Please give me some information about the Mogao Grottoes.

Mogao Grottoes, commonly known as Thousand Buddha Cave, is located at the western end of Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province, kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City. On the cliff more than 50 meters high at the eastern foot of Mingsha Mountain, caves are arranged layer by layer.

In the second year of Jianyuan in the former Qin Dynasty (AD 366), a monk with a legal name of Le Zun traveled here. Because he saw the golden light of Sanwei Mountain, which looked like a thousand buddhas, and realized that it was a Buddhist place, he cut the first Buddha hole on the cliff. Through the construction of past dynasties, there are more than 700 caves from Beiliang to Yuan Dynasty, with 50 1 10 square meters of murals and more than 2,700 colored sculptures.

Bodhisattva in Cave 159 (Middle Tang Dynasty)

1900 On June 22nd, the Taoist Wang, who was in charge of the grottoes, asked Yang, who was writing scriptures, to insert the lantern grass into the crack in the wall, and found that there was nothing in the wall, so he found a secret room (there is none now. 17 cave, also known as the Tibetan sutra cave), contains scriptures from the 4th century to 1 1 century (Western Jin Dynasty to Song Dynasty). Most of them were later robbed by foreign treasure thieves to more than a dozen countries and regions.

The Mogao Grottoes are a treasure house of culture and art integrating architecture, painted sculptures and murals, involving art, history, economy, culture, religion, teaching and other fields in ancient society. With precious historical, artistic and scientific values, it is a historical treasure of the Chinese nation and an excellent cultural heritage of mankind. 196 1 is listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council, and 1987 is listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO.

The above picture shows the "true capacity" of the late Tang monk Hong in the Tibetan Sutra Cave.

He got a high seal from the Tang Dynasty and a purple dress, which was 0.94 meters high.

Tang Dynasty statue in Cave 328 in Dunhuang. There is an original bodhisattva in the circled place in the picture, which was stolen by the British and is now in the Boston Museum. You can also see a round pit left on the ground.

The map of the emperor in Cave 103 (the prosperous Tang Dynasty) and the emperor who came to listen to the Dharma in Cave 103 (the prosperous Tang Dynasty) successfully portrayed the vivid form of Vimalakīrti, a layman of Buddhism.

travel notes

In order to protect the murals, you can only watch the Mogao Grottoes with a flashlight. Every tour guide carries a flashlight. If you want to watch them better, you can bring a flashlight with three batteries.

The year 2000 marks the100th anniversary of the discovery of the Sutra Cave.

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Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, founded in the second year of Qin Jianyuan (AD 366), is the largest and most well-preserved Buddhist art treasure house in China and even in the world. 1600-year-old wonder. 1987 65438+In February, the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province were included in the World Heritage List.

Dunhuang Grottoes in Gansu include Mogao Grottoes, West Thousand-Buddha Cave and Yulin Grottoes. Among them, the Mogao Grottoes, commonly known as the Thousand Buddha Cave, located 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, are the representatives of Dunhuang Grottoes. There are also five wooden buildings in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

The Mogao Grottoes is located on the cliff at the eastern foot of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. It has five floors up and down and is about 1600 meters long from north to south. It was first excavated in 366 AD, and after sixteen countries and more than ten generations in Yuan Dynasty, a large cave group with rich contents was formed. The art of Mogao Grottoes is a comprehensive art integrating architecture, painted sculptures and murals. There are 492 caves, 45,000 square meters of murals, more than 2,400 colored sculptures, more than 4,000 flying figures, 5 wooden buildings in Tang and Song Dynasties and thousands of lotus columns and tiles. It is a profound comprehensive art hall composed of architecture, painting and sculpture. It is the largest and best-preserved treasure house of Buddhist art in the world and is known as the "Pearl of Oriental Art". At the beginning of the 20th century, the Tibetan Sutra Cave (CaveNo. 17 of Mogao Grottoes) was discovered, which contained 50,000 to 60,000 scriptures, documents and cultural relics from the 4th to10th centuries. It has aroused great concern of scholars at home and abroad and formed the famous Dunhuang studies.

Among the Dunhuang grottoes, frescoes are the most abundant and rich in content, and sculpture painting is the most extensive theme, that is, all kinds of buddhas, bodhisattvas, kings and their statements are equal; Buddhist story painting is a cartoon adapted from various stories in Buddhist scriptures; Classic painting is a large-scale classic painting that rose in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which comprehensively expresses all the contents of a classic and promotes the imaginary paradise. Buddhist historical paintings show the theme of combining Buddhist legends and stories with Indian, Central Asian and China historical figures; The portrait of the benefactor, that is, the portrait of the hero who made the hole, is a portrait history.

In the murals of the Mogao Grottoes in different periods, there are pictures reflecting some scenes of production and labor, social life, clothing system, ancient architecture modeling, music, dance, acrobatics, etc., and they also record the historical facts of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, providing valuable information for the study of ancient China society from the 4th century to14th century.

The murals in Mogao Grottoes also have high artistic value, with the Tang Dynasty as the highest level. The most influential caves are 96 caves, 17 caves, 130 caves, 158 caves, 259 caves, 285 caves, 200 caves and 428 caves. Western scholars call Dunhuang murals "the library on the wall".

The excavation of the Mogao Grottoes began in 366 AD. According to records, there was a monk with excellent virtue who went west with a stick and saw a thousand buddhas shining, and he had an epiphany, so he chiseled the first grotto. From the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Yuan Dynasty, the excavation of grottoes lasted for ten dynasties, 1500 years. So far, the grottoes in Lezun have long been indistinguishable, while the Mogao Grottoes have been eroded by wind and sand, and more than 750 caves in ten dynasties have been preserved, with 45,000 square meters of murals and 3,000 colored sculptures, and 5 wooden buildings on the eaves in the Tang and Song Dynasties. In addition, 40,000 to 50,000 handwritten documents and various cultural relics, including thousands of silk paintings, prints, embroidery and a large number of calligraphy works, have been found in the cave of Tibetan scriptures. If all the works of art are arranged one by one, it will be a world-class gallery over 25 kilometers long.

The colored sculptures in Mogao Grottoes are mostly Buddhist figures and their deeds of practicing nirvana. Because the rocks in Mogao Grottoes are loose and cannot be carved, craftsmen use clay sculptures. Clay sculptures before the Tang Dynasty are rarely preserved in other places, so a large number of colored sculptures in Mogao Grottoes are even more precious and rare.

In addition, there are traditional national myths and various decorative patterns. From the murals, we can see various social activities of all ethnic groups and classes, such as emperor trips, farming, fishing and hunting, smelting iron and making wine, weddings and funerals, business trips, emissaries meeting, playing the piano, singing and dancing, and so on.

As a treasure house of art, the Mogao Grottoes is a beautiful landscape, where artistic fashions of different eras gather. Dunhuang Tang art represents the worst era of Buddhist art in China. Foreign art and China national art complement each other, and Dunhuang Tang art is unprecedentedly gorgeous. A majestic giant Buddha more than ten meters high; A small bodhisattva with dexterity and exquisiteness of only ten centimeters; Great changes with grand scenes and dense characters; One figure painting with vivid image and distinct personality is impressive.

Tian Fei, known as The god of the sweet sound in Buddhism, is a beautiful bodhisattva, who can play music, is good at flying and exudes strange fragrance. Flying in the Tang Dynasty is more colorful and lifelike. She is neither like a winged Greek angel nor like an ancient Indian goddess walking on clouds. China artists use long streamers to make their elegant and light female bodies fly all over the sky. Flying is a gorgeous image of national art. When Dunhuang is mentioned, people will think of magical flying.

Some social life scenes depicted in Dunhuang murals at that time reflected the contents of production activities and social activities such as hunting, farming, textile, transportation, fighting, music and dance in ancient China. All kinds of figures in murals retain a lot of information about the costumes of people of all ethnic groups in the past. There are a large number of pavilions, pavilions, towers, palaces, cities, bridges and five existing wooden eaves in the murals, which are the image patterns and precious materials for studying ancient buildings in China. Sculpture and painting in China have a history of thousands of years. Many famous painters' works recorded in art history have been lost, and a large number of murals and colored sculptures in Dunhuang art have provided rich physical materials for the study of China art history.

The Mogao Grottoes were once abandoned in the Ming Dynasty, and it didn't attract people's attention until the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 17 15). In the 26th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1900), the Taoist King discovered the Tibetan Sutra Cave, which contained more than 40,000 scriptures, documents and cultural relics. Since then, the Mogao Grottoes have become more noticeable. 1907 and 19 14 years, Stan in Britain took away more than 10,000 suicide notes and cultural relics twice. 1908, the Frenchman Pelliot selected the best documents from the Tibetan Sutra Cave and took away about 5,000 pieces. 19 10 Most of the looted scriptures in the Tibetan Scripture Cave were transported to Beijing and handed over to Shi Jing Library for collection. 19 1 1 year, Japanese Zuichuan Lihua and Yoshikawa Koichiro took about 600 scrolls from the Taoist king. 19 14 Russian oldenburg took another batch of scriptures from Dunhuang, surveyed the grottoes, and stole the murals of Cave 263. 1924, Warner of America uncovered and stole 26 murals of Mogao Grottoes with a special chemical glue. These thefts and damages have caused great losses to Dunhuang cultural relics.

Since the 1940s, China has established the academic research and protection institutions of the Mogao Grottoes. In the 1960s, the grottoes were fully reinforced; Since 1980s, the Mogao Grottoes have entered a period of modern scientific protection. Dunhuang Grottoes Cultural Relics Protection Research and Exhibition Center is the only research and exhibition institution in China. The center exhibition department has a video studio and three exhibition areas, which can show the essence of Dunhuang grottoes art and the general situation of its development process, and provide favorable conditions for people to understand Dunhuang grottoes and Dunhuang Buddhist art comprehensively and deeply.

Mogao Caves (English name: Mogao Caves) was selected into the World Heritage List (No.:200-004) in February of 1987 and 12 according to the selection criteria of world cultural heritage C (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V).

Evaluation by World Heritage Committee: Mogao Grottoes are located in the strategic location of the Silk Road. It is not only a transit point for East-West trade, but also a meeting point of religion, culture and knowledge. The 492 small grottoes and grotto temples in the Mogao Grottoes are famous for their statues and murals, showing the Buddhist art that has lasted for thousands of years.