Spain and Portugal Humanities and Nature

Portugal

The physical geography area is 92,072 square kilometers (December 2005). Located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula in Europe. It borders Spain to the east and north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. The coastline is more than 800 kilometers long. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, mostly mountains and hills. The northern part is the Meseta Plateau; the central mountainous area has an average altitude of 800 to 1,000 meters, and the Estrela Peak is 1,991 meters above sea level; the south and west are hills and coastal plains respectively. The main rivers are the Tejo River, the Douro River (which flows through the territory for 322 kilometers) and the Montegu River. The northern part has a maritime temperate broad-leaved forest climate, and the southern part has a subtropical Mediterranean climate. The average temperature is 7-11℃ in January and 20-26℃ in July. The average annual precipitation is 500 to 1,000 mm

The capital, Lisbon, has a population of 564,700 (2001). The temperature in the hottest month (August) is 17-28°C (the average daily minimum and maximum temperatures ), the temperature in the coldest month (January) is 8-14℃. The driest month (July) has 3 millimeters of precipitation (average monthly precipitation), and the wettest month (January) has 111 millimeters

Spain

National anthem: "Royal March"? Spanish national anthem It originated from the Granada army march during the reign of Carlos III in the 18th century. The royal name is "Spanish March of Honor" and the folk name is "Infantry March". The royal family has organized musicians to compose new songs many times, but none could surpass this tune. Therefore, this national anthem with music and no words continued until the end of 2007, when a nationwide campaign to collect lyrics was launched and the lyrics of the Spanish national anthem were determined. , the lyrics are "Long live Spain! / We sing together / with different voices / with the same heart;" "Long live Spain! / From the green valley / to the vast ocean / is the hymn of brothers;" "We love our motherland / To embrace her/Under her blue sky/All nations are as close as one family;” “Glorious descendants/Great history/Singing justice and prosperity/Singing democracy and peace.” The four lyrics embody “unity, freedom, and democracy.” ,Peace". However, this lyrics did not receive widespread recognition, and the issue of the lyrics of the Spanish national anthem was still shelved. In 1931, the Second World War designated "Lego's Ode" as the national anthem, but after the failure of the democratic government, it restored the status of the original national anthem?

Four major tourist areas: Canary Islands--tropical scenery, Costa del Sol--Mediterranean beaches, Balearic Islands--Mediterranean baths, Madrid--the ancient cultural city;

The symbol of the capital, Madrid, the capital of Spain, is a standing apple. Bear. It is located in a mountain basin at an altitude of 670 meters, making it one of the highest capitals in Europe. The scenery here is beautiful, the sun is bright, the air is fresh, and the number of sunny days every year ranks first among major European capitals. In ancient times, Madrid was nothing more than a small village on the banks of the Manzanares River, ruled here successively by the Romans, the Visigoths and the Arabs. Madrid takes its name from the Magrit, a fortress built here by the Arabs in the 10th century AD. In 1083, the Spanish drove the foreign rulers from the Iberian Peninsula. In 1562, Felipe II moved the capital from Toledo to Madrid, a strategic location in the heart of the peninsula. At that time, the city had only 30,000 residents, but today Madrid has a population of nearly 4 million and has become the political, economic, cultural, transportation and financial center of Spain. Madrid is now a modern city. 10% of Spain's total industrial output comes from the capital's machine manufacturing, chemical industry, construction, leather and wood processing, food and other industrial sectors. Since the first railway in Madrid was opened to traffic in 1851, Madrid has air routes with more than 20 domestic cities and major cities in the world. Spain's road network extends to all parts of the country with Madrid as the center. Subway transportation is the main mode of transportation in Madrid. The total length of the subway is about 100 kilometers, and 1 million people go in and out every day. Countless places of interest are scattered throughout Madrid. With more than 1,000 triumphal arches, more than 3,000 squares, and 50 museums, this ancient city, which was named the "European Cultural City" in 1992, is filled with a strong historical atmosphere. The triangle between the three main squares - Puerta del Sol, Plaza Centrale and Plaza de Espa?a is the center of Madrid. Puerta del Sol is known as the center of Spain. There is a sign there, and Spaniards use it as a base point to calculate the distance of cars, trains, and planes to all parts of the country. There is Spain's famous Cervantes Monument in the Plaza de Espa?a. On one side of the monument is the statue of Spain's founding Queen Isabel and two pools symbolizing the calm Mediterranean Sea and the turbulent Atlantic Ocean. On the other side are the world-famous bronze statues of Don Quixote and Sancho. . The Columbus Monument is erected in Columbus Square. The Columbus statue looking into the distance and the three-masted fountain at his feet are also one of the landmark buildings in Madrid. The image of the "Lion Chariot" sculpture in the Plaza de la Terre is also often used to mark the city of Madrid. This square is a celebration place for fans of the famous football club Real Madrid. With the development of tourism in the past decade or two, Madrid has not only built many new offices and commercial buildings, but also many new gorgeous hotels and hotels mainly for foreign tourists to rest. Among the new buildings, the "European Gate" is architecturally and aesthetically stunning.

Two symmetrical parallelogram towers are located on both sides of the highway, leaning sharply towards each other. This building was built for the European Union conference held in Madrid, showing a brave and fearless heroism.

Other major cities

Barcelona (Barcelona), the capital of the Catalan Autonomous Region, is located on the Mediterranean coast of northeastern Spain. It is surrounded by mountains and seas and has majestic terrain. It is the gateway to the Iberian Peninsula. , the city covers an area of ??91 square kilometers and has an urban population of 1.51 million. If combined with the surrounding areas, the population is 4 million. It is the second largest city in Spain after the capital Madrid and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. The official language is Spanish, but the local Catalan language is spoken throughout the region. Barcelona is a port city in Catalonia. It is a world-renowned tourist destination for Mediterranean scenery and a world-famous historical and cultural city. It is also the most important trade, industry and financial base in Spain. Its industrial output value accounts for 1/5 of the country's total. Industrial sectors such as automobiles, heavy machinery, chemicals, precision instruments, and textiles. The Port of Barcelona is also the largest port and the largest container distribution terminal on the Mediterranean coast. The Port of Barcelona is the largest comprehensive port in the country, with 8,000 ships entering the port annually (total tonnage of 40 million tons) and an annual throughput of 20 million tons. Barcelona is older than Madrid and was a more important city than Madrid for most of Spanish history, first as the capital of the Spanish people and later as the territory of Barcelona's powerful counts. It became the capital of the United Kingdom of Catalonia and Aragon in 1137, and has since become an extremely wealthy and prestigious city. Barcelona and its jurisdiction were incorporated into Spain in the early 15th century. Since then, there has been fierce competition between Madrid and Barcelona. As the country's leading seaport, commercial center and industrial city, Barcelona has become increasingly prosperous.

Culture and people's livelihood

Religion: Spain has established its status as a Catholic country since the Roman rule. After the war of "Reconquest" drove the Arabs out of the peninsula in the eighth century AD, Catholicism took complete control of all of Spain. In medieval Spain, the "Inquisition" ran rampant throughout Europe, indiscriminately inflicting torture, hunting down heretics, and making everyone from the princes and ministers to the common people talk about it. During the European Reformation, Spain became a thorn in the side of Western European countries. After the eighteenth century, the contradiction between the church and secular forces continued to intensify, the anti-clerical movement grew stronger, and the church's power gradually declined. However, 94% of Spanish people still believe in Catholicism, and the rest also include Protestants, Jews and Muslims. There are eleven dioceses in Spain, of which the Diocese of Toledo is the largest and most important. The Bishop of Toledo had been the Cardinal of Spain since the Gothic period. The influence of Catholicism is more reflected in the daily life of Spaniards. Like other Catholics, Spaniards spend the most important moments of their lives in the church: baptism after birth, first Communion, weddings and funerals after death. There are many festivals in Spain, and one reason is that every city, every village, and every occupation has a saint as its patron saint. Every time a saint's birthday comes, the city or trade guild will hold a high mass and religious procession. In addition, each believer also has his own patron saint. He not only celebrates his own birthday, but also celebrates the birthday of the saint, which is called "Día del Santo". Most of the names of Spanish people are taken from saints. The most common male and female names are "Jose" and "Maria" of the Holy Father and the Virgin, and both men and women often use these two names together. For example, the former Prime Minister of Spain was named "José María Aznar".

Spanish social etiquette? Manners and etiquette? Local women have "fan language". For example, when a woman opens her fan and covers the lower part of her face, it means: I love you, do you like me? If it opens and closes for a while, it means: I miss you very much. Therefore, if women who are new to Spain do not understand the language of fans, it is best not to use fans. ? Meeting etiquette? Spaniards usually shake hands when meeting guests on formal social occasions. When meeting acquaintances, boyfriends often hug each other tightly. Spanish names often have three or four stanzas. The first one or two stanzas are the personal name, the penultimate stanza is the father's surname, and the last stanza is the mother's surname. Usually the father's surname is spoken orally. ?Business Etiquette? The Spaniards attach great importance to credibility and always try their best to fulfill the signed contracts. Even if they later find that there is something disadvantageous to them in the contract, they are not willing to publicly admit their faults. If the other party can help them in good faith in this situation, they will win the respect and friendship of the Spaniards. Spaniards only strictly keep time when participating in bullfighting events, but guests should be punctual and do not blame them even if they are late. ? Travel Etiquette? Spaniards are cheerful and enthusiastic, but easily excited. It is normal to have quarrels sometimes, and they have become accustomed to it. When Spaniards eat, they usually politely invite people around them to share with them, but this is just a gesture of etiquette. Do not accept it hastily, otherwise they will regard it as a lack of education.

Physical Geography

Climate: The central Meseta Plateau has a continental climate, the northern and northwest coasts have a maritime temperate climate, and the south and southeast have a Mediterranean subtropical climate. The northwest is wetter, while the inland and southeast are drier.

The average monthly temperature from north to south: 9.4-10.3℃ in January; 19.1-28.1℃ in July. The annual precipitation is generally 350-500 mm, and it is as high as 1,500 mm in the mountains. The central Madrid region has a plateau climate, with hot and dry summers and cold and dry winters. The Barcelona area in the northeast has the most typical Mediterranean climate. The climate is mild and humid all year round. The summer is hot and dry. The precipitation is mainly in winter. It can guarantee more than 250 days of sunshine a year. Mineral reserves: The mercury reserves rank first in the world, and there are coal, iron, bauxite, molybdenum, pyrite, petroleum, etc. The forest area is vast, including European cork oak, oak, chestnut, fir, etc. Rich in sardines and lobsters. Location: Located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. It borders the Bay of Biscay to the north, Portugal to the west, Morocco in Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar to the south, France and Andorra to the northeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast. The total length of Spain’s coastline is 7921 kilometers, including 2058 kilometers of Mediterranean coastline, 1728 kilometers of Atlantic coastline, 1086 kilometers of Cantabrian coastline in the north, 1428 kilometers of coastline of the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, and Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline of each island in the archipelago is 1,583 kilometers long. The coastlines of the two North African enclaves, Ceuta and Melia, are 20 kilometers and 9 kilometers respectively. The coastlines of some small islands in North Africa are 9 kilometers long. The territory is mountainous and it is one of the alpine countries in Europe. The territory alternates between plateaus and mountains. The national average altitude is 660 meters. 35% of the country is above 1,000 meters above sea level. Plains account for only 11%. It is one of the countries with the highest terrain in Europe. The main mountain ranges are Cantabrian and Pyrenees in the north, and the Morena Mountains and Andalusia Mountains in the south. Mulasan Peak in the south is 3,478 meters above sea level, the highest peak in the country. National borders: Spain’s land border is 2,013 kilometers, of which the border with France and Andorra is 720 kilometers, the border with Portugal is 1,292 kilometers, and the border with Gibraltar is 1 kilometer. Spain is located in southwest Europe and shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal. Spain is located between 36 degrees and 44 degrees north latitude, 9 degrees 18 minutes west longitude and 3 degrees 19 minutes east longitude, spanning 840 kilometers from north to south and 1,000 kilometers from east to west. The land area is 504,750 square kilometers. The Spanish say that their country is shaped like a piece of cooked cowhide. Spain ranks fourth in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France, equivalent to one-twentieth of Europe's total area. Beyond the peninsula, Spanish territory includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic. The northern coast of Spain is the Bay of Biscay, bordering France and Andorra to the northeast, and the towering Pyrenees Mountains separate these countries. It faces the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast, and crosses the Strait of Gibraltar, which is only 14 kilometers wide, to the south. It can reach Morocco in Africa; rectangular Portugal is Spain's neighbor to the west. The Strait of Gibraltar is the main channel from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, and its strategic position is extremely important. Spain and the United Kingdom have long been competing for the sovereignty of this area. Excluding the Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, Spain's coastline, surrounded by sea on three sides, is about 3,904 kilometers long, but the coast is relatively straight, and the real natural harbors are concentrated in the north, such as Ferrol, Pontevedra and Vigo et al. Cartagena is the only natural harbor in the Mediterranean Sea. The southeastern coastline is known not for its ports but for its scenic beach resorts. The famous bays in Spain include the Bay of Cadiz and the Bay of Valencia. Spain not only has beautiful coasts, but also towering mountains. In Europe, it is the tallest country except Switzerland. Most of Spain is ancient plateau. The famous Central Plateau stands in the center of Spain, accounting for about 60% of the country's area, with an altitude of 600-700 meters. The Central Plateau is blocked on three sides by high mountains: the Cantabrian Mountains to the north, the Morena Mountains to the south, and the Iberian Mountains to the east separating the Central Plateau from the Aragonese plain. The western side of the plateau extends slowly, gradually flattening out, and finally disappears on the Atlantic coast. If you drive around Spain, you will often see snow-capped peaks and rugged hills. The whole of Spain can be roughly divided into five geographical regions: Northern Mountains: Here are the famous Pyrenees Mountains in Europe. The entire mountain range stretches for thousands of miles and the scenery is picturesque. All year round, whether on the mountains or on the plains, there is green everywhere. Especially in the Asturias region, there are rolling mountains, vast pine waves, and lush forests. The Cantabrian Mountains, close to the Pyrenees, reach an altitude of more than 2,000 meters. It faces the boundless Bay of Biscay to the north. There are lush forests on the land and the scenery is very charming. There are many broad river valleys in between, and the lake water is as clear as a mirror. What's more worth mentioning is that there are countless waterfalls there, pouring down from high places, filled with mist all day long, making it a spectacular sight. This is not only an important cork-producing area, but also a pastoral and industrial area full of cattle and sheep. Central Plateau: The Cordillera Mountains in the central plateau divide the Meseta Plateau into the Old Castilian Plateau to the north and the New Castilian Plateau to the south. In this vast and undulating land, there are large areas of famous olive groves and animal reserves. Most of the northwest part of the Central Plateau and the northern Atlantic coast are covered with high mountains. Mountain roads connect end to end. Cars sometimes drive through the mountains for a long time, as if they are still in their original position. Aragon Plain: The Aragon Plain is located in the Ebro River Basin southeast of the Pyrenees Mountains. It is a roughly triangular wavy plain.

In the ancient geological period, it was once a vast inland lake. Later, the lake water flowed into the Mediterranean Sea and slowly turned into dry land. The Aragon Plain has a pleasant climate all year round, abundant rainfall, and fertile soil. It is known as a fertile "water treasure land". It is not only Spain's natural granary, but also an important production area of ??grapes, citrus and other fruits. Mediterranean coastal mountains: The coastal mountains are 1,500 kilometers long from Andalusia in the southeast to Catalonia in the northeast. Walking on the soft sandy beach, the sea and sky are the same color, and there are crowds of tourists. Mount Murasa in the Andalucia Mountains at the southern end is steep and towering, with an altitude of 3,478 meters. It is the highest point of the Iberian Peninsula and is known as the "backbone of the nation" in Spain. This mountain is covered with clouds and breezes all year round, making it a great place to escape the summer heat. Andalusian plain: located between the Molena Mountains and the Andalusian Mountains. There is a vast plain here; the Guadalquivir River runs across the entire plain from west to east, irrigating tens of millions of acres of fertile farmland. Because the towering Andalusian mountains block the moist air from the ocean, the climate here is dry and the sun is blazing in midsummer. ? Spanish Bullfighting (corrida?de?toro) Bullfighting is the quintessence of Spain, popular all over the country, and famous all over the world. Although there is currently controversy about it from the perspective of animal protection, it is still an ancient tradition unique to Spain and has been preserved to this day. Popular with many people. The bullfighting season is from March to October. During the bullfighting season, two events are held every Thursday and Sunday. If it falls on festivals and national celebrations, you can watch it every day.

[Edit this paragraph] Physical geography

Climate: The central Meseta Plateau has a continental climate, the northern and northwest coasts have a maritime temperate climate, and the south and southeast have a Mediterranean climate. Subtropical climate. The northwest is wetter, while the inland and southeast are drier. The average monthly temperature from north to south: 9.4-10.3℃ in January; 19.1-28.1℃ in July. The annual precipitation is generally 350-500 mm, and it is as high as 1,500 mm in the mountains. The central Madrid region has a plateau climate, with hot and dry summers and cold and dry winters. The Barcelona area in the northeast has the most typical Mediterranean climate. The climate is mild and humid all year round. The summer is hot and dry. The precipitation is mainly in winter. It can guarantee more than 250 days of sunshine a year. Mineral reserves: The mercury reserves rank first in the world, and there are coal, iron, bauxite, molybdenum, pyrite, petroleum, etc. The forest area is vast, including European cork oak, oak, chestnut, fir, etc. Rich in sardines and lobsters. Location: Located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. It borders the Bay of Biscay to the north, Portugal to the west, Morocco in Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar to the south, France and Andorra to the northeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast. The total length of Spain’s coastline is 7921 kilometers, including 2058 kilometers of Mediterranean coastline, 1728 kilometers of Atlantic coastline, 1086 kilometers of Cantabrian coastline in the north, 1428 kilometers of coastline of the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, and Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline of each island in the archipelago is 1,583 kilometers long. The coastlines of the two North African enclaves, Ceuta and Melia, are 20 kilometers and 9 kilometers respectively. The coastlines of some small islands in North Africa are 9 kilometers long. The territory is mountainous and it is one of the alpine countries in Europe. The territory alternates between plateaus and mountains. The national average altitude is 660 meters. 35% of the country is above 1,000 meters above sea level. Plains account for only 11%. It is one of the countries with the highest terrain in Europe. The main mountain ranges are Cantabrian and Pyrenees in the north, and the Morena Mountains and Andalusia Mountains in the south. Mulasan Peak in the south is 3,478 meters above sea level, the highest peak in the country. National borders: Spain’s land border is 2,013 kilometers, of which the border with France and Andorra is 720 kilometers, the border with Portugal is 1,292 kilometers, and the border with Gibraltar is 1 kilometer. Spain is located in southwest Europe and shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal. Spain is located between 36 degrees and 44 degrees north latitude, 9 degrees 18 minutes west longitude and 3 degrees 19 minutes east longitude, spanning 840 kilometers from north to south and 1,000 kilometers from east to west. The land area is 504,750 square kilometers. The Spanish say that their country is shaped like a piece of cooked cowhide. Spain ranks fourth in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France, equivalent to one-twentieth of Europe's total area. Beyond the peninsula, Spanish territory includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic. The northern coast of Spain is the Bay of Biscay, bordering France and Andorra to the northeast, and the towering Pyrenees Mountains separate these countries. It faces the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast, and crosses the Strait of Gibraltar, which is only 14 kilometers wide, to the south. It can reach Morocco in Africa; rectangular Portugal is Spain's neighbor to the west. The Strait of Gibraltar is the main channel from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, and its strategic position is extremely important. Spain and the United Kingdom have long been competing for the sovereignty of this area. Excluding the Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, Spain's coastline, surrounded by sea on three sides, is about 3,904 kilometers long, but the coast is relatively straight, and the real natural harbors are concentrated in the north, such as Ferrol, Pontevedra and Vigo et al. Cartagena is the only natural harbor in the Mediterranean Sea. The southeastern coastline is known not for its ports but for its scenic beach resorts. The famous bays in Spain include the Bay of Cadiz and the Bay of Valencia. Spain not only has beautiful coasts, but also towering mountains. In Europe, it is the tallest country except Switzerland. Most of Spain is ancient plateau.

The famous Central Plateau stands in the center of Spain, accounting for about 60% of the country's area, with an altitude of 600-700 meters. The Central Plateau is blocked on three sides by high mountains: the Cantabrian Mountains to the north, the Morena Mountains to the south, and the Iberian Mountains to the east separating the Central Plateau from the Aragonese plain. The western side of the plateau extends slowly, gradually flattening out, and finally disappears on the Atlantic coast. If you drive around Spain, you will often see snow-capped peaks and rugged hills. The whole of Spain can be roughly divided into five geographical regions: Northern Mountains: Here are the famous Pyrenees Mountains in Europe. The entire mountain range stretches for thousands of miles and the scenery is picturesque. All year round, whether on the mountains or on the plains, there is green everywhere. Especially in the Asturias region, there are rolling mountains, vast pine waves, and lush forests. The Cantabrian Mountains, close to the Pyrenees, reach an altitude of more than 2,000 meters. It faces the boundless Bay of Biscay to the north. There are lush forests on the land and the scenery is very charming. There are many broad river valleys in between, and the lake water is as clear as a mirror. What's more worth mentioning is that there are countless waterfalls there, pouring down from high places, filled with mist all day long, making it a spectacular sight. This is not only an important cork-producing area, but also a pastoral and industrial area full of cattle and sheep. Central Plateau: The Cordillera Mountains in the central plateau divide the Meseta Plateau into the Old Castilian Plateau to the north and the New Castilian Plateau to the south. In this vast and undulating land, there are large areas of famous olive groves and animal reserves. Most of the northwest part of the Central Plateau and the northern Atlantic coast are covered with high mountains. Mountain roads connect end to end. Cars sometimes drive through the mountains for a long time, as if they are still in their original position. Aragon Plain: The Aragon Plain is located in the Ebro River Basin southeast of the Pyrenees Mountains. It is a roughly triangular wavy plain. In the ancient geological period, it was once a vast inland lake. Later, the lake water flowed into the Mediterranean Sea and slowly turned into dry land. The Aragon Plain has a pleasant climate all year round, abundant rainfall, and fertile soil. It is known as a fertile "water treasure land." It is not only Spain's natural granary, but also an important producing area for grapes, citrus and other fruits. Mediterranean coastal mountains: The coastal mountains are 1,500 kilometers long from Andalusia in the southeast to Catalonia in the northeast. Walking on the soft sandy beach, the sea and sky are the same color, and there are crowds of tourists. Mount Murasa in the Andalucia Mountains at the southern end is steep and towering, with an altitude of 3,478 meters. It is the highest point of the Iberian Peninsula and is known as the "backbone of the nation" in Spain. This mountain is covered with clouds and breezes all year round, making it a great place to escape the summer heat. Andalusian plain: located between the Molena Mountains and the Andalusian Mountains. There is a vast plain here; the Guadalquivir River runs across the entire plain from west to east, irrigating tens of millions of acres of fertile farmland. Because the towering Andalusian mountains block the moist air from the ocean, the climate here is dry and the sun is blazing in midsummer. ? Spanish Bullfighting (corrida?de?toro) Bullfighting is the national quintessence of Spain, popular all over the country, and famous all over the world. Although there is currently controversy about it from the perspective of animal protection, it is still an ancient tradition unique to Spain and has been preserved to this day. Popular with many people. The bullfighting season is from March to October. During the bullfighting season, two events are held every Thursday and Sunday. If it falls on festivals and national celebrations, you can watch it every day.

Abdallah III eventually turned Spain into an independent caliphate. Under his rule, Spain ushered in unprecedented cultural prosperity. Urban construction and commodity economy have made great progress, and even promoted the development of the entire Europe. The Arabs brought the most advanced knowledge in medicine, mathematics and astronomy, and left a profound mark on Spanish music, art, literature, architecture, etc. The Alhambra is the pinnacle of Arab art. At the same time, Arabic also left many words in Spanish. The most important cities at that time were Valencia, Zaragoza, Seville and Cordoba. With half a million inhabitants and a massive library, Córdoba was the largest city and cultural center in Western Europe in the tenth century.

Heritage In 2008, Spain had 37 World Heritage sites, ranking first among all countries.

Historic Center of Cordoba ? Alhambra Palace and Generali Gardens in Granada ? Burgos Cathedral Burgos Cathedral Escurial Monastery ? Park Guell in Barcelona ? Palace of Guell and Mira Tower? Altamira Caves? The ancient town of Segovia and its elevated aqueduct? The parish of the Kingdom of Asturias? The ancient town of Santiago de Compostela? The ancient town of Avila and its church outside the city? The Mudejar architecture of Ruel? The historic city of Toledo? Garajonay National Park? The ancient town of Cáceres? The Cathedral of Seville? The Alcazar and the Archives of the West Indies? The ancient city of Sa The Monastery of La Manca Poblete? The archaeological remains of Mérida? The Royal Monastery of Santa Maria de Guadalupe? The "Pilgrimage Route" of Santiago de Compostela? Do?ina National Park? The walled city of Cuenca City? Valencia’s Silk Market? Las Madras? Barcelona’s Concert Hall and San Pau Hospital? San Milan’s Uso and Suso Monasteries? The Petroglyphs of the Mediterranean Basin of the Iberian Peninsula ?The University of Alcalá and the Historic District of Castel de Henares? The Landscape of Ibiza? The Archaeological Site of San Cristóbal in La Laguana? The Archaeological Site of Atapilca? The Romanesque Church of Verdeboui in Catalonia ? The archaeological site of Tarraco? The Palmeral of Elche? The Roman walls of Lugo? The cultural landscape of Aranjuez? The úbeda and baeza of the ensemble of Renaissance masterpieces