Geographical location and common sense of Jiangnan

Jiangnan literally means the south of the river, especially the south of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the concept of human geography.

in different historical periods, literary images in Jiangnan are different. Jiangnan first appeared in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it was the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the background of the vassal States such as Wu and Yue, and now the southern part of the Yangtze River in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu and Northeast Jiangxi. In the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the King of Wu once built the Gusu Terrace. Later, the word "Gusu" often appeared in the poems of literati singing about the south of the Yangtze River, such as "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, the bell rang to the passenger ship at midnight", "Gusu Terrace is resting on the Wujiang River, and the scales are leaning against the sky", and the poet Li Bai's "When Gusu Terrace is perched on the platform, the beauty in Wu Palace is drunk" and so on. Su Dongpo, a well-known poet, famously said, "If you want to compare the West Lake to the West Lake, it is always appropriate to make light makeup and heavy makeup", and compared the beauty of the West Lake in the south of the Yangtze River to the beauty of beauty in beauty, which further strengthened this cultural connotation. In the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Jiong's "Jiangchengzi", the famous sentence "When there is an empty space, there is an ancient Suzhou on the stage and the moon, like a mirror of the West, reflecting the river" undoubtedly reflects the pure and beautiful culture born out of the historical background of wuyue's hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period, losing its chivalry and showing its tenderness. Therefore, in history, Jiangnan was once called wuyue by the Central Plains. Later, with the large number of Han people in the Central Plains moving southward, Jiangnan became a beautiful and rich area with developed culture and education, which reflected the ancient people's yearning for a better life and was a paradise in people's minds.

"Jiangnan" has always been a constantly changing and flexible regional concept. Jiangnan often represents a prosperous culture and education and a beautiful and rich water town scene.

"Jiangnan" has always been a changing and flexible regional concept. In a narrow sense, Jiangnan refers to Huzhou, Hangzhou, Shaoxing and Jiaxing in Zhejiang, Nanjing, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Changzhou and Wuxi in southern Jiangsu, and the Yangtze River Delta formed by Shanghai. Geographically, the Jiangnan area also includes Wuhu, Maanshan and Huizhou in Anhui, Nanchang, Jiujiang, Shangrao, Jingdezhen, Yueyang, Changsha, Yiyang and Changde in the north of Hunan and Jiangxi Shanghai-Kunming lines, and the southern part of the Yangtze River in Hubei. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jiangnan was mainly the former Jiangxi Province, jiangnan province (Jiangsu and Anhui) and northern Zhejiang.

the meaning of "Jiangnan" is varied in ancient literature. It is often a word that stands side by side with regional concepts such as "Jiangbei" and "Central Plains" and is ambiguous. Historically, Jiangnan is both a natural geographical area and a social and political area.

Jiangnan in a broad sense includes the whole territory of Shanghai, Jiangxi, Hunan and Zhejiang, as well as the areas south of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei and Shanghai. Compared with Jiangnan Road in Tang Dynasty, there is less part involving Guizhou Province. Northern Fujian is sometimes called Jiangnan. Jiangnan in a broad sense has a vast area and diverse landforms, so it is often regarded as "the Great Jiangnan", which is roughly consistent with the scope of Jiangnan in meteorology. Four rice markets and four famous buildings in the south of the Yangtze River are all within the scope of the south of the Yangtze River. This area includes the famous three mountains, three rivers and three lakes-Qiantang River and Taihu Lake in Huangshan, Ganjiang River and Poyang Lake in Lushan, Xiangjiang River in Hengshan and Dongting Lake. These three rivers and lakes are the birthplaces of Wu culture, Ganpo culture and Huxiang culture respectively. The definition of Great Jiangnan begins with the ancient division (Jiangnan Road), and is often described in literary works. For example, Du Fu's on meeting li guinian down the river was written in Changsha. The Jiangnan referred to in the weather forecast is also roughly the generalized Jiangnan zone.

The word "Jiangnan" has also been used for administrative divisions in official geographical records since the Yuan Dynasty. In the early Qing Dynasty, jiangnan province, that is, Jiangsu, Anhui and Shanghai, were collectively referred to as Jiangnan, and Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Jiangning, Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou were also the most representative administrative places in the Qing Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Raozhou Prefecture, Jiujiang Prefecture, Nanchang Prefecture in Jiangxi Province and Chizhou Prefecture, Taiping Prefecture, Ningguo Prefecture, Huizhou Prefecture in Anhui Province were also very representative Jiangnan areas.

landforms

Compared with the north, the most obvious features of landforms in the south of the Yangtze River are many plains and much water. Jiangnan is located in the plain of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with a topography of high in the south and low in the north. Its northern part is flat, mainly plain, and there are some mountains and hills in the south. Besides abundant precipitation, Jiangnan region also has two major water systems, the Yangtze River and Qiantang River, which are interconnected by canals. There are many rivers and lakes in the south of the Yangtze River, and there are three famous freshwater lakes in China, namely Dongting Lake in Hunan, Poyang Lake in Jiangxi and Taihu Lake in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. In the long-term development process, a large number of water conservancy projects have been built to make them interconnected, such as Taibo Kaibodu, Wu Zixu Kaixuxi, Fu Cha's digging of the Han River and Jiangnan Canal, etc., so it has always enjoyed the reputation of "water town and country".

The physical geography of the south of the Yangtze River formed under such climate and landform is significantly different from that of the north. The ancients described it this way:

Wu Jun's Book of Thinking with Zhu Yuansi is one of the most outstanding landscape sketches in the Southern Dynasties. Its description of the natural scenery from Fuyang to Tonglu can quite reflect the beauty of the natural scenery in the south of the Yangtze River:

The wind and smoke are clean, and the Tianshan Mountains are * * * colored, drifting from the stream, and anything is arbitrary. From Fuyang to Tonglu, a hundred miles, strange mountains and different waters, unique in the world. The water is green and blue, and the bottom is a thousand feet; You can swim with fine stones and look straight at them. What a swift arrow, if fierce wave rush. The mountains near the shore are all cold trees, and they compete against each other, competing for heights and pointing to peaks. Springs rock, ringing; Good birds sing, and they rhyme. Cicadas are endless, while apes are endless. Those who fly kites against the sky look at the peak and rest their minds, while those who manage the world look at the valley and forget the rebellion. The horizontal branch is covered, and it is still faint in the day; Sparse articles reflect each other, and sometimes see the sun.

Tao Hongjing's "Letter of Thanks to the Chinese Book" even praised the south of the Yangtze River as "the fairy capital of desire", and its words were also very attractive:

The beauty of mountains and rivers has been talked about since ancient times. The towering peaks of the mountains, the clouds, clear streams clear bottom. The stone walls of both sides are colorful and reflect each other. Green woods, green bamboo clusters, four. Dawn fog will rest, apes and birds will sing; The evening is fading, and the scales are leaping. This is really a fairyland on earth. Since Xie lingyun in the southern dynasty, no one has been able to appreciate the marvelous scenery.

The Story of the World and Words also contains: "Prince Jingyun:' When you walk on the shady road, the mountains and rivers set each other off, which makes people overwhelmed, especially when it is autumn and winter'", "Gu Changkang returned from Huiji, and people asked about the beauty of the mountains and rivers, and Gu Yun:' Thousands of rocks compete for beauty, and thousands of valleys compete for flow'", and in the Tang Dynasty. Take a boat to the mountain temple and drive to others. Jathyapple orange tree, white lotus flower in autumn wind. Jiang Tian's poetry is in good condition, so don't ask for credit when you return to Japan. (Zhang Ji's "Send My Brother Dai Xuan to Suzhou")

Guzhu Mountain County, the stream will be painted. Looking at the battlements from a distance, it is all in the water clouds. (Zheng Gu's "A Tribute to Huzhou from the Uncle")

I went to Wu Tingdong for a thousand miles, and I sang songs and made a trip in the past year. There are no clues in the moss temple, and there are many restaurants by the green water bridge. (one of Du Mu's Two Poems of Runzhou)

In modern times, Mr. Wang Bijiang thought: "Both Jiangsu and Zhejiang are Yu Gong, the territory of Yangzhou, and the so-called wealth zone in the world is also. Its terrain, the Soviet Union has the difference between the north and the south, but all of them are close to the sea and cross the river, the mountains and rivers are far away, and the lakes and marshes are lingering; Zhejiang has a quiet landscape, and those who are adjacent to Fujian and Fujian are also deeply beautiful. " The words quoted above fully show the unique beauty of the southern mountains and waters of Jiangnan.

Jiangnan hills

South of the Yangtze River, north of Nanling Mountain, west of Wuyi Mountain and Tianmu Mountain, east of Xuefeng Mountain, including the southern Hunan and Jiangxi provinces in China, and the western Zhejiang and southern Anhui regions, are collectively called Jiangnan hills. It is between 25 ~ 31 north latitude and 11 ~ 12 east longitude, covering an area of about 37, square kilometers.

since Mesozoic, the south has been uplifted, and the northern fault has subsided, forming a terrain inclined to the north. The main part can be regarded as a large depression adjacent to Hunan and Jiangxi provinces, with mountains in the southeast and west. The surface runoff flows into Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake through Xiangjiang River, Zishui River, Yuanjiang River, Lishui River and Poyang River, Xinjiang River, Fuhe River, Ganjiang River and Xiushui River respectively, and then flows into the Yangtze River in the north. The mountains and hills in the northeastern border region of Zhejiang and Anhui are connected with the mountains and hills at the junction of Zhejiang and Jiangxi, which has become a watershed for the Yangtze River and Zhejiang and Fujian to flow into the seawater system independently. Many Zhongshan and low mountains in the area are arranged in northeast-southwest direction, and the Neocathaysian tectonic system is clear. The elevation of mountains is about 1 meters, and it can reach 15 ~ 2 meters locally. The main mountain ranges are Mufu Mountain, Jiuling Mountain, Wugong Mountain, Wanyang Mountain and Zhuguang Mountain at the junction of Hunan and Jiangxi, Tianmu Mountain and Xianxialing Mountain in western Zhejiang, Wuyishan Mountain in Fujian and Jiangxi, and Huangshan Mountain in southern Anhui. Lushan, Hengshan, Huangshan, Jiuhua, Tianmu and Jinggangshan are all famous tourist attractions.

jinqu basin

jinqu basin is one of the few basins and plains in Zhejiang province, including Jinhua and quzhou, which have been rich since ancient times and have the reputation of "Zhejiang cornucopia". As the birthplace of Qiantang River, the river is clear and the mother river of Zhejiang people.