Let me introduce to you my hometown-Datong City, Shanxi Province

My home is in Datong, which is a famous cultural city with a long history. My hometown not only has history and culture, but also rich coal resources. It has four distinct seasons and is a very good place for tourism and vacation. .

In spring, everything revives and rivers flow. The ancient capital of Datong exudes youthful vitality in the spring breeze. Under the warm sunshine, the ancient city walls show people their beautiful appearance. She is like A kind old lady is smiling and watching our rapid changes and rapid development. Datong in the spring is full of vibrant scenes, and the grass quietly pokes its head out, enjoying the caress of the spring breeze. She feels very comfortable, and as people They danced to the happy songs, and there were cheerful crowds everywhere, and they were all busy spreading the hope of spring.

In the summer, the fiery passion and hospitable fellow villagers are busy inviting guests from all over, inviting them to swim in our historical ocean, see the beautiful Yungang Giant Buddha, see kindness and warmth; Looking at Huayan Temple, I saw sculptures and ancient buildings that have been passed down for thousands of years. When night comes, it is a unique climate in Datong. Waves of cool wind blow away the scorching heat of the day. People spending summer gather in the square, ecological park, and riverside to enjoy the good places brought to us by municipal projects. Relax yourself and feel happy.

Autumn is here, which is a good season for harvest. The counties around Datong are the busiest places. People walk in neat vegetable greenhouses, under fruit-laden fruit trees, and in golden wheat fields. Everywhere they go, there are scenes of harvest. Datong has many products, the most famous of which are tartary buckwheat, oats noodles, millet, yellow flowers, and astragalus. The diversity of products has brought people material abundance, and people who are gradually getting rich have happy smiles on their faces. That smile is fragrant and sweet, flowing with people's love for their hometown.

Winter is here, and the falling snow is rolling and chasing in the sky, covering the beautiful ancient capital with a silver coat. With the popularization of central heating, Datong is warm everywhere at this time, and people are enjoying another product provided by our hometown--coal at home. After a busy year, people begin to relax. People begin to prepare New Year's goods and visit relatives and friends. Restaurants are indispensable. The famous Fenglin Pavilion, Yonghe Restaurant, Kunlun Hotel, etc. are full of delicious food. Others will be jealous of Datong people, because we are so lucky to eat. Not only can we eat cuisines from all over the country, but we can also eat Datong's unique jelly, shaved noodles, and oatmeal noodles. The taste is enviable to outsiders.

Datong, my hometown, I am proud of you, your beauty is being shown to the world, because we all have a common wish, that is, the world is unified.

Datong, known as Yunzhong and Pingcheng in ancient times, is a prefecture-level city in Shanxi Province. It is one of the central cities in the border area of ??Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia and an important comprehensive energy base approved by the State Council [1]. As of 2018, the city has jurisdiction over 4 districts and 6 counties, with a total area of ??14,056 square kilometers, a built-up area of ??202.74 square kilometers, a permanent population of 3.456 million, an urban population of 2.211 million, and an urbanization rate of 63.97%. [2]

Datong is located in North China, northern Shanxi, the center of the Datong Basin, the junction of the three provinces of Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia, and the northeastern edge of the Loess Plateau. It is actually the barrier of Shanxi and the gateway to the north. The chokepoint between Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia is connected to the north by Erenhot City, China's largest port with Mongolia. It is the sub-central city of Shanxi Province and a battleground for military strategists of all ages. It is known as the "Key to the North". [3]

Datong is one of the first batch of national historical and cultural cities. It was the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the capital of the Liao and Jin Dynasties. There are many historical sites in the territory. The famous cultural relics include Yungang Grottoes, Huayan Temple, Shanhua Temple, Hengshan Hanging Temple, Nine Dragon Wall, etc.[3], it is one of the first 13 larger cities in China, one of the nine ancient capitals in China, a national new energy demonstration city, an outstanding tourist city in China, and a national garden city[4], It is a national dual-support model city, a national transportation hub city, the sculpture capital of China, and one of the top ten sports and leisure cities in China. [5][6][7]

Datong is one of China's largest coal energy bases, a national heavy chemical energy base, the Shenfu and Zhungeer emerging energy zones and the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan developed industrial zone. midpoint. It is known as the "Phoenix City" and the "Coal Capital of China". On August 13, 2019, it was selected as a pilot city for the construction of national urban medical consortiums. [8]

Chinese name

Datong

Foreign name

Datong, Датун,?,?

Alias

Yunzhong, Pingcheng, Phoenix

Administrative district category

Prefecture-level city

Region

North China

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Historical evolution

Datong City Wall

Found and excavated in the Datong area during the Stone Age, human fossils were found south of Xujiayao Village, an ancient town in Yanggao County . Xujiayao people are descendants of Beijingers. When they migrated westward about 100,000 years ago, they were blocked by Datong Lake and settled here.

At the same time, many Paleolithic sites and thousands of stoneware products were discovered in Qingci Kiln, Xiaozhan, Zuoyunjia Kiln, Ximazhuang, Guangling and other places in the west of Datong City. The mammal fossils that originated from this. On both sides of Wuzhouchuan, Yuhe and Sanggan rivers, Datong Gaoshan Town, Yungang Nanliang, Zhenchuan West Village, Zhenchuan Nanliang, Gushan, Shanglongmen, Liu Anyao, Datong County Jijiazhuang, Zuoyun County Jiu Gaoshan, Typical Neolithic fine stone tools and pottery shards have been found in Louzituan of Tianzhen County, Huihua of Guangling County, Fotang Temple of Datong County, and Liyu of Hunyuan County, including exquisitely crafted stone cones, stone clusters, Stone adze, stone axe, stone pestle, etc. The pottery includes gray pottery, red pottery and painted pottery, with various patterns, shapes and mouth shapes. Experts believe that as far back as 100,000 years ago, humans were working and thriving here.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Datong area was inhabited by Beidi. Beidi refers to the nomadic tribes Linhu and Loufan who make a living by hunting. According to "Warring States Policy·Shidi": "To the north of Kelan Prefecture in Shanxi today, there is Guloufanhu District; to the north of Datong and Shuozhou, there is Gulinhu District." The area from Datong to Hetao in Inner Mongolia was called Linhu District in the Spring and Autumn Period. A place of activity. (Tang Dynasty) Emperor Yao granted Xihe's son the title of elder of Beiyue, and his second son and uncle came to the residence. In the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Datong in ancient times was the ancient Ping Kingdom. Shang Tang granted the same surname to this place and founded the country on his behalf. [12]

During the Warring States Period, it was initially the State of Dai and later merged into the State of Zhao. According to "Historical Records: Zhao Shijia", Zi Xi told Zhao Jianzi: "The prince's son will conquer the two countries in the north, and they all have the surname of Zi." When Jianzi died, he was established without blood. He was Xiangzi, and he went to Xiawu in the north. He ordered the butler to kill the king of Dai with a bronze fight, and then raised troops to bring peace to the land of Dai. [12]

In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, abolished the feudal system, and established counties and counties. There were 36 counties in the country. Today, Datong is the land of Yanmen County and Dai County. The cities recorded at that time include: Pingcheng, Dai, Shanwu, Yanling, Pingshu, Wuzhousai, Xincheng, Banshi, Mayi, etc. Qin Shihuang sent General Meng Tian to lead an army of 300,000 to attack the Xiongnu in the north, and recruited people to build the Great Wall. He built the Great Wall east of Zuoyungao Mountain and ten miles west of Yungang in the valley to "build a city in the Wuzhou Fortress to prepare for the Hu."[13]

The Western Han Dynasty followed the Qin county system, and the area was still the territory of Yanmen County and Dai County. Yanmen County belongs to the Bingzhou Governor's Department. Along Suo Shanwu, the county governs 14 counties: Shanwu, Woyang, Fanzhi, Zhongling, Yinguan, Loufan, Wuzhou, Wangtao, Juyang, Nao, Qi, Mayi, Jiangyin, and Pingcheng , Pingcheng was ruled by the Eastern Duwei. Daijun belongs to the Youzhou Prefectural History Department, and governs Sangqian. It has jurisdiction over 18 counties, 10 of which are in today's Datong: Daoren, Gaoliu, Banshi, Shishi, Pingshu, Yanling, Lingqiu, Qieru, Pingyi, Shenhe. [13]

Each state in the Eastern Han Dynasty established a prefecture as a prefect, and later the prefecture was changed to the governor. Its land is the land of Yanmen and Daijun. Yanmen County belongs to the Bingzhou Governor's Department and governs Yin Guan. It belongs to the 14th county. There are four counties in today's Datong City: Fanzhi, Wuzhou, Nao, and Pingcheng. Daijun belongs to the Youzhou Governor's Department, governs Gaoliu, and belongs to eleven counties. There are six counties in today's Datong City: Gaoliu, Daoren, Banshi, Shishi, Beipingyi, and Pingshu. During the Jianwu period, Lu Fang's rebellion led to the elimination of eight tribes along the border, and the people of Yanmen and Daijun moved to the east of Changshan Pass and Juyong Pass. In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (51), the county was restored and Yanmen County was governed by Yinguan. The county still belongs to it. On his behalf, the county was governed by Gaoliu. "The five counties of Yunzhong and Dingxiang in the central province of An'an were established, and Xinxing County was established on the border of Taiyuan. The counties were subordinated to one county, and Pingcheng County was placed in the south of Gouzhuxing, which belonged to Yan." At the end of the Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and the north of Xingxing was The land was abandoned to desolation. In the twentieth year of Jian'an (215), Cao Cao attacked Wuhuan and pacified Daidi. The people of the northern counties were gathered together, and Pingcheng County was established five miles east of the modern county, which belonged to Xinxing County in Jizhou. In the first year of Huangchu (220), Bingzhou was restored, and Pingcheng belonged to Yanmen County of Bingzhou. Whether it belongs to Pingcheng in Xinxing County of Jizhou or Pingcheng in Yanmen County of Bingzhou, they are both different places with the same name, not Datong today. [13]

Wenying Lake Scenic Area

During the Three Kingdoms period, the area was occupied by Wuhuan and Xianbei. During the reign of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty (58-75), Tongguang Temple was built in Pingcheng, which was the earliest Buddhist temple in Datong. [13]

During the Jin Dynasty, the northern part of Datong was the territory of the Xianbei people, and the southern part was the Yanmen County. At that time, the county had moved to Guangwu, and the counties included: Guangwu, Nao, Wangtao, Pingcheng, Jun Ren, Fanzhi, Yuanping, Mayi. In the fourth year of Yongjia (310), Liu Kun, the shepherd of the state merged with the Jin Dynasty, wrote to Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty for his role in rescuing Tuoba Yilu. In the first year of Jianxing (313), Tuoba Yi and Lu Dingshengle became the northern capital, and the old Pingcheng of Qin and Han Dynasties was built as the southern capital. Pingcheng was restored to its old rule and belonged to the state of Dai. [14]

Tuoba Gui of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital from Shengle to Pingcheng in 398 AD, changed the title of Emperor to Tianxing of Yuan Dynasty, merged Sizhou and Daiyin, and ruled Pingcheng as the capital of Daiyin. Moved 3,000 families of governors, heroes, officials and people of twenty-two counties in six states to Dai County. "Building palaces, building ancestral temples, and establishing communities" and carried out a series of large-scale capital construction. The next month, "The imperial edict was issued to Si Zheng to exceed the planned prefecture and control the suburbs." The scope of the capital was delineated: "to Daijun in the east, to Shanwu in the west, to Yinguan in the south, and to the north. To the river (Yellow River) in the west, to Zhongshan in the south The gate is blocked, reaching Wuyuan in the north, and the area is thousands of miles away. "It is also set up in four directions and has eight commanders to command troops to guard it. [14]

Datong

In the first year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty (550), the Eastern Wei Dynasty was replaced by the Northern Qi Dynasty. Datong was the territory of Beihengzhou and Beishuozhou, and the counties it belonged to had not changed significantly. In the seventh year of Tianbao (556), North Hengzhou was renamed Heng'an Town (today's Datong), also known as Dongzhou City, which was affiliated to Taiping County, Hengzhou. Three thousand families of heroes were relocated there. The following year the town was abandoned and it was still Beihengzhou. Between Zhou and Qi, the Turks gradually became stronger. In order to defend against the Turks, Rouran, and Khitan, in the third year of Tianbao (552), the Great Wall was built from Xihe to Qin garrison, stretching more than 200 kilometers to the Bohai Sea in the east.

In the sixth year of Tianbao (555), 1.8 million people built the Great Wall, which spanned more than 450 kilometers from Xiakou, Youzhou, to Hengzhou in the west. In the seventh year of Tianbao (556), the Great Wall was built from Xihe to the east to the sea. The area built before and after it is more than 1,000 kilometers from east to west. [15]

In 557 AD, the Western Wei Dynasty was replaced by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. After the Qi Dynasty was destroyed in the sixth year of Jiande (577), the prefectures and counties were abolished, Heng'an Town was restored, Shuozhou was changed to Beishuozhou General Administration Office. Change Taiping County to Yunzhong County (this Datong is called the beginning of Yunzhong). Lingqiu belongs to Weizhou and is governed by Lingqiu County. [15]

After the reunification of China in the first year of Emperor Kaihuang of the Sui Dynasty (581), the prefectures were changed into counties, and the areas were divided into Mayi County and Yanmen County. Mayi County governs Shanyang and has jurisdiction over Shanyang, Shenwu, Yunnei and Kaiyang. Yanmen County governs Yanmen and governs Yanmen, Fanzhi, Guoxian, Wutai and Lingqiu. Heng'an Town is under the jurisdiction of Yunnei County, Mayi County. In the fifth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (585), Daizhou Governor's Office was established. In order to defend against Turkic invasion in the Sui Dynasty, in the third year of Daye (607), "more than a million Ding men were sent to build the Great Wall, stretching from Yulin in the west to Zihe in the east, and stopped within ten days." In August 615 AD, Yang Guang patrolled the northern part of the Great Wall. The Turks learned of this and led 100,000 troops to attack the fortress. Yang Guang was forced to retreat to Yanmen. Only with the reinforcement of soldiers and civilians from various places, Yang Guang rescued the siege. The Turks invaded again the next year, but were repelled by Li Yuan's troops. [15]

In the early Tang Dynasty, the state and county system was implemented according to the Sui Dynasty. In the fourth year of Wude (621), Liu Wuzhou was defeated, and he was restored to his old town of Heng'an and established Beihengzhou. In the sixth year of Wude (623), Yuzhou was established in Lingqiu, Yanmen County. In the seventh year of Wude (624), Beihengzhou was abolished. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), there were 13 Dao in the world, and Yun, Wei, Shuo and other states belonged to Hedong Dao. Yunzhou governs Yunzhong and has jurisdiction over the county of Yunzhong. Yuzhou governs Xingtang, and has jurisdiction over Xingtang, Feihu, and Lingqiu. Shuozhou governs Shanwu and has jurisdiction over Shanyang and Mayi. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Hunyuan Prefecture was established in the name of Hunyuan River; Yingzhou was established in the name of Yanmen Mountain and Longshou Mountain, which echoed each other in the north and south. In the 14th year of Zhenguan (640), Dingxiang County was established in the old Yunnei County, and Yunzhou was also governed. In the third year of Longshuo (663), the Yunzhong Protectorate was built. In the first year of Yongchun (682), it was defeated by the Eastern Turks. All prefectures and counties were abolished, and the people were moved to Shuozhou. In the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan (730), the county was restored and Xiang was renamed Yunzhong County. Abandoned Beihengzhou and established it as Dongzhou City, and restored Yunzhou. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Yunzhou was renamed Yunzhong County. In the first year of Qianyuan (758), Yunzhong County was renamed Yunzhou. In the third year of Huichang (843), Yunzhou and Weizhou were designated as the Great Tongdao, and they were removed from Hedong. A capital group was established to train envoys to govern Yunzhou. In the tenth year of Xiantong (869), the Datong Army was established. In the second year of Zhonghe (882), the Datong Festival was changed to the Yanmen Festival. In the fourth year (884), Yunzhou was restored to Hedong Road. After the Tang Dynasty, the Central Plains Troop Transport Governor was in charge of military affairs. The Datong Defense Envoy was led by the Yunzhou Governor, who governed Yunzhou, Wei and Shuo Prefectures. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Yunzhou area became the main area of ??competition between the Shatuo tribe and the Tyuhun Helianduo tribe. It is also the place where Li Keyong and his son made their fortune. In the third year of Qianfu's reign (876), Li Guochang, the military governor of Datong, was appointed as Yunzhong's capture envoy. He killed the defense envoy and captured the state. Xizong pardoned Ke Yong and appointed Guochang as the defense envoy of Datong Army, but he was not ordered to do so. In the first year of Guangming (880), Li Zhuo attacked Guochang, but Guochang was defeated, and he and Ke Yong fled to the north. The emperor's nest entered the capital, issued an imperial edict to the Northern Army, sought pardon for Guochang, and envoys asked for gifts. Ke Yong led 35,000 horses to the south. He ranked first in the achievements of the capital, and Guochang was granted the title of King of Longxi County. The country was prosperous and he died, and Ke Yong took Yunzhou. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the feudal regime was divided, and Yunzhou fell into a long-term war. Later, Li Ke used his son Li Cunxu to destroy Liang and became Zhuangzong of the Tang Dynasty. [15]

During the Five Dynasties, the land was occupied by the Later Tang Dynasty, and there were no major changes in the division. Yunzhong County is governed by Yunzhou and belongs to Hedong Road. Li Keyong and Khitan Yelu Abaoji met in the east city of Yunzhou, and Yi Paoma was a brother. They changed the name to Huairen County because of the meaning of "reminiscing about benevolent people"; in the second year of Tongguang Emperor Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty (924), the establishment of Xingtang County in Yuzhou was analyzed Guangling County (now Guangling County). In the third year of Tongguang reign of Emperor Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty (925), Yunzhou was again designated as the military governor of Datong. In the third year of Qingtai (936), Shi Jingtang, the rebel general of Hedong Jiedu, worshiped the Khitan leader Yelu Deguang as his father. He used Khitan troops to destroy the Later Tang Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. The country was named Jin. In view of Khitan's assistance, the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun were ceded to Khitan. Wu Luan, the judge in Yunzhong, "closed his door and refused the orders of the Khitan", repaired his equipment, and guarded the city day and night. He persisted for half a year. "Luan asked for help from Jin, and the Lord of Jin called Luan to return to the south." Yunzhou fell.

So far, Datong has been ruled by Khitan, Jurchen and Mongolia.