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Portugal (UK: Portugal, Portuguese Republic, Portugal: Portuguese Republic)

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Brief introduction of Portugal

Portugal is located in the west of Iberian Peninsula in southwest Europe, bordering Spain in the east and north, and Daxipan in the west and south. It is an approximate rectangle with long north-south and narrow east-west, with Jardat Islands and Madeira Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.

National flower: Yan Laihong

Portugal's terrain is mainly plain, and it inclines from northeast to southwest. Meseta plateau in the north; The central part is mountainous, with an average elevation of 800 ~1000 m. The elevation of Estella is 199 1 m, which is the highest peak in China. The south is hilly; The western coastal areas are coastal plains.

Portugal has a pleasant climate, with warm and humid winters and relatively dry summers. The climate changes from time to time, which is roughly the transition from maritime climate to Mediterranean climate. The annual rainfall in the northwest is over 1000 mm, and it can reach 2000 ~ 2500 mm in some mountainous areas. Drought occurs from time to time in the northeast and south of Ruhe River. Madeira Islands has a Mediterranean climate, which is relatively humid, with high temperature and insufficient annual rainfall of 1 1,000mm. Jardal has a humid climate, with annual rainfall exceeding 65,438+0,000mm.

Portugal is rich in animal and plant resources. The northern region is mainly a variety of pine trees, oak trees, and a large number of marine pine forests in the marine zone. Chestnut, linden, elm, poplar and coconut trees are widely distributed. There are Quercus variabilis, carob, apricot and fig trees. Wild animals include wild goats, wild boar, deer, wolves and raccoons.

Portugal is a "country of cork" and the largest exporter of cork. Also known as "European coastal garden". There are flowers from North Africa and 100 species of plants endemic to Portugal. Here, the flower shop is completely redundant.

Portuguese is the official language and the most widely used Roman language. Catholicism accounts for 94. 1%, and other religions account for 1.3%. Portuguese people love flowers and trees in nature and like to grow flowers and grass. The flowers and trees in China are colorful. Even in winter, red flowers and green leaves can be seen everywhere. Drinking is another hobby of the Portuguese. In particular, Porto wine, whether adults or children, should drink several glasses of this wine with meals, which is listed as a tonic wine to restore physical strength by the Portuguese. Every Christmas, the Portuguese will bake 18 inch bread, which is praised by Queen Isabella and distributed to everyone. The Portuguese love to watch bullfighting just to watch it, and they love to sing fatalistic songs that can best express their lonely feelings.

Introduction to Portuguese cities:

Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, is located on seven hills on the north bank of the Ruhe River estuary and is known as the "City of Seven Hills". It covers an area of 82.88 square kilometers. Bordering the Atlantic Ocean, it is a beautiful coastal city. Lisbon is the political and cultural center of Portugal. The Presidential Palace, the National Assembly of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Prime Minister's Office, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of National Defense, and other important government agencies are all located in the Imperial Square beside the river. The area around the commercial plaza is an ancient palace. Because Lisbon is located in the Mediterranean-South Asia earthquake zone, most cities are low-rise buildings, but since the 20th century, many high-rise buildings have mushroomed. The highest point of this city is St George's Castle. The battlements are towering, the walls are thick and solid, and the statue of Prince St. George stands at the top of the city, retaining the fortress 400 years ago. A large restaurant and an exquisite animal garden were installed in the castle with vines. The Castle of Saint Jorge, known as the Lisbon Open-air Museum, is full of tourists. In addition, there are the Roman Gothic Cathedral built in 1 147 and Saint Vincent's Church in Flora. Augustine Monastery and the Ancestral Temple of Portuguese Royal Family. Kamal church keeps its original appearance. Suburban villas, cottages, vineyards, gardens, parks and woodlands are scattered all over the country, which is a beautiful and colorful southern scenery. Founded in 1290, Lisbon University is one of the oldest universities in Europe. In addition, there are higher technical colleges and music art colleges. The traffic in the city is mainly by car and subway, and there is an international airport 7.2 kilometers away from the city. There are beaches along the Atlantic coast in the western suburbs, which is a famous tourist area in Portugal.

Porto, an important harbor. Located on the north bank of the Duluo River in the northwest, palaces, churches, museums, painting palaces, monuments and sculptures abound in the city. Urban architecture is antique. There are Roman architecture, Porto Cathedral, Monk Pagoda, the famous Crystal Palace, the symbol of Porto, and the 75-meter-high Clerico Bell Tower. Porto University, regional archives and municipal library are important symbols of Porto culture. Porto's grapes have long enjoyed a good reputation. There are more than a dozen wineries in the city, and the wines brewed are delicious and mellow, which are exported to Europe and all over the world, making Porto known as the "wine market".

Madeira Island, known as the "Pearl of the Atlantic Ocean", is located 800 kilometers south of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, and became Portuguese territory in 1402. Originally relying on exporting wine, bananas and sugar for a living, but in recent years, it has turned to handicrafts and tourism as economic pillars. Madeira Island is 56 kilometers long, most of the inland areas are uninhabited, and the northern shore is mainly agricultural land. Eighty percent of the residents live on the south bank of the island. The capital of Madeira Island is the industrial and commercial center of Funchal. It is not only beautiful in scenery and mild in climate, but also the brewing place of the famous local Madeira wine. This wine tastes mellow and delicious, and the brewing method is also very special. After the grapes are fermented, they are heated in the drying room to make the wine more mellow. Funchal has a rich and colorful agricultural product market. All kinds of food are sold in the market, including tuna, Angolan fish and all kinds of cheap and good vegetables. Try the famous dish "Espetada" in the capital. This dish is made by cutting beef into granules and grilling it on a fire made of laurel branches. The taste is fresh and unique. When you leave the busy Funchal and go to the town on the north shore, you will feel completely different peace. When you step into Santa Ana, you will see endless farmland, flowers and red tile village houses. From the coast of Santa Ana Town to the west, reach the port of Monish. This small town is a place for urbanites to recuperate. You can swim in the seawater swimming pool made of black basalt, climb the gorge and overlook it, taste seafood, and fall asleep to the sound of waves. Although the life in the North Shore town is very leisurely, every year in mid-September, every resident in the town is busy picking grapes and brewing alcohol.

Casca is located 30 kilometers west of Lisbon, the Portuguese capital, with an area of about 100 square kilometers and a population of1840,000. It is the third largest city in Portugal with convenient transportation and developed tourism. It is a famous seaside resort in Portugal. Casca was once a fishing village, which began to develop in the 65,438+04th century. It has become a busy port city, traveling to and from Lisbon. By the late19th century, seawater bathing was very popular, and the city became a famous seaside tourist attraction. The chief architect of this reform is Portuguese King Don Louis I of Spain? He moved the summer resort of the Portuguese royal family here, where he built his official residence and five villas, and the royal family spent the whole hot summer here. Since then, the original fishing village has been completely changed. Therefore, Yi Shi, Casca has become an international city, attracting many curious people to visit here. Now it has become an active aristocratic city, and it is also worth walking on the streets of the city and enjoying the local high-quality goods. Spend some time relaxing in many observation buildings in the city. The beach is still the most attractive place in Casca. People can choose to go to some protected shallows, or go surfing or windsurfing in further areas. Besides, the food in Casca is excellent, especially in many local restaurants, where you can eat a lot of delicious seafood.

Portuguese history

1 140, Portugal broke away from Spanish rule and Henrik became the first king of the country. In A.D. 1 143, in the war of recovering territory, Portugal, an independent monarchy, came into being and was recognized by the Pope. It is the first unified nation-state on the European continent.

The present Portuguese territory was formed during the reign of Alfonso III in 1249.

In the first Millennium BC, there were several tribes living in the Iberian Peninsula, and the earliest evidence supported them was the Celts. He lived in northern Portugal and Galicia, Spain, in the 8th and 9th centuries BC. At the same time, the Phoenicians established fishing villages along Algavi, and they have been exploring northward until now Lisbon. Greeks and Catholics live in the southern and western coastal areas.

The Romans defeated the Carthaginians in 20 1 year BC, and after defeating the Celts in 20 140 BC, they controlled central and southern Portugal. During the six centuries of Roman rule, the introduction of Portuguese and the customs belonging to Latin families also laid the foundation for the introduction of Christianity.

During the rule of Visigoths and Arabs (469- 1 139), the Roman Empire was weak in the 3rd and 4th centuries, which affected the sovereignty of this region. In 469 AD, the Germanic visigoths crossed the Pyrenees and came here, and Christianity was introduced in the 7th century.

In 7 1 1 year, Muslims invaded and overthrew the visigoth dynasty, and established the kingdom of Lyus in Có rdoba. Although Muslim rulers did not exclude Judaism and Christianity, many Christians converted to Islam, which flourished in the 9th century and10th century.

After nearly four centuries of Muslim rule, there are still many Muslim architectural landmarks in Portugal, as well as many customs from Islam and Arabia, which have also influenced the local dialects.

Crusades and Portugal's founding (1139-1415)1kloc-0/39 A nobleman from the border of Portugal (a territory centered on Bordeaux)? Afonso Henriques)(Afonso I) declared independence and claimed to be the first Portuguese king. With the help of the Crusaders, he fought against Muslims, regained Lisbon in 1 147, and defeated the remaining Muslims in Arentho and Nana Ogawa in 1249.

Denis I (1279- 1325) promoted the use of Portuguese (instead of Spanish), 1290 founded the first university, 1297 signed the kanis Treaty? Ices) established national boundaries and became the first independent country in Europe in the14th century.

During the Great Expedition (A.D. 14 15- 1580), the first king of Arvid family (Jo? O I) (A.D. 1385- 1433) achieved unprecedented prosperity in Portugal, laying a solid foundation for future territorial expansion and economic growth. In order to strengthen our national strength, we signed the Windsor Treaty with Britain and established a permanent alliance.

15th century is the golden age of sea power era. Under the leadership of Joao's son, the navigator Prince Henry, Portugal has become a world leader in marine technology and exploration. Portuguese adventurers from Morocco and Madeira Islands to uninhabited Azores Islands marched into the African continent for slaves and wealth. In A.D. 1443, Portuguese navigator, under the command of Prince Enrique, crossed the Cape of Bohado on the west African coast from Cape Rocca. Before that, it was the end of the known world. By 1460, the west coast of Africa painted by Portugal has reached 4000 kilometers.

AD 1488 bartholomew? After Bartholomeu Diaz bypassed the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, the world changed. He not only opened the door to the East, but also opened the entrance of Portuguese spice trade. Later, although the Portuguese missed Christophe Columbus, in A.D. 1498, vasco da gama led the first expedition fleet to India and laid many colonies in East Africa and Indonesia. Two years later, Pedro lvares Cabral won Brazil and established a huge Portuguese empire.

During the Habsburg and Bragansa dynasties (1580- 1807), the Arvid dynasty fell from power in 1580, and Spanish King Felipe II insisted that he was half Portuguese royal blood, which made the sovereignty of Iberian Peninsula return to one country. During the Habsburg dynasty (Habsburg family), Portugal was involved in several wars, the most serious of which was 1588, when the Spanish-Portuguese armada was defeated by Britain. After these years, the Portuguese Empire gradually disappeared.

In 1640, the Portuguese Bragan dynasty (Bragan dynasty? A) Philip IV declared its independence against Spain. In order to resist Spain and safeguard national independence, he made a long journey and made peace with Britain again. Half a century later, Joao V (A.D. 1706- 1750) used gold and diamonds mined in Brazil to revitalize the economy and make Portugal prosperous again.

The earthquake in 1755 destroyed Lisbon and southern Portugal, and more than 15000 people died. Marquês de Pombal cooperates with national economic reform to rebuild Lisbon.

Napoleon and the post-Napoleonic period (A.D. 1807- 19 10) Napoleon invaded Portugal in A.D. 1807, but the royal family fled to Brazil to save their lives. Joao VI returned to Lisbon in A.D. 182 1, but he faced a complicated political atmosphere caused by the disturbing Portuguese royal family. His son Pedro became the king of Brazil and declared his independence. After the death of Joao VI in A.D. 1826, there was a war between two brothers (A.D. 1826).

Because in 1822, the constitution was drafted in the absence of the royal family, and the power of the monarch was greatly cut off. In 1826, constitutionalists (Pedro, the first king of Brazil) and monarchists (Miguel, Pedro's brother) broke out all over Portugal. After eight years of bloody conflict, Miguel was exiled, and Pedro's sister Maria II of Portugal (15 years old) succeeded to the throne. However, in the next 75 years, the liberal Democrats and monarchists continued to confront each other.

The * * and salazar periods (19/kloc-0-1974) witnessed the death of Manuel II in Britain, which officially declared the end of the political uproar in the last century. However, first of all, challenging the power of the church triggered a worldwide rebound, and the release of labor rights and interests also caused the confrontation between the government and workers.

Joining World War I made the economy shake and the country turbulent. The military action in A.D. 1926 officially ended the fragile government, Antonio? General Antonio Karmona became the leader of the interim military government. In order to solve the economic crisis, he appointed Antonio carmone, a famous professor of economics. De? Oliveira? António de Oliveira Salazar served as finance minister and became prime minister in A.D. 1932, but he soon became a dictator, still clinging to power. The horrible secret police arrested people who opposed Salazar, brutally suppressed the rebellion in Africa, and also dragged down Portugal's national economy.

During the revolutionary transition period (A.D.1974-1999), in the early 1970s, the international voice against imperialism was rising, and domestic soldiers were tired of suppressing African colonies. So on April 25th, A.D. 1974, the leftist army staged a coup, which was called the carnation revolution. In every town in Portugal, there is a festival called April.

1975, the socialist government renounced the jurisdiction of African colonies, 1976 held the first election, and the popular Mario was elected. Mario Suarez is the Prime Minister. Facing the domestic economic crisis, he proposed the "100-day reform" to revitalize the economy. 1986, Portugal joined the EU (now the EU). This new challenge still can't stop Sores from winning this year's presidential election. He was also the first civilian president of Portugal.

Portugal today is still trying to catch up with other western European countries economically. It seems that joining the European Union has not had a negative impact on Portugal's economy. The economic growth rate reached 3.5% in AD 1999, and public construction has made a lot of progress in recent years. Although Expo 1998 held in Lisbon was not very successful and the number of participants was not as expected, the preparatory process improved the traffic in Lisbon and enhanced Portugal's international momentum.

The reborn Portugal plays a brand-new role in the post-colonial era. In the past few years, it has been helping former colonies Angola and East Timor to seek peace. 199965438+On February 20th, Portugal agreed to give up the last colony of Macau and return it to China, ending its 442-year rule.