Introduction to tourism: the concept of industrial revolution

The Industrial Revolution, also known as the industrial revolution, originated in central England and refers to the early course of capitalist industrialization, that is, capitalist production has completed the transition from workshop handicraft industry to machine industry. The industrial revolution is a production and scientific and technological revolution in which machines replace manpower and large-scale factory production replaces manual production in individual workshops. Because the invention and application of machines have become the symbol of this era, historians call this era the "machine age". /kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, after the Englishman Watt improved the steam engine, a series of technological revolutions caused a great leap from manual labor to power machine production. Then spread to Britain and even the whole European continent,19th century spread to North America.

Integrity of tourism market. Global characteristics; Tourism demand is the overall demand for products and services.

2)

High elasticity of tourism market. The variables of influencing factors are large, and the structural changes are also large;

Contradiction between supply and demand

three

)

Directionality of tourism market. The movement of tourists from tourism demand to tourism supply.

four

)

Seasonality of tourism market.

2

The whole tourism market consists of three main parts:

Inbound tourism: residents of other countries who travel to a country.

Outbound tourism: residents of one country travel to other countries as tourists.

Domestic tourism: residents visit their destinations in their own territory.

2

、

Tourism flow law

Tourism flow refers to the flow direction and flow of tourists in a certain tourist destination.

Referred to as tourist flow.

General laws or characteristics of tourist flows:

1

) flow direction rule 1: more short distances, less long distances; The proportion of tourism in neighboring countries is significant. Reason:

Low cost, many people have the ability to pay;

The required travel time is short;

The procedure is relatively simple;

National customs and cultural traditions are relatively close.

2

Rule 2: The flow direction of tourism mainly comes from countries and regions with developed economy and culture. Just long distance

As far as international tourism is concerned, its main passenger flow occurs in Europe (especially in Western Europe).

America (especially the North)

United States)

East Asia and the Pacific.

by contrast

,

People in developed countries and regions have more economic ability to pay and free time to spend.

And pu

The higher the education level, the stronger the pursuit of spiritual enjoyment of life.

three

)

Flow direction rule 3:

Long-distance tourism will have greater development prospects.

With the relatively rapid economic development in East Asia and the Pacific,

The position of the region in international tourism (in terms of the number of tourists generated and the number of tourists received)

Raise your head) rapidly.

the second part

Tourism market division

First, the concept of market segmentation: Market segmentation is to divide the whole market into the following categories according to the differences of consumers' needs.

Two or more consumer groups. So as to determine the activity process of the enterprise target market.

Second, the significance of market segmentation:

(

1

) helps to choose the target market.

(

2

) is conducive to targeted product development.

(

three

) is conducive to targeted promotion.

Three. Overview of the world tourism market:

European market:

1

The largest tourist area in the world.

2

The largest tourist source in the world.

American market:

1

The second largest tourist reception area in the world.

2

The second largest tourist source in the world.

East Asia and Pacific markets:

1

、

The third largest tourist area in the world.

2

、

near

20

In recent years, the fastest growing field of tourism in the world.

three

It will become the second largest tourist area in the world in the next seven or eight years.

the third part

China tourism market: the demand for tourism is growing day by day, and the three major markets are expanding day by day.

outbound travel

——

Domestic tourism market that has attracted much attention.

——

The fastest growing market

Chapter eight, the influence of tourism.

the first paragraph

The economic impact of tourism:

I. Positive impact

1

、

Increase foreign exchange income and balance international payments (international tourism)

Advantages of earning foreign exchange through tourism:

(

1

) Invisible trade, high exchange rate and low cost. Providing service products without paying a lot of material products,

You can earn foreign exchange without consuming a lot of energy.

Earn foreign exchange locally,

Tourism products don't have to be packaged,

Insurance and storage and transportation.

(

2

) cash income is convenient for earning foreign exchange. There is no need to wait for the other party to pay for a long time, and there is no need to go through complicated import and export procedures, which is beneficial.

Capital turnover and securities in the host country. Not affected by import tariff barriers, not affected by the trade of the other country or region.

Restrictions that are easy to protect.

2

Accelerate the withdrawal of funds.

(domestic tourism)

Function: Avoid inflation and currency depreciation.

Ways: financial withdrawal, that is, through taxation; Withdrawal of credit means taking deposits, recovering loans and issuing.

National debt and other means; Business receipts, that is, sales receipts; Service return, that is, service fee return.

Money. Tourism consumption is high consumption and a better way to withdraw money.

three

And promote the development of related industries.

Including construction engineering and related industries, air transportation, light industry, commerce and industry.

The development of arts and crafts and agriculture and sideline.

four

Increase government tax revenue.

Taxes received from international tourists;

From all relevant business departments of tourism, including business tax and tourism enterprise income tax.

Tourism involves the development of many other related industrial sectors, and the production and operation of all these sectors are affected by tourism.

With the development and promotion of the government, when the business volume expands, the state can also get more tax revenue from these departments.

five

Balance regional economic development and narrow regional differences.

Increase the economic income of destination.

The development of tourism will bring about the transfer and redistribution of domestic property between regions.

Residents in high-income areas flow money to low-income areas through tourism.

six

Expand employment opportunities.

The advantages of tourism in providing employment are:

(

1

) Tourism is a labor-intensive industry.

(

2

Another feature of tourism employment is that there are many levels of work.

Second, the negative impact.

1.

The influx of tourists led to an increase in prices.

2.

Adverse changes affecting the industrial structure.

3.

Excessive dependence on tourism will affect the stability of the national economy;

(

1

) Tourism activities are seasonal.

(

2

) Tourism activities are subject to the city.

Field.

(

three

) fragile industries.

the second part

Social and cultural impact of tourism

One,

Positive impact:

1

Help to improve people's quality

2

This will help to enhance international mutual understanding.

The role of tourism in international exchanges: promoting friendly exchanges; Understand others and improve yourself; Promote world peace; Non-governmental communication

The best way; Expand international cooperation; Stabilize the social environment.

three

It is helpful to promote the protection and development of national culture.

four

It helps to promote the exchange and development of science and technology.

five

Help to improve the living environment of the destination.

Second, the negative impact.

1

Bad "demonstration effect"

"

acculturation

"

Influence, leading to the loss of the original meaning of the host culture.

2

Disturbance to the life of destination residents: weakening social cohesion; The contradiction between outsiders and local residents.

three

Traditional culture has been inappropriately commercialized, staged and vulgarized.

Third, correctly understand the social and cultural impact of tourism.

1.

The cultural influence of tourism is natural and limited.

2.

The negative impact of tourism on culture is not an inevitable result.

3.

Tourism planning is an effective way to reduce the negative impact of tourism.

Section iv

Environmental impact of tourism

First, the direct impact of positive aspects.

First, it is conducive to the maintenance, restoration and repair of historical buildings and historical sites.

Second, it is conducive to the survival and development of leisure and entertainment venues and related facilities.

Third, it is conducive to the improvement of infrastructure such as roads and transportation services.

Fourth, it is conducive to the attention and maintenance of environmental protection and greening work in tourist reception areas.

Second, the negative impact.

1.

Increase pollution sources and reduce environmental quality.

2.

The population density increases and the living space shrinks.

3.

Harm historical sites and destroy the original features

4.

Destroy the natural environment and the ecological environment.

5.

Blind exploitation and over-exploitation have destroyed the natural landscape.

Attachment: Eco-tourism is a kind of nature with the appreciation and experience of ecological landscape as its content under the premise of protecting the ecological environment.

Tourism activities.

Chapter 9

Tourism development model and strategy

the first paragraph

Tourism development trend

First, tourism will become an important industry in the world.

( 1)

The largest foreign exchange earning industry in the world.

(2)

The largest employment sector.

(3)

It has a great driving effect on other industries.

Second, the center of gravity of the international tourist area moves eastward. The center of gravity of the global economy is shifting from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Third, the international tourism market tends to be decentralized.

The world economy is rapidly dividing and reorganizing, initially forming North America, the European Union, Japanese, Russian, China,

The situation of competition among economic forces such as ASEAN and Africa.

The distribution pattern of the tourism market will gradually move from the current concentration to decentralization.

Fourth, international tourism tends to be diversified.

Fifth, medium and long-distance tourism is booming.

6. International tourism pays more attention to tourism safety.

Six factors affecting the safety of international tourism;

1

Local wars and conflicts or terrorist activities;

2

, major geology or

Meteorological disasters;

three

The political situation in tourist destinations is unstable;

four

Epidemic of infectious diseases;

five

A vicious traffic accident

Happen;

six

The public security situation has deteriorated.

the second part

Tourism development model

First of all, look at the tourism development model from the level of tourism and economic development.

(A) the world tourism development model

1

Advanced development model: the tourism economy has surpassed the overall development stage of the national economy, which is caused by taking the lead in developing tourism.

The development of related industries in the national economy.

2

Lagging development mode: the development of tourism economy lags behind the overall development level of national economy, that is, the development of national economy reaches

To a considerable extent, after the infrastructure forms a strong system, it will drive tourism by itself.

Economic development.

(b) China's tourism development model: which model is suitable for China? Advanced development model

Cause analysis:

1

: the need of reform and opening up. Tourism is an export-oriented international industry. Visitors from all over the world can travel through this window.

Understanding China's opening-up policy and various favorable investment environments is conducive to the implementation of China's opening-up policy.

Real.

2

The need to earn foreign exchange. After China's reform and opening up, foreign exchange is urgently needed to introduce foreign advanced technology and equipment. Tourism has the ability to earn foreign exchange.

Unique advantages.

three

The need to accelerate the development of national economy. Tourism is a feature of comprehensive industry. The development of tourism can drive a certain range.

The domestic national economy has developed in an all-round way.

Second, from the domestic and international tourism development order to see the tourism development model

(A) the world tourism development model

1

The extension mode of domestic tourism to international tourism: first, develop domestic tourism and travel abroad on the basis of domestic tourism development.

Ways to expand international tourism reception.

2

The way to promote international tourism to domestic tourism is to develop inbound international tourism first and then domestic tourism. With the development of society,

Economic development and the improvement of people's living standards, and then develop overseas tourism, and finally form a domestic tourism-oriented,

Approaches to the coordinated development of domestic and international tourism.

(B) China tourism development model. China: the way to upgrade international tourism to domestic tourism.

Basic features:

1

) development order: take the city as the center, and promote from tourist cities to other regions.

2

Resource development: based on the existing natural and human landscapes, develop from sightseeing tourism resources to mixed tourism.

Resource promotion.

three

)

Product structure:

Based on route products,

Tourism product system with theme products and characteristic products as the main body.

four

Facility level: a system of tourist facilities with mid-range tourist facilities as the main body and a combination of high, medium and low.

the third part

Tourism development strategy:

Tourism sustainable development strategy: it refers to meeting the tourism needs of contemporary people without harming future generations to meet their tourism needs.

Possibility of tourism development.

The leaping unbalanced strategy of tourism development;

Leap-forward development: refers to the transcendence of tourism development in the historical stage and the completion of the conventional development calendar in a relatively short time.

Cheng, this is the development in the sense of time;

Unbalanced development: refers to the unbalanced distribution of tourism development in different countries or regions.

The position and function of "Wang" are different, which is a development in the sense of space.

China tourism development strategy;

1

Moderately advanced tourism management strategy

2

Government-led strategy of tourism

three

Tourism economic growth strategy.

four

Sustainable development strategy of tourism

First, the government-led strategy: that is, according to the characteristics of tourism itself, on the basis of allocating resources with the market as the main body,

Give full play to the leading role of the government and strive for greater development of tourism.

I)

The inevitability and necessity of implementing the government-led strategy

1

Tourism has its own characteristics, which makes it have natural requirements for government-led development.

2

Practices around the world have proved the effectiveness of the government-led strategy.

three

The fierce competition in the tourism market requires the implementation of the government-led development strategy.

2)

Key points of implementation of government-led strategy

For international tourism, the central government should take the lead to ensure the development focus and form the foundation for earning foreign exchange.

For domestic tourism, it should be led by local governments to form a balanced and coordinated development pattern.

(3)

The main contents of the government-led strategy:

1

Concept orientation

2

Policy-oriented

three

Management-led II

four

, capital orientation

Second,

Economic growth point strategy of tourism development

1

To select and determine new economic growth points, we must grasp five basic principles:

First, it should meet the requirements of changing the mode of economic growth, which is conducive to the intensification of economic growth;

Second, the market demand is large, which is conducive to increasing effective supply;

Third, high industrial relevance is conducive to promoting the development and structural upgrading of related industries;

Fourth, strong international competitiveness is conducive to expanding exports to earn foreign exchange;

Fifth, the rapid recovery of investment is conducive to the formation of a virtuous circle of economy.

2

Determine tourism as a new economic growth point

1

Tourism has many advantages in promoting the structural adjustment of the national economy.

2

The advantages of tourism are formed through the comparison between industries.

three

Tourism consumption can be repeated many times.

four

Sightseeing products are generally one-time consumption, but such products are irreplaceable.

Third, how to implement the strategy of economic growth point.

1

Development goals. reach

20 10

By, the annual output value of tourism in China will reach.

1.3

Trillion yuan

- 1.4

One trillion, accounting for the whole country.

The proportion of GDP is expected to increase to

8%

Truly become the pillar industry of China's national economy.

2

, strategic focus. To further expand the scale, the most important thing is to vigorously cultivate the domestic tourism market.

Actively develop domestic tourism.

In order to promote the development of domestic tourism, the National Tourism Administration has put forward a set of relatively complete promotion measures:

(

1

) Strengthen the product system construction of domestic tourism.

(

2

) continue to strengthen the construction of the domestic tourism market system.

(

three

) Vigorously strengthen the construction of domestic tourism management system.

(

four

) further strengthen the construction of domestic tourism management system.

three

The strategy of economic growth point is inseparable from the government-led strategy, which is one of the main contents of the government-led strategy.

four

As a new economic growth point, tourism has become the focus of attention of governments at all levels, and the implementation of economic growth point strategies is different.

Strategic tasks of prefecture-level tourism bureaus

five

strategy of sustainable development

1. Definition: First, meet the needs of contemporary people, that is, rich countries, poor countries, rich people and poor people have the right to subsistence and development.

Right; The second is to consider the satisfaction of future generations, that is, to achieve intergenerational equity; The third is to consider the environment and resources.

Tolerance. In other words, it is to realize the long-term coordination of the relationship between heaven and man, rather than "eating ancestors"

Claiming to be a vassal makes future generations evil. "

2. Sustainable utilization of resources: Sustainable utilization of resources is the foundation of sustainable development. Judging from the resources needed to develop tourism,

It mainly includes two categories. One is the so-called tourist resources, which can form tourist attraction.

Material resources; First, all kinds of economic resources needed for development, mainly tourist facilities and economy.

Resources needed for the camp.

Three. Unity of economic, social and environmental benefits

(1) Enhance people's understanding of the environmental and economic impacts of tourism, strengthen people's ecological awareness, and promote green classics.

Develop and popularize green tourism products.

② Promote the fair development of tourism.

③ Strengthen planning, prevent overload development and improve the quality of life in tourist reception areas.

④ Improve the legal system, strengthen management, and provide high-quality tourism services for tourists.

⑤ Strengthen publicity and education, and pay attention to environmental protection and creativity.