Tourism geography: what is the spatial law of long-distance tourists' travel?

Law: tourist flow decreases with the increase of spatial distance.

Tourism distance is positively related to the length of tourism income chain, the setting of income points and the amount of income. The longer the distance, the more elements of tourism industry involved, and the more revenue points of tourism design. Therefore, long-distance tourists, especially transnational tourists, have a great influence on the income of tourist destinations. Therefore, in the design and positioning of tourism projects, inbound tourists or long-distance tourists are important potential income sources and key marketing targets of destinations on the premise that resources and other supporting factors of tourism allow.

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1 start and end points

Tourism is a link between tourism destinations and destinations through the spatial interaction of tourism actors, which embodies a special regional relationship. Tourism should be regarded as a system, which is an activity system for tourists to reach their destinations through tourism media. Its components are: the main body of tourism-tourists; Tourism object-tourism products; Tourism media-tourism and tourism activities running through it (refers to the sum of phenomena and relationships generated by the mutual conditions and interactions among tourists, tourism objects and tourism media based on certain economic, social and environmental existence and development). Tourism system has geographical and functional integrity. In terms of spatial expression, tourism system is a spatial system in which tourist sources and destinations interact through tourist passages (Figure11-1).

Figure11-1tourism system

1. 1 origin

Tourism destination is the source of tourists, and its formation is the product of economic development. From the perspective of the generation of tourism motivation, tourism demand is a high-level demand, which is produced after people have met various basic needs such as food, clothing, housing, transportation and safety. After you have the motivation to travel, you need two more conditions: disposable income and leisure time to really become a potential or realistic tourist. Discretionary income and leisure time must reach a certain level to meet the needs of tourism. Because tourism itself is a kind of consumption behavior, and it is a higher level of consumption. Obviously, the level of disposable income is determined by the level of local economic development. Although the amount of leisure time does not necessarily correspond to the level of economic development, generally speaking, economically developed areas have high technical level and high labor production efficiency. Therefore, the socially necessary working hours can be shortened and people can have more leisure time.

From the above analysis, it can be seen that both the generation of tourism motivation and the acquisition of tourism economic ability and leisure time are the products of economic development and the result of economic development to a certain level. Therefore, most of the current international tourist destinations are economically developed countries and regions. The world's major tourist destinations-Europe and North America. Europe and North America are traditional tourist destinations in the world, and both international and domestic tourism are very active. In recent years, due to the economic development, the number of outbound tourists in East Asia and the Pacific, represented by Japan and South Korea, has gradually increased, playing an increasingly important role in the world tourism market. The world tourism market is evolving into a new pattern in Europe, America and East Asia.

1.2 target

The destination is an area where tourist attractions, tourist reception service facilities and tourism functions are concentrated, and it is the destination area where tourism flows point. The main tourist destinations in the world include: Mediterranean, Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Kenya, Alps and other places.

1. Mediterranean. It is the most important tourist destination in Europe, mainly including Mediterranean countries such as Italy, Spain and Greece. The tourism resources in this area are characterized by islands, coastal scenery and historical and cultural relics, as well as coastal rocky shore scenery and lake scenery, which belong to subtropical Mediterranean climate and the terrain is mainly mountainous plateau. The Mediterranean coast is a world-famous scenic spot of sunshine, sea and beach, with islands, coasts, mountains, natural scenery and historical and cultural sites as its main features and ethnic customs. The main source of tourists in this area is western European countries. Spain is the first destination for international holiday tourism.

2. Caribbean Sea. It is the most important tourist destination in North America, including Mexico, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles, and countries and regions along the Caribbean coast, such as Cuba, Haiti, Dominica, Puerto Rico and Barbados. This area is rich in natural and cultural tourism resources. Dense tropical forests, exotic marine animals, seawater, beaches, sunshine, ancient and charming Indian culture and Mayan culture constitute the most attractive content in this area. Tourists in this area mainly come from the United States and Canada in North America.

3. Southeast Asia. This area is a tourist area that has developed rapidly in recent years. Compared with the Mediterranean and Caribbean, the tourism resources in this area are much more dispersed. This area mainly refers to Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar in Indochina Peninsula, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia in Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. This area is famous for its tropical coastal scenery, and historical sites such as religious temples are also very prominent, with unique customs. The main tourist destinations are Japan, China, Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong.

4. Alps. The Alps is the main mountain range in central and southern Europe, with the highest elevation exceeding 4,500 meters, and its ridge is composed of igneous rocks. Through the action of ancient glaciers, jagged peaks and deep U-shaped valleys have been formed, which are very spectacular. Winter is the second tourist season in the Alps in a year, with ideal skiing conditions, and it is the main international tourist center in mountainous areas.

1.3 traffic connection

Traffic is a bridge between tourist sources and tourist areas. Without good traffic conditions, it is impossible to form a tourist flow (passenger flow). Traffic is the channel and medium of tourism, and it is a necessary part of a complete tourism function system. Modern mass tourism was formed after the traffic conditions were greatly improved. After the 1960s, international travel became convenient, fast and comfortable due to the operation of large jet planes, which greatly promoted the development of international tourism.

In the development of tourism resources, traffic construction is a major development content. There is no convenient transportation to connect tourist sources and destinations, and tourism resources are only potential resources, which have no practical significance. In tourism products, transportation service is also an important service content and an important source of tourism income. Overseas tourists account for a large proportion in China's tourism consumption. Compared with general passenger and freight transportation, tourism transportation has its own characteristics. That is, the movement of tourists along the traffic line is not only to complete the spatial displacement, but also a kind of tourism experience and experience itself, which is an integral part of the tourism experience that tourists finally get.

Although tourists often make use of the existing basic traffic routes (traffic routes not built for tourism), they often choose to combine their own traffic routes and modes according to their own needs and the distribution of destinations. Traffic routes and tourist routes are highly unified, which shows that the tourist products launched by general travel agencies are connected in series by traffic routes to form a tourist route (that is, tourist products) for sale to the market.

Based on the above two characteristics, the construction of tourist traffic routes should fully consider the spatial behavior law of tourists and the spatial relationship between resources and markets. In large-scale space, the behavior of tourists is closed-loop travel, avoiding going back. Therefore, the construction of traffic lines should adapt to this law, and connect scenic spots and tourist destinations of the same scale and grade in the most economical and favorable way to form a large closed-loop traffic line. In the small and medium-scale space, the behavior law of tourists is: relying on the central city (central tourist destination) as the node tourism. Therefore, the construction of small and medium-sized traffic lines should be based on central cities and radially connected with lower-level tourist destinations (points).

Tourism traffic can be divided into three types from the spatial level: the first level is external traffic, which refers to the traffic from the tourist destination to the central city on which the tourist destination depends, with a large spatial scale. The external transportation modes are mainly air transportation and railway transportation, and some are water transportation and highway transportation. The second level is the transportation from the central city to the tourist destinations and scenic spots in the tourist area, which spans the small and medium-sized space, and the transportation mode is mainly highway or railway. The third level is internal traffic, which refers to the traffic in tourist spots and scenic spots, spanning micro or small-scale space. The main modes of transportation are special transportation, such as ropeway, yacht, battery car, animal-drawn car, horse riding and even walking. The route selection and construction of tourist traffic mainly consider large and medium-sized traffic, and the internal traffic of scenic spots and tourist destinations is generally the content of the planning and design of tourist destinations and scenic spots.