What manned spacecraft have successfully flown into space?

On April 12, 1961, the Soviet Union launched the world’s first manned spacecraft, Vostok 1. Major Yuri Gagarin returned safely near Saratov after taking 108 minutes to orbit the earth on the Vostok 1 spacecraft. Gagarin became the world's first astronaut to fly into space, enabling the Soviet Union to win first place in the world in the manned space race with the United States. On March 27, 1968, Gagarin was killed in a plane accident while flying a MiG-15 fighter for training.

On May 5, 1961, the first American astronaut to conduct a suborbital flight, Alan B. Shepard, piloted the American "Mercury" MR3 spacecraft to conduct the first manned suborbital flight. Becoming the second country in the world with manned spaceflight capabilities after the Soviet Union.

On May 25, 1961, U.S. President Kennedy announced in Congress that before the end of the 1960s, the United States would send people to the moon and return them safely to the ground. Since then, the United States has officially begun to implement the world-famous "Apollo" manned moon landing project plan. This is another competition launched by the United States after losing the competition with the Soviet Union to be the first to send a person to heaven.

On February 20, 1962, the United States launched the manned spacecraft "Mercury" 6. Astronaut Lieutenant Colonel John H. Glenn piloted the "Mercury" 6 spacecraft to fly around the earth three times, which lasted Returned safely in the Atlantic Ocean in 4 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds. Glenn thus became the first American to enter Earth orbit.

On August 11, 1962, the Soviet Union launched the Vostok 3 spacecraft carrying Major Nikolaev into space. On August 12, the Soviet Union launched the Vostok 4 spacecraft carrying Lieutenant Colonel Popovich into space. "Vostok" 4 and "Vostok" 3 achieved the rendezvous flight of manned spacecraft in space for the first time. They were recently 5 kilometers apart and transmitted television back from space for the first time.

On June 16, 1963, Lieutenant Tereshkova, the world’s first female astronaut in space, drove the Soviet Vostok 6 spacecraft into space. The spacecraft flew 48 times around the earth, which lasted 70 hours and 50 minutes, return on the 19th.

On October 12, 1964, the Soviet Union successfully launched Voskhod 1, the second-generation manned spacecraft carrying three people. Astronauts Komarov, Yegolov and Fedestov drove the spacecraft around the earth 16 times, lasting 24 hours and 17 minutes, and returned to the Kostanai region. This is the first time in the history of the Soviet Union and the world's spaceflight to carry three people.

On March 18, 1965, the Soviet Union launched the Voskhod 2 spacecraft carrying Belyaev and Leonov. During the flight, Leonov conducted the first spacewalk in the world's space history. He was active 5 meters away from the spacecraft for 12 minutes, completing visual observations, disassembly work and other experiments.

On March 23, 1965, the United States successfully launched the second-generation manned spacecraft "Gemini" 3. The spacecraft, carrying American astronauts Lieutenant Colonel Grissom and Major John Young, orbited the Earth five times, lasting 4 hours and 53 minutes. This is the first time the United States has carried two people on a flight.

On June 3, 1965, the United States launched the Gemini 4 spacecraft carrying astronauts Captain McDivitt and Captain White and flew 62 times around the earth. White walked outside the vehicle for 21 minutes, using jets to maneuver himself through space. This was the first U.S. spacewalk.

On December 15, 1965, the United States launched the Gemini 6 spacecraft, carrying Lieutenant Colonel Sheila and Captain Stamford. The spacecraft orbited the earth 16 times, lasting 25 hours and 51 minutes. This flight was to rendezvous with Gemini 7, which was launched on December 4, and maintained a close formation flight, about 0.3 meters at the closest approach. This is the first space rendezvous flight of an American manned spacecraft.

On March 16, 1966, the United States launched Gemini 8, carrying astronauts Armstrong and Scott, and flew 6.5 times around the earth, lasting 10 hours and 41 minutes. During the flight, the manned spacecraft docked with a docking module named "Akinna" for the first time. This is the first space docking in the world's space history.

On January 27, 1967, the American "Apollo" 4A spacecraft conducted ground tests of the moon landing spacecraft on the launch pad. Sitting in the spacecraft were Colonel Grissom, who had participated in the "Mercury" and "Gemini" spacecraft flights, Lieutenant Colonel White, the first American to complete extravehicular activities, and Major Chaffee, who was preparing to participate in space flight for the first time. Suddenly, the cockpit filled with pure oxygen caught fire and exploded, and the three astronauts were burned to death immediately.

On April 23, 1967, the Soviet Union launched the third-generation spacecraft "Soyuz" 1 using the "Soyuz" carrier rocket. When the spacecraft returned on April 24, due to a parachute failure, the spacecraft crashed near Orenbok in the Urals, and astronaut Komarov died.

On April 14, 1968, the Soviet Union launched the Cosmos 212 unmanned spacecraft. While in orbit, the spacecraft automatically docked with the unmanned spacecraft Cosmos 213 that was launched later. This was the first space docking completed by the Soviet Union.

On October 11, 1968, the United States launched the "Apollo" 7 spacecraft. Astronauts Sheila, Asil and Cunningham orbited the Earth 163 times, lasting 260 hours and 9 minutes, and returned on the 22nd. This is the first manned Earth orbit flight of the "Apollo" spacecraft.

On December 21, 1968, the United States launched the "Apollo 8" spacecraft carrying Borman, Lovell and Anders. The spacecraft entered the lunar orbit 112 kilometers above the moon, flew 10 times for 20 hours and 6 minutes, and sent television back to the earth. Returned on the 27th. This is the world's first manned spacecraft to orbit the moon.

On July 16, 1969, the United States launched the "Apollo" 11 manned spacecraft, sending people to the moon for the first time. The spacecraft carried astronauts Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin. After a flight of 75 hours and 50 minutes, it entered orbit around the moon. At 2:56 GMT on July 21, astronaut Armstrong stepped on the moon with his left foot, becoming the first person in the world to set foot on the moon. "It's just a small step for mankind, but it's a huge step for mankind." Nineteen minutes later, Aldrin also set foot on the moon. They planted an American flag on the lunar surface, placed scientific instruments, collected 22 kilograms of lunar rock and soil samples, and operated for 2 hours, 31 minutes and 40 seconds.

On April 11, 1970, the United States launched the "Apollo 13" spacecraft carrying astronauts Lovell, Haise and Swingart for the third lunar landing flight. After 56 hours of flight, the spacecraft was 330,000 kilometers away from the earth. When it was almost close to the moon, two button-sized thermostat switches malfunctioned, causing the service module's burning radio oxygen storage tank to explode. Many equipment in the cabin were damaged, and oxygen and water were also lost. More than halfway through, astronauts Lovell, Hayes and Swingart faced death in space. However, they were not afraid in the face of danger. According to the orbit accurately calculated by ground scientists and the orders of ground commanders, they manually controlled the spacecraft, used the oxygen and power of the lunar module, and successfully returned to Earth on April 17, creating a narrow escape in the history of spaceflight. Miracle.

On June 1, 1970, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz 9 spacecraft carrying astronauts Nikolaev and Sevastyanov. The spacecraft flew 268 times around the earth, lasting 424 hours and 59 minutes, setting a new record in the history of manned flight.

On April 19, 1971, the Soviet Union used the "Proton" rocket to launch the world's first manned space station, "Salyut 1". The "Salyut" 1 space station crashed over the Pacific Ocean on October 11, 1971, after flying for 175 days. During the operation, two "Soyuz" spacecraft were docked, and the astronauts of "Soyuz" 11 worked on the station for 3 weeks. From then until 1982, the Soviet Union successively launched the "Salyut" 2 to 5 space stations and the second-generation "Salyut" 6 and 7 space stations.

On June 6, 1971, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz 11 spacecraft carrying astronauts Dobrovolsky, Pachaev and Volkov. The spacecraft successfully docked with the Salyut 1 space station and operated in orbit for 24 days. On the way back, the air in the return capsule leaked. When returning to the ground, people found 3 people who were not wearing spacesuits.

All astronauts died.

On December 7, 1971, the United States launched the Apollo 17 spacecraft carrying Cernan, Evans and Schmidt. Arriving at the moon on the 11th, the two astronauts stayed on the lunar surface for 75 hours and released a satellite in lunar orbit. The spacecraft returned on the 19th. This is the last manned mission to the moon so far and the seventh mission of the Apollo spacecraft.

On May 14, 1973, the United States launched a space station named "Skylab" using a "Saturn" V rocket. Later, it docked with multiple "Apollo" spacecrafts, and 3 batches of 9 astronauts worked on it. The "Skylab" was originally expected to operate until 1982, but due to serious malfunctions of the space station, it could not be used normally. Its orbit dropped sharply, and it crashed into the southwestern waters of Australia in the South Indian Ocean on July 12, 1979. This is the first manned space station launched by the United States.

On April 5, 1975, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz 18A spacecraft carrying Lazarev and Makarov, preparing to dock with Salyut 4. Shortly after the third stage of the rocket was ignited, just as the rocket rose to an altitude of 144 kilometers, the spacecraft rolled in the air and deviated from the planned orbit due to a failure in the guidance system. The ground control center had to issue an emergency life-saving command to shut down the rocket and separate the return capsule from the spacecraft. The astronauts returned according to the emergency plan and landed safely in the mountains of western Siberia. The flight lasted only 22 minutes. This is the first time in the history of manned spaceflight that emergency life-saving measures have been successfully taken due to abnormal rocket flight.

On July 15, 1975, the Soviet Union and the United States launched a spacecraft for a joint docking flight. The first launch was the Soyuz 19 spacecraft carrying Soviet astronauts Leonov and Kubasov. 7.5 hours after launch, the U.S. Apollo 18 spacecraft successfully launched from the Kennedy Space Center carrying American astronauts Stanfold, Slaton and Brand. On July 17, the Apollo 18 spacecraft and the Soyuz 19 spacecraft docked successfully. The docking status of the spacecraft was maintained for two days, and American and Soviet astronauts achieved mutual visits between the spacecraft. This was a rare "handshake in space" between the two rivals, the United States and the Soviet Union, during the Cold War.

On April 12, 1981, the United States launched the world's first space shuttle "Columbia". Since then, the space shuttles "Challenger", "Atlantis", "Discovery" and "Endeavor" have been built.

On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded just 73 seconds after launch, killing all seven astronauts on board; on February 1, 2003, the space shuttle Columbia disintegrated on its way back. , seven astronauts on board died again. Despite this, the U.S. space shuttle has successfully flown 111 times in the 22 years since it was put into operation. It has deployed satellites in space, repaired Hubble, and completed numerous scientific experiments. It is the main transportation vehicle for the International Space Station currently under construction.

On July 17, 1984, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz T12 spacecraft. The ship carried Zanibykov, Volk and female astronaut Savikaya, docking with the Salyut 7 space station-Soyuz T10 spacecraft complex. On the 25th, Savitskaya and Zanibykov conducted extravehicular activities for 3 hours and 35 minutes. Savitskaya became the first woman in the world to walk in space.

On February 20, 1986, the Soviet Union launched the core module of the third-generation long-term manned space station, the Mir space station. It took 10 years until April 26, 1996, when the Soviet Union (Russia) completed the construction of the core cabin, the "Quantum" 1 cabin, the "Quantum" 2 cabin, the "Crystal" cabin, the "Spectrum" cabin and the "Nature" cabin. The complete "Mir" space station composed of cabins. On March 23, 2003, after orbiting the earth for more than 80,000 times, traveling about 3.5 billion kilometers, and serving nearly 10 years overdue, Mir crashed in a predetermined area of ????the Pacific Ocean. As the world's first long-term manned space station, Mir is the spacecraft with the largest mass, the most people and the longest lifespan in the 20th century. It can be called the "genius of the generation"! In the nearly 15 years since the "Mir" has been in space, China has received more than 100 astronauts from more than 10 countries and international organizations. Among them, Russian astronauts set two space flight records on the "Mir": one is the world record of 438 consecutive days of living and working in space set by Polyakov, and the other is the world record of 438 consecutive days of living and working in space by Av. Jeev set a world record of 748 days in space. Scientists have used the Mir space station to conduct thousands of scientific experiments in many fields, including life sciences, microgravity science and applications, space science, and earth observation, and have achieved fruitful results that have attracted worldwide attention.

On June 27, 1995, the U.S. space shuttle Atlantis launched into space carrying 5 American astronauts and 2 Russian astronauts, achieving the first contact with the Russian "Mir" space station. Docking flight. From then until 1998, the U.S. space shuttle conducted eight docking flights with the Russian Mir space station. The successful experience gained reduced the technical risks in the assembly and operation of the International Space Station currently being assembled.

On September 26, 1996, American female astronaut Lucid, who was working on the Russian "Mir" space station, returned to the ground on the "Atlantis" space shuttle. Lucid spent 188 days in space, breaking the record set by Russian astronaut Kondakova for the longest flight by a woman in space.

On November 20, 1998, Russia used a "Proton" K rocket to launch the first component of the International Space Station, the "Zarya" multifunctional module, into space. It was a grand and arduous task to build the International Space Station. The mission has since begun. The International Space Station was built by 11 European countries (i.e. Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland), Japan, Canada and Brazil, led by the United States and Russia. , it is expected that it will not be fully completed until 2006. The completed International Space Station will be 110 meters long and 88 meters wide, roughly the size of two football fields, with a total mass of more than 400 tons. It will be the largest and most advanced man-made celestial palace in history, operating at an inclination angle of 51.6°. , an orbit with an altitude of 397 kilometers, which can accommodate 6 to 7 astronauts working in orbit. After that, the International Space Station will begin a permanently manned operation period of 10 to 15 years.

On April 28, 2001, the world’s first space tourist and American billionaire Tito took the Soyuz TM32 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan to the International Space Station for sightseeing8 day, and returned to the ground on May 6. Tito's trip cost US$20 million. In addition to space sightseeing, he was also responsible for part of the spacecraft's radio communications, navigation and power supply tasks, and performed earth observation missions with Russian astronauts. Tito's journey into space ushered in a new era of space tourism. From April 25 to May 5, 2002, the world's second space tourist, South African billionaire Mark Shuttleworth, also spent 10 days in space, 8 of which lived and worked on the International Space Station. .

On October 15, 2003, China's first manned spacecraft "Shenzhou 5" was successfully launched. China's first astronaut Yang Liwei became the first Chinese visitor to the vast space.

The 21-hour and 23-minute space journey of "Shenzhou 5" marked that China has become the third country in the world to independently carry out manned space activities after Russia and the United States.

On October 12, 2005, China's second manned spacecraft "Shenzhou 6" was successfully launched, and astronauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng were successfully sent into space. In the early morning of the 17th, after 115 hours and 32 minutes of space flight, the spacecraft's return capsule landed smoothly.

"Shenzhou 6" is China's second spacecraft to carry astronauts, and it is also China's first manned spacecraft to carry out a "multi-person, multi-day" mission. This is also the 243rd human space flight in the world. The spacecraft carried out the first multi-person, multi-day flight test of China's manned space program, completing China's truly manned space science experiment.

On September 25, 2008, China's third manned spacecraft "Shenzhou 7" was successfully launched, and the three astronauts Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming, and Jing Haipeng took off smoothly.

The "Shenzhou 7" spacecraft carries three astronauts: Zhai Zhigang (commander), Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng. The alternate echelon astronauts of the "Shenzhou 7" spacecraft are Chen Quan (commander), Fei Junlong, and Nie Haisheng. The main mission is to carry out the first space extravehicular activity of Chinese astronauts, and at the same time carry out space science and technology experiments such as satellite accompanying flights and satellite data relay.

On the 27th, Zhai Zhigang, wearing the "Feitian" extravehicular spacesuit developed by China, and assisted by Liu Boming, who was wearing the Russian "Sea Eagle" extravehicular spacesuit, conducted a 19 minute and 35 second mission. cabin activities. China then became the third country in the world to master space extravehicular activity technology.

"Shenzhou 8" was successfully launched by the improved "Long March 2" F Yaoba rocket at 5:58:10 on November 1, 2011. Two days after liftoff, the "Shenba" conducted space rendezvous and docking with the previously launched "Tiangong-1" target aircraft. After 12 days of operation of the assembly, the Shenzhou-8 spacecraft detached from Tiangong-1 and conducted a rendezvous and docking test with it again. This marked that my country has successfully made breakthroughs in a series of key technologies such as space rendezvous and docking and assembly operation. At 18:30 on November 16, 2011, the Shenzhou-8 spacecraft successfully separated from the Tiangong-1 target aircraft, and the return capsule returned to the ground at around 19:00 on November 17.

On June 16, 2012, my country’s fourth manned spacecraft Shenzhou 9 was successfully launched at 18:37:24. The three astronauts Jing Haipeng, Liu Yang, and Liu Wang successfully took off. Start the work of docking Tiangong-1.

"Shenzhou 10" was successfully launched by the Long March 2F improved launch vehicle (Yao Shi) "Shenjian" at 17:38:02.666 on June 11, 2013. It flew in orbit for 15 days and carried out space teaching activities for Chinese astronauts for the first time. The flight crew consists of male astronauts Nie Haisheng, Zhang Xiaoguang and female astronaut Wang Yaping, with Nie Haisheng serving as the commander; on June 26, the return capsule of the Shenzhou 10 manned spacecraft returned to the ground.