What is the principle of psychology?

Question 1: What psychological principles are used? First, only provide a single information source and information channel, and shield other information sources and channels. When people are in a single information environment for a long time, they gradually lose the ability of critical thinking and can only passively accept this information. Because people are naturally hungry for information, just like food and water, when faced with the choice of accepting a single information or not accepting any information, people can only choose the former. Second, create group pressure, especially let the people around you and peers exert influence. Brainwashed people are good at creating a public opinion environment so that everyone in the environment can say the same thing and do the same thing. Because people are naturally group animals, most people can't resist this pressure and can only choose to integrate into this group, say the same things and do the same things. Third, let people be in a high emotional state, let physiology control psychology, and let emotions overcome reason. When people are in an excessive emotional state, they cannot think rationally. People who brainwash know this well, so they will create some activities to keep the baptized people in a sustained high-pitched mood, such as singing, reciting, shouting slogans and so on. Fourth, let people make promises. There is also a clever trick for brainwashers, that is, using the power of human self-discipline, through deception, pressure and other means, to make the baptized person make some promises, that is, promise to abide by certain rules of thought and behavior, then the baptized person will fall into this cage built by self-help. If these ideas and laws are questioned in the future, it is equivalent to violating yourself. 5. Ritualization. People who are brainwashed will create some rituals, which can concretize and materialize some abstract ideas, make people form totem worship, and the solemnity of rituals will also bring obedience pressure to those who are baptized. Lu, after many battles, has a firm belief. The brainwasher will let the baptized practice their thoughts, and these exercises can also play a great role in internal identification. Even if some people don't accept it at first, if they do something according to the regulations for a long time, their attitude will eventually change. Psychology determines behavior and behavior determines psychology. What kind of people are most easily brainwashed? 1. People who are brainwashed have a single source of information and lack information. Generally speaking, it is difficult for them to obtain information, at least real and key information. 2. Thinking is not independent and irrational. They lack analytical ability and thinking depth. Usually their thinking logic is provided by the brainwasher, and they always think according to the logic that the brainwasher wants. 3. Thinking is difficult to be calm, impulsive, blindly followed by the surrounding environment and emotional contagion, and then become a member of the authority or brainwasher. What are the prerequisites for a brainwasher? 1. They generally have a perfect organizational structure to release information, manipulate the public's logic, and have a clear division of labor and proper implementation. 2. Strong propaganda force, controlling the media or having a large number of employees to create "facts" and instill information. Such strength can tell a lie 10 thousand times, and finally make it a "fact" that everyone believes, such as the release process of some advertisements. Third, they have a stronger mechanism to deal with the aftermath and make up for it, which can ensure that after a lie is exposed, they can control the channels to expose the lie in time, cover up the truth, make a more authoritative explanation, and curb the emergence of anti-brainwashing behavior. Countermeasures: First, the ability of independent thinking keeps the rationality and objectivity of thinking, and pursues the true colors of things instead of blindly following and trusting other people's thinking logic. 2. Avoid becoming a disseminator of information. If you can't tell the truth from the false, don't approach, don't participate, at least don't be the disseminator of this information. Third, expand information sources, collect first-hand information as much as possible, and carefully observe and analyze it. Try to get all kinds of information and opinions, and then draw a conclusion without any emotional judgment.

Question 2: What is the most commonly used principle of general psychology in education and teaching? What psychology is an interesting science? Its research object is us human beings and all kinds of psychological phenomena that happen to us. Some psychological phenomena are common to us, but psychologists are very interested. They spent a lot of energy on long-term and in-depth research and achieved quite a lot of theoretical results. If these theoretical achievements can be applied to our teaching work, it will greatly promote our teachers to better understand students, help students and educate students more effectively.

Next, I want to discuss several psychological principles with teachers:

pandora effect

There is a myth in ancient Greece. Zeus gave a waitress named Pandora a box and told her never to open it. "Why can't you open it? But also' absolute'? " The more Pandora thinks about it, the more strange it becomes. After a while, she finally opened the box. Who knows that the box contains all the sins of human beings, and all of them ran to the world after being opened by Pandora. Psychologically, this phenomenon is called Pandora effect. Pandora effect is different from other types of rebellious psychology, which mainly stems from human curiosity mechanism. People tend to. The more things are forbidden, if the reasons for prohibition are not sufficient and cannot be accepted by people, then this prohibition will often induce people's curiosity and cause inquiry and reflection, which is forbidden fruit treason.

Pandora effect also exists in our daily teaching. For example, the more books students are forbidden to read, the more they want to read; The more activities students are forbidden to participate in, the more they want to participate, and so on.

Case: Students wear strange clothes.

The effect of stepping into the door

The so-called "foot-in effect" means that once a person accepts a small request from others, if others put forward higher requirements on this basis, then this person tends to accept this higher requirement in order to unify his own understanding or leave a consistent impression on others, which is also called "cascade effect".

Friedman, a social psychologist, made an experiment in 1966 to verify the foot-in-the-door effect. The first step of the study is to make a small request to housewives, asking them to support the work of the "Safety Committee" and sign a letter calling for safe driving. In the second step of the study, two weeks later, the original two college students tried to find these housewives again and asked them if they could hang an ugly big sign in their front yard, which read "Drive carefully". The results show that most (more than 55%) housewives who have signed before agree to erect signboards, while less than 17% housewives who have not signed accept this request.

Perhaps many teachers use the "foot-in-the-door effect" to regulate students' behavior in their teaching work, but it is not so easy to implement it properly. First of all, we should consider the rationality of this small requirement so that students can accept and tolerate it; Secondly, the interval between each requirement should not be too close, so as not to give students the feeling of "pushing your luck"; Finally, every requirement must be strictly implemented and effectively checked, so as to ensure that higher requirements can be implemented.

Rosenthal effect

Prince Pygmalion of ancient Cyprus loved sculpture. One day, he successfully created the image of a beautiful woman, and he couldn't put it down. He looks at it with affectionate eyes every day. After reading it, the beauty actually lived. Although this is a myth, psychologists are greatly inspired by it.

1968, Rosenthal, a professor at Harvard University in the United States, and others randomly selected pupils from 18 classes in a school and identified them by intelligence tests. Then, the researchers gave the teachers of these students a list and told the school that they found through a test that there were several talented students in the school, but they didn't show it in their studies. In fact, these are a few people randomly selected from the student list. Interestingly, in the test at the end of the school year, the academic performance of these students is indeed much higher than that of other students. Researchers believe that this is due to the influence of teachers' expectations. Because the teacher thinks this student is a genius, he has greater expectations, pays more attention to him in class and conveys your excellent information to him in various ways. Students feel the teacher's attention, which has an incentive effect, redouble their efforts to study, and thus achieve good results.

Contrary to this experiment, the research on juvenile delinquents shows that one of the reasons why many children become juvenile delinquents lies in bad expectations. & gt

Question 3: What psychological principles and six means are used in brainwashing?

Brainwashing in a narrow sense is completely against education. The purpose of education is to let people know different things, learn to think and judge independently, and be able to think critically, but be tolerant and tolerant of ideas different from their own views. The purpose of brainwashing is the opposite. Brainwashing only allows one kind of thought and one kind of value, but it can't tolerate any doubt about this kind of thought, let alone any different and opposing thoughts. If education is to make people learn to think, then brainwashing is to make people give up thinking and only obey.

Usually, brainwashers mainly use the following methods to achieve their goals:

1) only provides a single information source and information channel, shielding other information sources and channels. When people are in a single information environment for a long time, they gradually lose the ability of critical thinking and can only passively accept this information. Because people are naturally hungry for information, just like food and water, when faced with the choice of accepting a single information or not accepting any information, people can only choose the former.

2) Create group pressure, especially let people around you and peers exert influence. Brainwashed people are good at creating a public opinion environment so that everyone in the environment can say the same thing and do the same thing. Because people are naturally group animals, most people can't resist this pressure and can only choose to integrate into this group, say the same things and do the same things.

3) Let people be in a high-profile emotional state, let physiology control psychology, and let emotions overcome reason. When people are in an excessive emotional state, they cannot think rationally. People who brainwash know this well, so they will create some activities to keep the baptized people in a sustained high-pitched mood, such as singing, reciting, shouting slogans and so on.

4) Get people to make a commitment. There is also a clever trick for brainwashers, that is, using the power of human self-discipline, through deception, pressure and other means, to make the baptized person make some promises, that is, promise to abide by certain rules of thought and behavior, then the baptized person will fall into this cage built by self-help. If these ideas and laws are questioned in the future, it is equivalent to violating yourself.

5) Ritualization. People who are brainwashed will create some rituals, which can concretize and materialize some abstract ideas, make people form totem worship, and the solemnity of rituals will also bring obedience pressure to those who are baptized.

6) Strengthen your faith through practice. The brainwasher will let the baptized practice their thoughts, and these exercises can also play a great role in internal identification. Even if some people don't accept it at first, if they do something according to the regulations for a long time, their attitude will eventually change. Psychology determines behavior and behavior determines psychology.

Of course, in today's Internet age, few people can unscrupulously brainwash others except a few forces such as pyramid schemes. However, some "advanced", soft and invisible ways of brainwashing are still very marketable.

What physiological changes have taken place in the brain of brainwashed people?

If you ask about the physiological changes of the brainwashed head, it can be roughly understood that brainwashing is mainly aimed at memory, and the physiological mechanism of memory can be refined to the brain cell mechanism and synaptic structure of memory. Simply put:

1) From the brain cell mechanism of memory, it is that through continuous input and repeated reinforcement, it continues to act on the "echo circuit" under the cerebral cortex (when the * * * stops immediately, you will continue to feel * * *, which is caused by the neural circuit under the cerebral cortex, called echo circuit), thus affecting your short-term memory and further affecting your long-term memory.

2) From the perspective of neurite growth, as the neural basis of human long-term memory, it contains the lasting changes in the growth of neurons, which are caused by specific impulses of nerves and involve structural changes. For example, Xiong Haizi, who has been studying music for a long time, is more sensitive to music than ordinary children's shoes, because long-term study has changed the synaptic morphology of his brain. Music spreads faster, while other things unrelated to music are difficult to distinguish.

The above is just a part of brainwashing. To brainwash in all directions, it also involves the change of cognitive style and the reorganization of "schema" (that is, the process of integrating newly learned things into already learned knowledge).

Brainwashing in a broad sense can be divided into long-term brainwashing and short-term brainwashing. Brainwashing has been going on for a long time since we were born, such as recognizing the rules of killing people. Short-term rapid brainwashing often appears in pyramid schemes, science fiction, funny stories, fake news and party schools.

Psychological mechanism of brainwashing

Brainwashing in a broad sense, its essence is to promote the change of individual cognition. Learning Baker's cognitive therapy (also a way to change cognition, which can also be called a way of brainwashing), >>

Question: What are the psychological principles in Das experiment? 1. The influence of social roles on individual behavior. Social role refers to a set of behavior patterns defined by society that people expect a person to make in a specific situation. In the film, the subject who plays the prison guard is influenced by his social role as a "prison guard" and makes orders, violence, threats and other behaviors; The subjects who played prisoners also made resistance and tried to escape from prison, which were closely related to their social roles.

2. Conformity phenomenon, in which both normative influence and information influence are reflected.

The former: conformity, hoping to be accepted by others. For example, some prison guards sympathize with prisoners, but in order to be accepted by other prison guards, they have to follow other prison guards to take violent actions against prisoners.

The latter refers to following the crowd to understand the correct response in a specific situation. For example, when some prison guards can't contact the professor in charge of the experiment and are at a loss, they listen to the leader's opinion-this is to test their ability to deal with crisis situations and follow him to take corresponding actions.

3. Fundamental attribution error and selfish prejudice. The former refers to attributing other people's behaviors, especially negative behaviors, to personal characteristics.

Rather than the tendency of environmental factors, the latter refers to the tendency to attribute their negative behavior to situational factors.

The former: When prisoner 77 helped another prisoner to drink milk, and then made some resistance, the prison guard attributed his behavior to his personal attribute, that is, "deliberately sabotaging the completion of the experiment".

The latter: when prison guards are asked why they commit violence, they attribute it to external situational factors, such as disrespect for "prisoners" and requirements of rules.

4. Attitude and behavior: Attitude is sometimes influenced by behavior, such as cognitive dissonance theory. When the behavior conflicts with the corresponding attitude, people often change their original attitude to make it conform to the behavior.

For example, in the film, a prison guard was friendly to prisoners at first and played basketball with them. However, after he punished the prisoners several times, his attitude towards the prisoners changed. He believed that "they must be made to obey themselves and establish their own authority".

5. The influence of situational factors on aggressive behavior. Among them, frustration-attack theory, frustration often stimulates people's aggressive behavior, for example, the prison guard in the movie made a large-scale counterattack and attack after being put into the cell by No.77;

Direct anger made the attack more widespread: when prisoner 77 confronted the leader of the prison guard directly and angered him, the prison guard then launched a powerful attack on prisoner 77.

6. Obey authority. Most people will obey authority under special circumstances. For example, the prisoners in the film show obedience to the later prison guards, and the prison guards also show obedience to the male chief professor instead of the female assistant. Authority will affect whether people obey.

7. Observe and learn. People will observe whether other people's behavior is rewarded and punished through customs to achieve the effect of learning, and there will be no such reward or punishment really happening to themselves.

For example, one of the prisoners said that after seeing that the disobedient prisoner was punished, he decided to obey the prison guard.

Protect yourself from the same punishment.

Question 5: What is the principle of tourism psychology? What's the point? Tourism psychology is a new discipline that studies tourism and tourism from the perspective of psychology. Tourism psychology is a science that studies the law of human behavior in tourism activities, which mainly includes tourism consumption behavior, tourism service behavior and tourism consumption psychological tendency.

Foreign scholars began to study this field in the late 1970s, and China scholars began to teach and study tourism psychology in the mid-1980s. There are two ways for foreign scholars to study tourism psychology. One is to study the general law of tourism consumption behavior with tourism consumers as the object; The second is to study the interaction between tourism workers and tourists. The former is American scholar Edward J. Mayo and lance? p？ Jarvis's book Psychology of Leisure Tourism is the representative. Starting with how to effectively carry out marketing in tourism enterprises, this book analyzes in detail the psychological factors such as perception, study, personality, motivation and attitude, as well as the influence of social factors such as role and family, reference groups, social class, culture and subculture on tourism consumption behavior. On the basis of interactive analysis, the latter makes a profound analysis of the interpersonal relationship in the tourism reception industry. This book draws lessons from the research of these two ideas, absorbs Japanese scholars' thoughts on tourism kimono and psychology, and establishes a relatively complete system of tourism psychology on the basis of a large number of research results of China scholars.

Question 6: What are the books on psychology? 10 psychological works: learning notes, music notes, numbers, deism, Guanyin, outline of psychophysics, outline of physiological psychology, psychological principles, interpretation of dreams, psychological textbooks, animal wisdom, introduction to psychoanalysis. Children's language and thinking, research on children's psychology, lectures on brain hemispheric function, human ability, history of experimental psychology, gestalt psychology, intentional behavior of animals and people, principles of gestalt psychology, literary psychology, the explanation of Binet.Alfred's second revision. Alfred-Simon test, experimental psychology, principles of general psychology, from action to thought, principles of behavior: introduction to behavior theory, Chinese characters, genetic epistemology principle, handbook of experimental psychology, science and human behavior, interpersonal theory of psychiatry, development of advanced psychological function, personality model and growth, on human growth: the growth of a therapist. Identity: Teenagers and crisis, solving human problems, neuropsychological principles, active consciousness personality, chromatics, educational psychology, outline of western psychology history, modern western psychology history, psychological methods and theoretical problems, China psychology history, children psychology history and new development of western psychology.

Question 7: What are the psychological principles in interpersonal communication that prevail in social psychology?

Question 8: Principles and concepts of psychology. There are many manifestations of psychological disorder. Different days, different occasions and different things are presented in real life, which are harmful to schools, collectives and individuals. Knowing its harm and finding ways to overcome it are very important for us to strengthen our ideological quality and self-cultivation.

(1) criteria for judging psychological abnormality;

A person lives in society and grows up in a certain environment. His thoughts, emotions and behaviors under his control are closely related to the things around him. He accepts all kinds of information from the outside world and responds accordingly. This is the process of a person's psychological activities. Secondly, people rely on this kind of psychological activity to understand and transform time, and also rely on this kind of psychological activity to make people, people and society, and the natural environment depend on each other harmoniously. If the human body is affected by genetic factors, metabolism, infection, traumatic brain injury and other pathogenic factors, or the role of evil spirits around it, the brain function is chaotic and psychological activities cannot be smoothly self-regulated, it will cause obstacles to cognition, perception, emotion, thinking, behavior and will activities to varying degrees, which will not only make one's inner activities uncoordinated, but also uncoordinated with the surrounding environment, thus showing various psychological activities. In severe cases, various symptoms of mental illness may appear.

How to judge psychological abnormality? This is a complicated problem, because there is no clear boundary between normal psychology and abnormal psychology. Normal people will have abnormal psychological activities in a certain period of time, and mental patients will have normal psychological activities even in the most serious cases. In recent years, many psychologists at home and abroad have developed many test tools and scales to correctly distinguish normal psychology from abnormal psychology, and applied modern instruments to process data, which has made great progress in psychological measurement. However, because people's psychological activities are extremely complicated, the results measured by a simple scale can only be used as a reference, and judging whether a person's psychology is abnormal mainly depends on careful observation.

<1> Observe the coordination between psychological activities and external environment. A person's normal psychology, emotions and behaviors dominated by it should be in harmony with the outside world, and there should be no contradictions and conflicts. Their speech and behavior should be understood by normal people. For example, a classmate singing an ordinary song in class can arouse everyone's applause, but if he suddenly sings loudly at a meeting, it will arouse people's surprise. We say that the former is normal psychology and the latter is abnormal psychology, because it is not in harmony with the external environment.

< 2 > Observe the consistency between psychological activities and emotions and behaviors. A person's psychological activities should be consistent with his dominant emotions and behaviors. People often say: people are cheerful when they are happy, bored and sleepy; There are thousands of glasses of wine for every confidant and more than half a sentence for lovers. All show this consistency. For example, a classmate tells his unfortunate experience with a smile, and we say that he lacks the inner experience of the corresponding painful event. The disharmony of perception, emotion and intention is also a kind of abnormal psychology.

< 3 > Observe the relative stability of psychological activities. A person is influenced by genetic quality, family education and environment, which makes them have a relatively stable attitude towards reality and a habitual behavior pattern. This is a person's personality characteristics. Relatively stable. If a person has been silent for several years and suddenly becomes talkative and communicative for unknown reasons, it gives people a completely different feeling, indicating that he is mentally abnormal.

(B) the harm of jealousy and ways to overcome it

We often see such a phenomenon: dozens of people in a class are equal, angry or United, some are top-notch in their studies and praised by teachers for their work, so some people talk about progress and scoff at top-notch, and successful people may encounter some difficulties, while those who have achieved results feel isolated. These are all the hazards caused by jealousy.

Poison is a morbid psychology, which is not good for people or themselves. I have read about talented people who are competitive and narrow-minded, people who are willing to work but extremely selfish, and people who want to do something but are unwilling to do more. Jealousy objects mostly point to familiar classmates, friends and people who are equal to or slightly taller than themselves. There is no jealousy for people who have nothing to do with themselves. Once jealous people find that others have surpassed them, they will have resentment or anger. Once this kind of emotion becomes an act, it will create rumors, set obstacles, sow discord and seek revenge in order to defeat the other side from another angle and achieve psychological peace of mind. In fact, they will not be at peace psychologically. Imagine a person living in the world, contacting many classmates, friends and people around him, but those who are above themselves don't ... >>

Question 9: Are there any psychological principles and effects that can explain people's inner contradictions? I recommend you a self-help book, Out of the Anxiety Storm, written by Han Fei and published by Ningbo Publishing House. I think it can answer your question perfectly.