A handwritten newspaper about Niels' goose riding trip and how steel was tempered.

Pavel korchagin was born in a poor railway worker's family. His father died in his early years, and his mother made a living by washing and cooking for others. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, his mother sent him to the station canteen to do odd jobs and was humiliated there. He hates shopkeepers who bully the poor, and he hates rich people who spend their time drinking and drinking.

After the "October Revolution" broke out, imperialists and reactionaries attempted to strangle the nascent Soviet regime. Paul's hometown, Shebetoka, Ukraine, has also experienced years of foreign armed intervention and civil war. The Red Army liberated the town of Shebetovka, but soon retreated, leaving only the elder Bush Vic He Ju to do underground work in the town. He stayed at Paul's house for a few days and told him a lot about the revolution, the working class and class struggle. Zhu was the initial leader of Paolo on the revolutionary road.

On a fishing trip, Paul met tonya, the daughter of a forestry official.

One day, Zhu was captured by the white bandit troops. Paul inquired about his whereabouts everywhere. On the way of the bandit troops escorting Zhu, Paul swooped down, knocked the bandit troops down in the trench and escaped with Zhu. Paul was sent to prison because of the snitch of Victor, the son of Polish aristocrat Lizensky. In prison, Paul endured torture and was strong and unyielding. A second-class officer mistakenly released Paul as an ordinary criminal in order to welcome Petriu, the leader of the White Bandit, to visit the town. Afraid of falling into the clutches again, he didn't dare to go home, so he involuntarily came to the front of tonya's garden and jumped into it. Because Paul saved Niya on his last fishing trip, and she liked his "passionate and stubborn" personality, so her arrival made her very happy. Paul also thinks that tonya is different from other rich girls. They all feel hazy love. In order to take refuge, he agreed to tonya's request and stayed. A few days later, tonya found Paul's brother Aerjiaom, and he sent his brother to Khartoum to join the Red Army.

Paul worked as a scout after joining the army and later became a cavalry. He is a good leader who dares to take the lead on the battlefield and an excellent political propagandist. He especially likes reading Gadfly, Spartacus and other works, and often reads aloud or tells stories to his comrades. In a fierce battle, his head was badly injured, but he overcame his death with tenacious perseverance. His physical condition prevented him from returning to the front, so he immediately devoted himself to restoring and building the country. He worked in the league, eliminated counter-revolutionaries and devoted himself to hard manual labor. In particular, the work of building railways is particularly difficult; Autumn rain, mud, heavy snow, frozen soil, everyone is short of clothes and food, camping in the cold wind, and threatened by armed bandits and diseases.

During this period, his love with tonya was in crisis, and tonya's vulgar individualism disgusted him. When I saw her again when I was building the railway, she had married a rich engineer. When Paul was the secretary of the Youth League Committee in the railway factory, he had frequent contact with Lida, a member of the Youth League Committee, and they gradually developed feelings. But he mistook Rita's brother for her lover and lost the chance to fall in love with her.

At the end of the road construction work, Paul got typhoid fever and caused pneumonia, so the organization had to send Paul back to his hometown to recuperate. On the way, it was falsely reported that Paul was dead, but this is the fourth time that Paul has overcome death and returned to the world. After his illness, he returned to work and joined the party. Due to various injuries and selfless work, Paul's physique is getting worse and worse, and he has lost his ability to work. The party organization had to terminate his work and let him stay in hospital for a long time. While recuperating at the seaside, he met Daya and fell in love. While constantly helping Daya to make progress, Paul began to study tenaciously and improve his writing ability. 1927, Paul was completely paralyzed and then became blind. The raging disease finally bound the soldier full of fighting passion to the hospital bed. Paul once had suicidal thoughts, but he soon got out of the trough. This paralyzed, blind man with no writing experience began his heroic career-literary creation. Paul endured great physical and mental pain. First he wrote in a cardboard box, then he dictated it himself and asked someone to record it for him. With the help of his mother and wife, the novel Born in the Storm written with life was finally published! Paul took up new weapons and started a new life.

Brief introduction of the author

Nikolai Alexeevich Ostrovsky (1904 ~ 1936) was a Soviet writer. Nikolai Alexeevich Ostrovsky1was born in a poor peasant family on September 29th, 904, ranking fifth, and began to work as a child laborer at the age of1/kloc-0. 19 19 joined the * * * Youth League and immediately took part in the civil war. 1923 to 1924 served as the head of the youth league in the border areas of Ukraine, and 1924 joined the * * * production party. His health was seriously damaged because of the long and arduous struggle. By 1927, his health had deteriorated sharply, but he never gave in and fought the disease with amazing perseverance. At the end of the same year, he began to write a "historical lyric hero story" about Kotovschi divisions (that is, "Born in the Storm"). Unfortunately, the only manuscript was lost by the post office when it was sent to a friend for review. This cruel blow did not break his strong will, but made him fight the disease more tenaciously.

1929 paralyzed and blind. 1930, based on his own combat experience, he began to write the novel "How Steel was Tempered" with tenacious will. The novel was a great success and was praised sincerely and enthusiastically by its contemporaries. 1934, ostrovsky was admitted as a member of the Soviet Writers Association. At the end of 1935, the Soviet government awarded him the Lenin medal in recognition of his creative work and outstanding contribution in literature. 1936 65438+On February 22nd, ostrovsky died of a serious illness in Moscow.

Nikolai ostrovsky is Russian, but his birthplace is in Ukraine. My father is a starter in a brewery, and he also works part-time in a foreign village or town. He also worked as a postman for five years. He has been to Petersburg, served in military service, met progressive college students, and knows the stories of some revolutionaries who resisted the czar. My mother was born in poverty, and she had to work for others since she was a child, herding geese, growing vegetables and looking after children. They gave birth to six children after marriage, and two died. Ostrovsky is the youngest, with two sisters and one brother. Mothers not only do housework and take care of children, but also sew for others and be maids. When he was ten years old, due to the outbreak of World War I, his family moved to Shchepetov to escape the war. At this time, life is even more difficult.

At the age of eleven, ostrovsky joined the local railway station canteen as a waiter. At the age of fourteen, he entered the power plant, helped firefighters and electricians, and also did chores such as sawing wood and unloading coal. He has a strong thirst for knowledge since he was a child, eager to learn, but he only attended school intermittently for a few years. At school, he is not only excellent in grades, but also very active. He is a good assistant to the teacher. He tried to write fairy tales, short stories and poems, and published his exercises in the magazine Color of Youth written by students. He also likes to play drama, and he likes to play a hero role on the stage. He dropped out of school several times, mostly because of poverty, and once because he offended a priest who taught theology. So, the children tried their best to borrow books and even gave their lunch to the newspaper vendor in exchange for newspapers. When he was twelve years old, he read the Gadfly, the representative work of English woman writer Voynich. Since then, the image of the gadfly has been deeply imprinted in his heart.

Nikolai Alexeevich Ostrovsky, 1904, was born in a Ukrainian worker's family. After graduating from primary school, the small church had to drop out of school to work because of poor family circumstances. 19 19 joined the Soviet youth league and joined the red army to fight against the white bandits. 1923- 1924 works in the Youth League Committee. 1924, join the * * * production party. 1927 paralyzed and blind due to illness. He wrote the novels How Steel was Tempered and The Birth of the Storm with amazing perseverance, and described the experiences of Soviet youth growing up in the revolutionary melting pot according to his personal experience. "How Steel was Tempered" was translated into Chinese as early as 1942, and the hero Paul Kochagin became a model for young people in China. 1936 65438+On February 22nd, ostrovsky passed away.

The hardships and heaviness of real life, as well as the perseverance and brilliance of the characters in the book, made the boy sensible and precocious. He helped Bolshevik underground organizations post leaflets and spy on information. At the age of fifteen, he was walking in the street when he suddenly found a member of an underground revolutionary committee being escorted by a heavily armed bandit soldier. In despair, he pounced on the robber soldiers. The revolutionary was rescued unexpectedly, but was arrested for it. The boy was tortured, but he didn't say a word, just survived.

The Red Army and the Rebel Army defeated the bandit troops. In July of the same year, ostrovsky joined the Youth League; In August, he volunteered to join the Red Army, went to the front with the troops and stood the test of the fire of war.

He was a cavalry and scout, and fought everywhere. This young man is not only brave and good at fighting, but also good at inspiring his comrades-in-arms, showing his propaganda and agitation ability. In August of the following year, ostrovsky was seriously injured in the abdomen and head, and was in a coma for two months in a field hospital bed. After leaving the hospital, only two-fifths of the right eye vision was retained. So I changed my job and came to this place.

Participated in the work of the Committee to eliminate counter-revolutionaries, worked as an electrician assistant in the railway general factory, was elected secretary of the League branch, and studied in the electrician technical school. At the age of seventeen, he took the lead in completing the arduous work of building a railway branch line. On the railway construction site, many people died because of bad conditions, diseases and gang attacks. Ostrovsky gritted his teeth and worked hard. But when the project was about to be completed, his knees were red and swollen, he had difficulty walking, and he was infected with typhoid fever and was sent back to his hometown. Under the care of his mother, he barely survived. After returning to the factory, he worked while studying in a technical school. Injured, unable to bear excessive fatigue, the body is getting worse and worse, and was sent to a nursing home for mud treatment. After a slight improvement, he returned to Kiev and, together with many members of the Youth League, rescued Wood from the knee-deep and biting cold river. He is ill again. At the age of eighteen, the medical appraisal Committee issued a first-class disability certificate for him!

He hid his certificate and asked for a job. Later, he served as secretary of the Youth League Committee, political commissar of the national military training camp, member of the regional Youth League Committee and alternate member of the Youth League Committee. Joined the party at the age of twenty and served as secretary of the Youth League Committee. Unfortunately, he had another car accident and injured his right knee, which led to chronic diseases and swelling and pain in his joints. It's hard to move. At the age of 23, he was paralyzed and his eyes gradually became blind.

Since then, he has traveled to and from hospitals around the country, and he has not improved after treatment. Twenty-six-year-old, the ninth operation, left a cotton ball in the body after the incision was sutured. Weak patients, if anesthetized again, may damage the heart and endanger their lives. He offered to cut the incision and take out the cotton ball without anesthesia. He didn't utter a moan, but he had a high fever after the operation and stayed there for eight days. After that, he flatly refused any operation and said, "I donated some blood for science, and let me keep the rest for something else."

He made many friends in hospitals and nursing homes all over the country, some of whom were revolutionaries of the older generation. During the interval of medical treatment, he read a lot of excellent literary works with his remaining eyesight, including works by Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Gorky, sholokhov, Balzac, Hugo, Zola and Dreiser. He took part in the study of Correspondence University and wrote a novella reflecting the life of fighting. Unfortunately, the only manuscript of the novel was lost on the way back after being read by comrades from other places.

At the age of twenty-six, he began to write the novel How Steel was Tempered. I finished my first book at the age of 27, and it was published the following year. At the age of thirty, the second book "How Steel was Tempered" came out. 3 1 year-old won the Lenin medal; At the age of 32, that is, 19361February 14, he completed the revision of another novel, The Birth of the Storm (I), and eight days later, that is,1February 22, he died.

figure

Pavel korchagin (this is an English translation, which has been established. According to the original pronunciation, it should be "Pavel Kilchagin", nicknamed: Paul Fu Lusha, Paofka)

Celessa Bruzak-Paul's childhood friend, a Red Army soldier and secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee.

Valeria Ruzsak-Xie brought her sister, a Communist Youth League member.

Lida Ustinovich, a staff member of the Political Department of the Red Army Division, is a member of the Standing Committee of the Youth League Committee.

Ivan Zarki, Red Army soldier and secretary of the Youth League Committee.

IGAD pankratov-Docker, Communist Youth League Secretary of the Freight Station.

Nikolai okunev-Secretary of the Youth League Committee of the Machine Repair Factory, Secretary of the Youth League Committee of * * *

It was fyodor Zhu Laihe, the party's underground worker, the chairman of the provincial committee for eliminating counter-revolutionaries and the deputy director of the military secret service that led Paul to the revolutionary road.

Dorynnik Carpenter, the underground worker of the Party, and the chairman of the Municipal Revolutionary Committee.

Achim-* * Secretary of the Communist Youth League Provincial Committee and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of Ukraine.

Tokarev, an old locksmith, captain of the road construction team and secretary of the district party committee.

Alexander Puzyrevski-Leader of the Red Army

Old Bolshevik

Aerjiaom Kochakin-Paul's brother, fitter, chairman of the city Soviet.

Politowski-Train Driver

Zahar Ruzsak-Xie took his father, the co-driver of the train.

Maria Yakovlev —— Paul's mother

Daya Kochakina (nickname: Dayusha)-female worker, Paul's wife.

Tonia Tu Mannova-Paul's boyhood girlfriend, the daughter of a forestry official.

Dmitry Dubawa-* * * Secretary of the Communist Youth League District Committee, Trotskyite

Volodya Tufta-* * Minister of Registration and Distribution Department of the Communist Youth League Provincial Committee, Trotskyite.

Cvita's-Trotskyite, Secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee of the Railway Factory.

Father Vasily, member of Ukrainian Social Revolutionary Party, counter-revolutionary.

Victor Lescinsky-Polish hereditary aristocrat, middle school student and informer.

Petriura-bandit leader

Clara Vicek-Czech Republic, member of the Youth League.

Writing characteristics

The greatest achievement of the novel How Steel was Tempered is to successfully create a typical image of a new capitalist Paul Kochakin, who was trained by the Bolshevik Party and tempered in a revolutionary bonfire and difficult environment. He wrote a magnificent poem for the party and the people with his class stand of distinguishing love from hatred, lofty moral outlook, high revolutionary passion, magical vitality and iron will.

Paul is a self-conscious and selfless revolutionary fighter. He always puts the interests of the party and the motherland first. In the war years of blood and fire, Paul and his brothers galloped on the battlefield together, fighting bloody battles with foreign armed meddlers and white bandit troops to defend the Soviet regime, showing their dedication to the revolutionary cause and not being afraid of sacrifice. In those difficult years of healing the wounds of war and restoring the national economy, he devoted himself to peaceful labor with all his enthusiasm. Although he used to be an iron horse with blood, he didn't take credit and didn't consider personal fame and fortune. He just wants to do more for the party and the people. The party asked him to build the railway, and he went; The party asked him to be a league cadre, and he went, and he gave his life to do it. He can even sacrifice love for the revolution. He loved Ada, but influenced by the gadfly, he wanted to "devote himself completely to the revolutionary cause", so he left without saying goodbye in the form of gadfly. After paralysis and blindness, all he needs in life is to continue working for the party. As he said, "all my life and energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind."

Paul is a staunch revolutionary fighter who has withstood severe tests in all aspects of his life. In the face of the enemy's torture, he is strong and unyielding; On the battlefield of bullets, he went forward bravely; In the struggle against diseases that devoured life, he discouraged death many times and created a miracle of "coming back to life". In particular, he struggled to climb the palace of art from the time of his death, showing the highest realm that a revolutionary soldier's iron will can reach.

Paul is also an ordinary and great hero. There is nothing earth-shattering in his resume. He always starts with the most common things. Faced with the heavy blow of the disease, he also had the idea of suicide. It was in his heroic passion to fight the disease that he contained the danger of "Left" infantilism. Paul finally realized that his behavior of not caring for his body could not be called heroic behavior, but willfulness and irresponsibility. Therefore, Paul is great and ordinary. He is an iron warrior who gradually matured in the fire of revolution. He is a true and affectionate role model.

Paul is also a typical autobiographical image based on the author himself. The author describes Paul according to his own life experience and real feelings. So Paul's touching story is not an artistic fiction, but basically a true story, which is more touching because it is true. However, the author opposes to regard this novel as the author's autobiography completely, because "this is a novel, not a biography". He concentrated the thoughts and personality characteristics of many similar figures in his contemporaries on Paul in a typical way. He said: "In this book, I am not writing about Paul Kochakin alone, but about millions of men and women who are searching for gold and fighting for their own happiness!" Paul's image is both autobiographical and sketchy. He is the most outstanding and typical representative of the socialist young generation.

theme

"How Steel is Tempered" is a story that describes the growth process of new people and reveals their excellent qualities. When a British journalist asked the author why he named this book How Steel was Tempered, ostrovsky replied, "Steel is cast and quenched in fire. Only in this way can we work hard and be afraid of nothing. Our generation was also tempered in such struggles and arduous tests, and learned not to be decadent in front of life. "

This title vividly summarizes the ideological content he wants to express; The growth path and ideological character of my generation.

Through Paul Kochakin's growth path, the novel tells people that only by defeating the enemy in the hardships and hardships of the revolution and defeating oneself in the great pressure of life, and only by linking their pursuit with the interests of the motherland and the people, can they create miracles and grow into iron soldiers. Revolutionaries are tempered into steel in struggle, which is an important theme of the novel.

By revealing Paul's resolute character of daring to overcome any difficulties and hardships for the cause of the party and the people, the novel vividly tells the younger generation what is the ideal of productism and how to work hard for its understanding. What kind of life revolutionary soldiers should lead is another theme of the novel. What Paul said in mourning for his female comrade-in-arms, Valen's grave, is a confession of his materialistic outlook on life and an exposition of the theme of the novel:

"Life is the most precious thing for people, and life belongs to people only once. A man's life should be spent like this: when he looks back on the past, he will not regret wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed of doing nothing. In this way, when he dies, he can say,' My life and all my energy have been devoted to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind.' "

The theme of the novel can be summarized as follows: one's life should be spent like Pavel Kozakin.

Artistic feature

How Steel was Tempered is an autobiographical novel. Many stories in the novel come from the author's personal experience, so it is more real and touching to read. However, the author does not stick to the facts of life, and does a lot of typical treatment of characters and plots. How the Steel was Tempered, like Gorky's autobiographical trilogy, has made an important contribution to the innovation of autobiographical novels.

The whole description of the novel revolves around the growth of the protagonist, with a compact and natural structure. When portraying the hero's character, he also shows his excellent qualities from different aspects. By describing how Paul views prison, war, work, friendship, love, illness and setbacks, that is, how to view revolution and personal, public and private, life and death and other major issues, the image of Paul as a steel soldier is particularly full, vivid and radiant.

evaluate

How Steel was Tempered is one of the most famous "revolutionary novels" in capitalist countries. Fadeev, a Soviet writer, once spoke highly of this work: "There is no such pure, touching and energetic image in the whole Soviet literature for the time being", which sholokhov called "a textbook of life". But in the eyes of some western scholars, this is just a myth concocted by Stalin's propaganda agency. Mark Slonim described it as "simple in writing and loose in structure", while Le Fei Ershov described it as "concise and lively, with almost only verbs".

Since1mid-1980s, how steel was tempered has been gradually forgotten by the Soviets. From 65438 to 0997, Moscow University Press published eight sets of "Rereading Masterpieces" series, which did not include How Steel was Tempered. At the same time, some people call for not losing a hero like Pavel Colta King. The Russian Pravda1June 1997 17 "Paul Kochagin and Lolita" said that "... the children of working people should know how their ancestors and fathers lived in the czar era, how they fought for revolution and freedom, how they carried out the revolution of working people, and how they established a social justice system in their own country. ..... Therefore, in any case, how the steel was tempered, Young Guards and Real People should not be deleted from the existing books ... "

Influence in China

1942, Yimei translated how steel was tempered into Chinese according to English version [3]. During the 44 years from 1952 to 1995, it was printed and published 57 times and distributed 2.5 million copies.

Party member Wu Yunduo, the producer of China, lost his left eye, left hand and right leg in the process of weapon development, but he persisted in his work and wrote the autobiographical novel "Give Everything to the Party", which was called "Pavel Colta King of China". /kloc-Zhang Haidi, who was physically disabled and determined in the 1980s, was also called "contemporary Paul".

In China, how steel is tempered has a greater influence than other countries, even the Soviet Union and Russia itself. One of the reasons is that "How Steel was Tempered" was once used by the China government as a textbook of capitalist ideology to promote young people's reading, and Paul's section on road construction was selected as a middle school Chinese text; Another reason is that the publication and promotion of this book is in place.