High School Geography Test Preparation Questions and Answers Key Points

A collection of answer ideas

1. Factors affecting the length of sunshine time

1. Day length; 2. Topography (high terrain, early sunrise, late sunset, long sunshine hours); 3. weather conditions.

2. Factors affecting the intensity of solar radiation (that is, factors affecting the weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation)

1. Sun altitude (i.e. latitude); 2. Weather conditions; 3. Topography; 4. air density.

Why does the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have the strongest solar radiation?

① The latitude is low and the sun is high; ② There are many sunny days; ③ The terrain is high; ④ The air is thin and the atmosphere is clean.

3. Factors affecting temperature levels

1. Latitude; 2. Topography, topography; 3. The nature of the underlying surface (position of sea and land, vegetation conditions, ocean currents, etc.);

4. weather conditions.

4. Factors affecting the annual temperature range and its changing patterns

1. Latitude: small at low latitudes and large at high latitudes;

2. The nature of the underlying surface: the ocean is smaller than the land, the coast is smaller than the inland, and the vegetation is smaller than the bare land;

3. Weather conditions: Places with more clouds and rain are less likely than places with less clouds and rain.

5. River governance measures

Upstream: The governance principle is to regulate floods, and the methods are to build reservoirs and plant trees;

Midstream: The governance principles are to divert floods, To store floods, we build reservoirs and build flood diversion and storage projects;

Downstream: The management principle is to release floods and confine water, and the methods are to strengthen levees, dredge rivers, and excavate rivers.

6. Analysis of the causes of river flood disasters

Natural causes (mainly considered from three aspects: water system characteristics, hydrological characteristics, and climate characteristics)-

Man-made The reasons (mainly considered from two aspects: vegetation destruction, lake reclamation and land reclamation).

For example, the causes of Yangtze River floods:

(1) Natural causes:

1. Water system characteristics:

(1) The basin is wide and there are many tributaries;

(2) The vegetation in the middle and upper reaches is seriously damaged and the sediment content increases;

(3 ) The middle and lower reaches are mostly plains with curved river channels, slow and sluggish water flow.

2. Hydrological characteristics: It flows through humid areas with abundant precipitation. The main stream has a long flood season and a large amount of water.

3． Climatic characteristics: In some years, the climate is abnormal and heavy rains fall in the basin, causing flooding.

(2) Human reasons:

1. Excessive felling has seriously damaged vegetation and intensified water and soil erosion, resulting in a reduction in the basin's ability to conserve water sources, regulate runoff, and reduce peaks and replenish dry times; sediment enters the river and siltation raises the riverbed, reducing the river's flood discharge capacity.

2. Land reclamation around lakes leads to silt accumulation, causing lakes to shrink and their ability to regulate flood peaks to decrease.

7. Analyze the reasons for the rich water energy of the river

Mainly analyze it from two aspects:

First, the flow speed (located in the ladder transition zone, the river has a large drop) ;

The second is the large amount of runoff (depending on the amount of precipitation, the size of the basin area, and the amount of evaporation).

(1) Conditions for the formation of cold floods

Two conditions must be met for the formation of cold floods:

First, there is an ice age; second, it flows to high latitudes. The most serious cold flood in my country is the Yellow River, which mainly occurs in the upper reaches and lower reaches (ie, the Shandong reach).

(2) Application of diving contours

Determine the direction of diving flow: The direction perpendicular to the diving contour line from high water level to low water level is the diving flow direction.

Slope of the phreatic surface (diving hydraulic gradient): After determining the phreatic flow direction, take the water level difference between any two points on the flow direction and divide it by the actual distance between the two points, which is the slope of the phreatic surface.

The phreatic burial depth: the intersection point of the isowater line and the terrain contour line. The difference in elevation between the two is the phreatic burial depth. If the location of the desired location is not at the intersection of the water level line and the terrain contour line, the interpolation method can be used to find the elevation of the ground and phreatic surface at that point, and the phreatic burial depth can be found.

The relationship between diving and surface water: determined based on the direction of diving flow.

Use the isohydrogen map to rationally lay out water intake wells and drainage ditches: In order to maximize the flow of phreatic water into water wells and drainage ditches, water wells and drainage ditches should generally be laid out along the isowater level.

(3) Measures to solve the water shortage problem

Mainly start from two aspects: protecting limited water resources and preventing water pollution; developing water resources and improving water supply Ability; strengthen water management, enhance water conservation awareness, improve water efficiency, control the growth of water demand; control population growth.

8. Factors affecting the height of the snow line (the snow line refers to the altitude where ice and snow exist)

There are two main influencing factors: one is the altitude of the 0' isotherm; is the amount of precipitation (the factor that affects precipitation is slope direction, that is, the windward slope has more precipitation). Therefore, the southern slope of the Himalayas has a lower snow line than the northern slope.

Note: The windward slope or the leeward slope can be judged based on this characteristic.

9. Factors affecting the vertical band spectrum of mountains

The first is the latitude of the mountain (the higher the latitude, the simpler the band spectrum); the second is the altitude of the mountain (the higher the altitude, the simpler the band spectrum). The band spectrum may be more complex).

In addition, the altitude that affects the same band spectrum mainly depends on heat (i.e., sunny and shady slopes).

10. Location selection of satellite launch bases

Natural factors (meteorological conditions require clear weather, the initial speed of the earth’s rotation: depends on latitude and terrain, the terrain is flat and open); human factors (It has vast territory, sparsely populated areas, convenient transportation, and meets national defense and security needs).

11. Problems in Tunneling

Two issues should be paid attention to when digging tunnels: one is the leakage problem; the other is the collapse problem. Therefore, the tunnel should be dug at an anticline, because the anticline rock layer arches upward and groundwater seeps to both sides, making leakage less likely to occur. Moreover, the anticline is a dome-shaped structure and is not prone to collapse.

12. Location selection of reservoir dam site

Mainly consider the following three aspects: 1. Choose the outlet in a narrow part of the river or in a basin or depression (because the project volume is small and the project cost is low); 2. Choose a place with good geological conditions and try to avoid faults, karst landforms, etc. to prevent reservoir earthquakes; 3. Consider the situation of land relocation and minimize flooding of farmland and villages.

13. Analysis of agricultural location factors

(1) Natural conditions

Land (topography, soil) + climate (light, heat, precipitation, day and night temperature difference) ) + water source (referring to irrigation water source)

Note: Transformation of natural factors: Expanding the location of certain crops through technological reforms such as cultivating improved varieties and improving farming systems; in addition, people change the location of certain crops based on economic and technical conditions. Transform natural factors that are unsuitable for agricultural production to make them suitable for the development of agriculture.

(2) Social and economic factors

1. Market: Market demand ultimately determines the type and scale of agricultural production. Changes in market location and demand have the most prominent impact on agricultural location.

2. Transportation: The improvement of transportation conditions and the development of agricultural products preservation, refrigeration and other technologies have greatly expanded the impact of the market on agricultural location geographically, that is, the impact of the market on agricultural location has been reduced. Regional specialized production will be formed in the most suitable places to form a regional or global agricultural product production base. For example, the United States, Canada, Australia, France, and Argentina have become the world's major commodity grain producers; the Netherlands, Denmark, and New Zealand have become the world's major suppliers of dairy and livestock products; Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia and South Asia have become the world's major producers of tropical cash crops. base.

3． Policy

4. Labor force

5. Technology

6． Industrial Basis

14. How to analyze the climate conditions for the growth of a certain crop

1. Analyze from two aspects: favorable conditions and unfavorable conditions;

2. Analyze from the aspects of light, heat, precipitation, day and night temperature difference, meteorological disasters, etc.;

3. Segmented analysis of climate conditions in four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.

For example, let’s try to analyze the climatic conditions for cotton growth in North China.

Favorable conditions: high temperature and rainy weather in summer, with hot and rainy weather at the same time; less rain and sunny weather in autumn, which is conducive to the later growth and harvesting of cotton. Sandy soil is fertile. There is a water source for irrigation.

Disadvantageous conditions: The sowing period coincides with a spring drought and insufficient irrigation water.

15. Analysis of industrial location factors

(1) Natural conditions: location, land, water source.

(2) Economic factors: agricultural foundation, raw materials, fuel, market, transportation, labor force, technology.

(3) Social factors: policies, personal preferences, industrial inertia, social collaboration conditions, national defense and security needs, social needs, historical conditions, and policies.

(4) Environmental factors: mainly used for micro layout.

Industrial location factors are multifaceted. Among the many location factors, there may be only one (or a few) dominant factors to consider in the location selection of a certain industry. Therefore, in the actual location selection , we must first consider its dominant factors or conditions for star advantages.

Note: ① The influence of raw material location on factory location is gradually weakening (the reason is that the range of raw materials used in industry is getting wider and wider, more and more substitute raw materials are available, and transportation conditions are improving); ② The influence of the market on the location of factories is gradually strengthening; ③ Coastal, riverside ports, railway hubs, and areas along highways are very attractive to industry; ④ The accessibility of information and communication networks is becoming more and more important; ⑤ The quality of the labor force is important to industry The influence of location is gradually strengthening.

16. Analysis of regional industrial development conditions

(1) Analysis ideas

The conditions for industrial development in a certain place are generally analyzed from the following aspects: Geographical location; resource conditions; agricultural foundation (agriculture can provide food, non-staple food, raw materials, labor, etc. for industry); transportation conditions; market conditions; labor conditions; technical conditions; historical conditions; and policy conditions.

Note: ① When analyzing the industrial development conditions of a certain place, it is not necessary to analyze every aspect. Local characteristics must be grasped. The previous provided is only an analytical perspective; ② The analysis should be based on the favorable conditions and unfavorable conditions. Conditions should be analyzed from two major aspects.

(2) Examples

Example l: Analysis of the conditions for industrial development in my country’s four major coastal industrial bases are:

(1) They are all located on the eastern coast of my country. Convenient sea transportation is conducive to opening up to the outside world. Railways, highways, water transportation, and pipeline transportation connect all parts of the country, which facilitates the exchange of materials, personnel, and information;

(2) Local and neighboring areas are rich in resources or raw materials, such as Liaoning Iron and oil in the central and southern regions, coal, iron, petroleum, sea salt, cotton, etc. in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangzhou region;

(3) The Beijing-Tianjin-Tangzhou and Shanghai-Ningbo-Hangzhou regions have strong scientific and technological strength, and the central and southern Liaoning region has a good industrial foundation. The Pearl River Delta is close to Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. It is the hometown of overseas Chinese and has the advantage of attracting foreign investment, advanced technology and management experience;

(4) There are many open cities and special economic zones in the four major bases, enjoying development Economic preferential policies. Example 2: What are the favorable conditions for establishing a large-scale steel enterprise in Shanghai? Why has Hainan still not established a steel enterprise?

Shanghai has no coal, no iron, and lacks raw materials and fuel. The reason why it can develop the steel industry is as follows: Advantages:

(1) Superior location and convenient transportation. Shanghai is located at the sea of ????the Yangtze River and is the midpoint of shipping on the north and south coasts of mainland my country. The Beijing-Shanghai and Shanghai-Hangzhou railways are connected here, making it a water and land transportation hub. Convenient sea transportation and cheap river transportation can be used to import coal and iron from the mainland and abroad to develop a seaside steel industry.

(2) Close to the consumer market. Shanghai is the largest comprehensive industrial base in the country, and the Yangtze River Delta Industrial Zone where Shanghai is located is also the largest comprehensive industrial zone in my country. The development of various industries requires a large amount of steel. The establishment of steel enterprises can consume it locally and reduce transportation costs. , reduce costs.

(3) Industrial water is convenient. Shanghai is located at the mouth of the Yangtze River. The large-scale modern Baoshan Iron and Steel Complex was established on the bank of the Yangtze River. Industrial water is extremely convenient.

(4) Strong technical force. The development of Shanghai's industry has a long history. It is an old industrial base in my country's coastal areas, with intensive knowledge and technology. Higher education and science and technology are very developed. It can produce high-quality, sophisticated, cutting-edge and new products for our country, and cultivate and train steel companies across the country. Transport high-level technical and management talents. Although Hainan Island is rich in iron ore, due to energy shortages, late development, backward technology, and a small market, no large steel companies have yet been established. Since the establishment of Hainan Province in 1986, it has become my country's largest special economic zone. With the gradual deepening of reform and opening up, Hainan's steel industry will also rise.

17. Location factors affecting cities

(1) Natural factors

1. Terrain:

(1) Most of the world's big cities are located in plain areas. Because plain areas have flat terrain and fertile soil, which facilitate farming, are conducive to transportation connections and save construction investment, they are areas with concentrated populations and are also an ideal environment for urban development.

(2) In tropical areas, lowlands are sultry and have unfavorable living conditions, so cities are mostly distributed on plateaus.

(3) Mountain cities are generally distributed along river valleys or in relatively open lowlands.

2. Climate: Most of the world's cities are located in coastal areas at mid- to low-latitudes with moderate temperatures and moderate precipitation.

3． River: The impact of rivers on urban location is mainly reflected in water supply and transportation functions. Cities are most likely to appear at the beginning or end of river transportation, at the confluence of rivers, or at the mouth of an estuary.

(2) Social and economic factors

1. Natural resources;

2. Transportation;

3. Politics, military, religion;

4. Technology and travel.

18. Location factor analysis method for the center line of transportation network

Including socio-economic factors - determinants; natural factors - restrictive factors; scientific and technological factors - guarantee factors 1 ． From the consideration of natural factors, it is summarized as follows:

(1) Terrain: The terrain is flat, with few restrictions on the selection of transportation lines; the terrain is undulating, and many railways need to build tunnels and bridges; the engineering is difficult, and roads and pipelines need Extend along the contour lines to extend the mileage; the river is turbulent and unfavorable for navigation; but it has little impact on aviation.

(2) Geology: Karst terrain - prevent collapse and leakage; geological instability - strengthen the foundation and avoid faults, etc.

(3) Climate: heavy rain, floods, frozen soil, mudslides - highways, railways; meteorological disasters (winds, fog, etc.) - water transportation, aviation.

(4) Land: occupy less cultivated land, especially fertile land.

2. From the perspective of human factors, it can be summarized as follows:

(1) Reasonable layout of the transportation network - allocate the passenger and freight volumes on the transportation lines to obtain maximum economic benefits.

(2) Economy: Economic development - passenger and freight volume has increased significantly, and funds are sufficient; conversely, transportation construction - speeds up the circulation of materials and promotes regional development.

(3) Funds - Reduce bridges and tunnels as much as possible, shorten mileage, and save investment.

(4) Population distribution - try to connect with towns and densely populated areas to maximize benefits.

(5) Pollution - main lines should not pass through urban areas and stay away from important cultural relics and historic sites.

(6) Politics: Beijing-Kowloon Line - to maintain the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong; Railway to Tibet - to strengthen aid to Tibet and consolidate national defense, etc.

(7) Technology - For example, the technology of building railways on frozen soil has been solved.

Note: Analysis method for highway route selection:

(1) General principles for national highway route selection: The basic direction of the route is mainly direct transportation, and appropriate consideration is given to important economic points along the route. Keep line lengths as short as possible to save operating time.

(2) General principles for local highway route selection: Local highways mainly meet the needs of local economic development and residents, and can pass through as many local residential areas, railway stations, docks, etc. as possible.

(3) General principles for highway route selection:

① From a macro perspective, natural, socio-economic, technological and other factors must be considered;

② From a micro perspective The consideration is to seek a balance between maximum traffic volume, shortest routes, and minimum occupation of cultivated land.

Nineteen_Location factors of the midpoint of the transportation network

1. The location selection of transportation points is also affected by socio-economic, technological, natural and other factors, but the leading factors at different points are different. For example, for ports, natural factors play a decisive role; while for railway stations, bus stations, and airports, socioeconomic factors play a leading role.

Generally speaking, the location selection of points needs to consider the following factors: railway stations, bus stations, and airports need to consider site conditions, traffic conditions, concentration of passenger and cargo flows, etc.

Ports It is necessary to consider natural conditions (water, land), economic hinterland, cities, etc.

2. Location factors affecting the port

(1) Water conditions (including navigation conditions, berthing conditions)

River port: along the river, water depth, slow flow, river width - providing fresh water and space

Seaport: Coastal, with deep water, easy access to the shore, and a bay sheltered from wind and waves

(2) Harbor construction conditions: geological stability, flat terrain, appropriate slope - conducive to arranging construction Land and port equipment.

(3) Hinterland conditions: Economic hinterland: The size of the economic hinterland affects the flow of passengers and cargo, and the flow of passengers and cargo affects the rise and fall of the port

(4) City support: the city is the port Providing human, financial and material advantages is conducive to port construction and development.

Note: For ports, natural factors determine the location of the port; socioeconomic factors affect the rise and fall of the port.

Application: For example, analyze the main location factors of New York Port: ①The Hudson River provides the port with fresh water, a sheltered deep-water harbor, and ensures the width of the entry channel and the space required for a large number of ships to anchor. ; ② The flat and open terrain of the Hudson River Estuary provides favorable conditions for port equipment, buildings and New York City to carry out reasonable layout; ③ The economic hinterland of New York Port is the most developed northeastern industrial area in the United States, with multiple railways leading to it. All over the United States; ④ The Port of New York is based on New York City, which is the largest industrial and commercial city and foreign trade port in the United States. Its advantages in people, finance, and materials have a good role in promoting the construction and development of the port.

3． Factors affecting the location of bus stations

The general principle of location selection of bus stations is to maximize the convenience for passengers. Specifically, the following four factors should be considered: ① road width; ⑦ connection with urban traffic; ③ connection with out-of-city traffic; ④ engineering volume.

4. Factors affecting the location of airports

(1) Natural conditions: Airports have strict requirements for natural conditions; ① Terrain: There is flat and open terrain with appropriate slopes to ensure drainage; ② Geology: There is good geology Conditions; ③Climate conditions: less clouds and fog.

(2) Social factors: There must be convenient transportation connections with the city.

(3) Economic factors: It needs to be built in an economically developed area.

20. Typical cases and location selection of points and lines in transportation

1. Similarities and differences in the location selection of the Beijing-Kowloon Line, Nankun Line and Qinghai-Tibet Line

(1) Compare from five aspects: perfect road network, economic development needs, population and urban distribution, natural conditions, science and technology.

(2) Highlight the same points: socioeconomic conditions are the dominant factor, and natural conditions are the limiting factors (mainly limitations of topographic and geological conditions).

(3) Different status: The Beijing-Kowloon Line is the north-south trunk line in the country, the Nan-Kunming Line is the sea access channel for the southwest region, and the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is conducive to the development of border areas and strengthens the connection between Tibet and the mainland.

(4) Different natural conditions: the Beijing-Kowloon Line prominently connects five major water systems, often crossing mountains and rivers; the Nan-Kunming Line passes through karst terrain; the Qinghai-Tibet Railway needs to pass through high mountains and alpine climate zones, where the geology and landforms are complex.

2. Analysis of location factors in the construction of the "West-East Gas Pipeline"

(1) The main purpose of constructing the "West-East Gas Pipeline" is to transport natural gas from the Tarim Basin in the west and areas along the line to the energy-scarce east. along the coast, eventually reaching the city of Shanghai.

(2) The main location factors for selecting points along the line: the distribution of oil and gas fields along the line (western section) and the distribution of population and cities.

It passes through many mountains, crosses the Yellow River three times and crosses many rivers