernism in British and American literature refer to? Who are the representative figures? Please give me some advice.

The main style of so-called neoclassicism lies in: on the premise of trying to correctly understand ancient culture and history, using the most modern methods to deal with the plot and structure of the story, emphasizing rhythm and speed. The extensive use of modern languages and the accurate and limited use of classical Chinese and classical vocabulary have enabled modern people to cut into ancient society emotionally and psychologically.

"romance"

Classicism and romanticism have little difference in their respective emphasis, which belongs to the relationship between content and form. Romantic artists put emotional expression above everything else. Therefore, in romantic art, emotion is often opposed to the rules of form. On the other hand, classical artists seek an ideal balance between form and content. He controls the emotional power behind art and tries to coordinate the requirements of emotion and reason. Therefore, harmony is balanced, calm and controlled by classical art.

Classical temperament reached the golden age in ancient Greece and became the source of inspiration for the Renaissance after two thousand years. In fact, classicism and romanticism always exist or coexist alternately, because they regulate two basic impulses in human nature: on the one hand, the love of traditional norms needs emotional purification and control; On the other hand, the desire for intoxication and ecstasy filled him with the desire for the unknown. Classicism is not a form without emotion, and romance is not an emotion without form. Emotion and form are inseparable. The key is their focus.

The French Revolution was an extremely important opportunity, and the power was transferred from the feudal aristocracy to the emerging middle class. The Great Revolution emphasized individuality, political freedom, economic freedom, religious freedom and individuality freedom. In the artist's view, this individualistic impulse inspired romantic expression.

Romantic master:

Mendelssohn (1809- 1847), Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (1797- 1828),

Schumann Robert Alexander Schumann (18 10- 1856), Berlioz, Chopin Frederic Fran? ois Chopin (1810/849), Liszt Franz Liszt (/kloc).

Verdi, Puccini, Brahms ohannes brahms (1833- 1897),

Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky Peter ilych Chelovsky (18 10- 1856), Mahler and Strauss.

Bicai (1838- 1875), Bedrich Smetana, sibelius, rachmaninoff, Musorgskiy.

"realism"

Realism represents two completely different philosophical theories, one is about the nature of universal concepts, and the other is about knowledge objects in the world.

In post-classical and medieval philosophy, realism is the development and persistence of formal Pareto theory. Generally speaking, universality such as "red" or "human" exists independently and objectively, either in one's own territory or in the mind of God. Medieval realism and nominalism are usually compared, and Peter Abelard and William provided the classic criticism of realism from this perspective.

In modern philosophy, realism is a broad period, including several movements that are unified in rejecting philosophy, ideals and ism together. In its most general form, realism asserts that objects exist independently in the outside world, considering them. The most direct theory is usually called naive realism. It advocates that enlightened people can directly understand objects and their attributes, so that they can directly enter the outside world. However, this view cannot explain perceptual errors and hallucinations. Most realists believe that the process of cause is mediated in the mind, or explained, and directly perceived. Therefore, objects are still independent in essence, although the cause mechanism may be deformed or even completely empty, and the individual's understanding of them.

"modernism"

/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the 20th century, the word "modernism" was often used to talk about literature and art. It marks a kind of literary spirit or "modernity" different from any previous period, and is the general name of symbolism, futurism, imagism, expressionism, stream of consciousness and surrealism. Similar to the evolution of many literary terms, the earliest "modernism" is also a derogatory term with criticism and ridicule. According to Kalinescu's research, in 1755, samuel johnson included modernism as a new word created by Swift in the English language dictionary. In a letter to Pope, Swift said, "Poor literati have brought us this rubbish written in prose and poetry with their poor frugality and eccentric modernism." By the end of 19, the usage of this word changed from derogatory to neutral, and it was not until the1920s that it was widely accepted and gained legitimacy. Ruben Dario was the first person who used "modernism" as a commendatory term to refer to the modern aesthetic revolution. As early as 1888, he praised the Mexican writer Carido Gonzalez with "complete modernism in expression".

In modern western literary theory and criticism, the word modernism has roughly five usages: ① an aesthetic tendency; (2) innovative spirit; (3) the literary movement; ④ The floorboard of prose style; ⑤ Creative principles or methods. These usages have their own emphases, but the common point is to define the meaning of modernism as the reaction of realism. As Peter Faulkner said, "Modernism is a part of the historical process in which art got rid of various assumptions in the19th century, and those assumptions seem to have become a rigid routine over time."

1) Delacroix: His works include: Sea of Galilee, March of Freemen, Theo Island Massacre, etc.

2) Miller: Works: Picking ears, sowing seeds, etc.

3) MANET: Works: Terrace, Lunch on the Grass, The Boy Playing the Flute, etc.

4) Degas: Works: A woman ironing clothes, a carriage on a racecourse, a stage, etc.

5) Rodin: His works include Kiss and so on.

"postmodernism"

The word "postmodern" was first used in the 1970s of 19. Postmodernism really rose after the 1960s, and it had a wide influence in the 1970s. Since 1980s, with France as the center, postmodern discourse has begun to circulate around the world, with michel foucault and J·f· Liata as the main representatives. Postmodernism challenges the all-encompassing world outlook, and its goal is to eliminate the legitimacy of traditional authority. Postmodernism emphasizes indeterminism rather than determinism, diversity rather than unity, difference rather than comprehensiveness, and complexity rather than simplicity. It pays special attention to the legalization crisis and those aspects that dominate the world cultural system, which are characterized by modern computers and media. It deeply doubts the theory and science based on consensus, rational communication and human freedom, and tries to seek new ideas about society, language and human subject. It provides a new cognitive perspective and updates the traditional way of thinking.

Postmodernists have clearly seen that nuclear weapons and the environment are two problems that can destroy the world. It is in the process of tracing back to the source that they find that modernity is to blame for the misfortune of mankind today. Therefore, challenging and criticizing modernity has become the main task of post-modern thinkers. As D.R.Griffin said: "We can and should abandon modernity, in fact, we must do so, otherwise, we and most life on earth will be doomed." In the relationship between man and the world, postmodernism advocates eliminating the opposition between man and the world set by modernity, because if we regard the world as separated from us and composed of some irrelevant parts of computational manipulation, then we will become isolated people, and our motivation for treating people and things will be manipulation and calculation.

Postmodernism's criticism of modernity stems from the criticism of instrumental rationality and its consequences (totalitarian rule, nuclear terror and ecological deterioration). Although modernity has all kinds of evils in the eyes of postmodernists, it is difficult for postmodernism to get rid of the love-hate relationship with modernity. What it denies is not the existence of modernity, but the hegemony of modernity, not the advantage of modernity, but the limitation of modernity. It appreciates the material and spiritual progress brought by modernity, but at the same time it hates the negative impact brought by modernity. The question posed by postmodernism is: Can we effectively absorb the advantages of modernity and avoid its disadvantages? Obviously, the problem is not small, because it is not only related to the fate of modernity, but also to the future of human society.

It is said that the world is a good novel website, and you deserve it.