Zhao Yan culture, the Great Wall, Zhao Yan historical sites and the tombs of emperors in previous dynasties.

Zhao Yan culture, the Great Wall, Zhao Yan historical sites and the tombs of emperors in previous dynasties.

The cultural relics and historic sites in Zhao Yan are all emperors' tombs except the palaces. Among the imperial tombs of past dynasties, the imperial tombs of Jin Dynasty were the first, followed by the imperial tombs of Ming and Qing Dynasties.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jurchen nationality flourished in Northeast China./|||||| 0/| occupied Yanjing in 0/49,/|||||| 0/||| | changed Yanjing into the capital in 0/53, and made it its capital. In order to consolidate the imperial power and establish the orthodox position of the royal family among the people, the rulers of the Jin Dynasty decided to move the tombs of the ancestors of the royal family to Beijing and establish a royal cemetery.

The Imperial Tomb of the Jin Dynasty is located in Jiulongshan District from Longmenkou Village to Chechang Village, Fangshan District, Beijing. The main peak of Jiulong Mountain, commonly known as the Tomb Tip, is also known as the main Long Mai. There are nine ridges down the main peak, extending all the way to Pingchuan. According to "Daikin Guozhi", King Hailing "ordered his company to station fields around Yanshan Mountain. Over 30 years old, Longcheng Temple was discovered in Dahong Valley, 50 miles west of Liangxiang. The peaks and hills were exposed, the trees were hidden, and the tombs were really built. I moved my ancestors here. " According to the Records of Jinshi Wang Hailing, "In March of the third year of Zhenyuan (/|||| 0/|||| 0/55), Yunfeng Temple of Dafang Mountain was appointed as the mountain mausoleum and the foot of Jianxin Palace." In October of the first year of Zheng Long (/|||| 0/||| 0/56), "Ten emperors below their ancestors were buried in Dafang Mountain". With the ceremony of the mountain, ministers expressed their congratulations in succession.

Seventeen emperors and kings were buried in the imperial tomb of the Jin Dynasty in Dafang Mountain. By the beginning of next year, Manchu (the original Jurchen nationality) will once again rise in the northeast, establish the post-Jin regime, and militarily threaten the rule of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming rulers mistakenly thought that digging ancestral graves would destroy their vitality, so they sent troops to destroy Fangshan Mausoleum in the Jin Dynasty, leaving only ruins. After hundreds of years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the site was almost submerged. The investigation started from/|||| 0/986, and a stone tablet was found on the hillside of Longmenkou Village, which was about two meters high and one meter wide, and was engraved with ten Chinese characters "Su Jian Mausoleum in Wu Wen, Zong Rui". Zong Rui is Jin Shizong's father, and his mausoleum is Jingling. In addition, a road with its original appearance was found here, which is 5.4 meters wide from east to west, leaving more than three meters in the north and south. Experts speculate that this is the Shinto that leads directly to the main mausoleum. In the investigation, we also saw the basic components of the hall, such as finely carved stone railings, step stones, dripping faucets, carved stone pillars, roof components such as dragon and tiger tiles and green glazed tiles, as well as the remains of Shinto facilities such as stone tablets and statues. It can be confirmed from written records and on-the-spot investigation that the imperial tombs of the Jin Dynasty have complete facilities and magnificent momentum, which are not inferior to those of emperors in previous dynasties.

Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, made Nanjing its capital, and Zhu Yuanzhang's mausoleum "Xiaoling Mausoleum" is located in Zijinshan, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province. The architectural structure of Xiaoling Mausoleum has changed the characteristics of imperial tombs since Han and Tang Dynasties. First, the structure of two cities inside and outside the cemetery was cancelled and the layout of three hospitals was implemented. The main building runs through the north-south central axis; Secondly, a square city was built before the land was sealed, and a building was built on the city. The land behind the building changed from bucket to circle, which was called Baocheng or Baoding.

Judy, the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, made Beijing his capital. In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), a mausoleum was built at the southern foot of Tianshou Mountain in Changping, Beijing. Thirteen emperors' tombs were built here in the Ming Dynasty. Namely, the Changling Mausoleum of Judy, the Xianling Mausoleum of Renzong Zhu Gaochi, the Jingling Mausoleum of Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji, the Yuling Mausoleum of Yingzong Zhu Qizhen, the Mausoleum of Xianzong Zhu Jianshen, the Tailing Mausoleum of Filial Piety Zhu Shitang, the Fuling of Wuzong Zhu Houming, the Zhaoling of Zhu Zaihou, Mu Zong, the Dingling of Shenzong Zhu Yijun, the Qingling of Guangzong Zhu Changluo, the Deling of Xizong Zhu Youjian and the Siling of Zhu Youjian. The Ming Tombs covers an area of more than 40 square kilometers, and the whole mausoleum area is generally composed of two parts: the mausoleum road and the cemetery.

Lingdao was called Shen Dao or Shen Dao in ancient times, and Shen Dao in the Ming Tombs was 7 kilometers long. To the south of Shinto is Shibeifang, and one kilometer to the north is Dahongmen, with three holes in one wall. There is a horse monument erected on both sides, which reads "Officials are waiting to dismount here". Entering Dahongmen is Shinto, and there is a big monument building in the north, which is more than 30 feet high. It is engraved with the "Monument to the Divine Power of Daming Changling", which records the achievements of Chengzu's life; The monument is engraved with Emperor Qianlong's "Thirty Rhymes of Mourning the Ming Tombs", and a white marble table stands at each corner of the monument building. Further north, stone men and beasts stood by the roadside. Then go north through Longfengmen and Qikong Bridge to Changling. Changling is the first of the Ming Tombs, and its architecture is the most magnificent.

The emperors of the Ming Dynasty were in different positions and had different economic conditions, so the scale of the tombs was different, but the regulations were basically the same. Each mausoleum is an independent building group, surrounded by red walls, with a rectangular courtyard in front and a round treasure city in the back. The main buildings are Lingmen, Monument Pavilion, Maoen Gate and Maoen Hall in turn. There is no word tablet in the pavilion, and on the surface, it is built with Maoentang as the center. There is a memorial arch behind Maun Temple, and there are five stone offerings (one stone incense burner, two stone candlesticks and two stone vases). Then Bao Cheng. The outer wall of Baocheng is bricked, filled with loess, put on Jianming Building, set up a stone tablet and carve the emperor posthumous title. Under the treasure city is the owner of the tomb.

From/|||| 0/956 to/|||| 0/958, the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences presided over the excavation of Dingling, enabling us to observe the underground structure of Ming Taizu Mausoleum. Dingling underground palace consists of front, middle and back halls and left and right side halls, all made of white marble and variegated stones, and the halls are connected by coupons. There are three carved thrones of white marble in the middle hall, one carved dragon and the other carved phoenix. There are three ever-burning lamps and five stone offerings in front of the throne. The ever-burning lamp is a blue-and-white porcelain jar with dragon patterns. There are sarcophagus beds in the back hall and the left and right side halls, of which the back hall is the largest, with a length of 30 meters, a width of 9 meters and a height of 9.5 meters. There are three lipstick-painted coffins on the coffin bed, with the god Zhu Yijun in the middle and two empresses Xiao Duan and Xiao Jing separated. There are more than 20 kinds of cultural relics buried in Dingling, nearly 3000 pieces, and a large number of gold, silver, jade, porcelain and silk products, which have high archaeological value. The Ming Tombs is an important ancient building in Beijing. It is the best preserved mausoleum of emperors in past dynasties and has become one of the most famous tourist attractions in Beijing.

There were four imperial tombs in the Qing Dynasty, and Nurhachi's ancestors were buried in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province. The tombs of Nurhachi and Huang Taiji are in Shenyang, Liaoning; The other two places are in Zhao Yan, one is the Qing Dongling in Malanyu, Zunhua County, Hebei Province, and the other is the Qing Xiling in Yixian County, Hebei Province.

The Qing Dongling is more than 0/00 kilometers away from Beijing. It is the imperial tomb of the Qing Dynasty centered on the Xiaoling Mausoleum in the emperor shunzhi. Its architectural regulations are similar to those of the Ming Tombs, and it is its characteristic to build a tomb alone after the emperor. On the east side of Xiaoling Mausoleum are the Xiaoling Mausoleum of Shunzhi Queen, Jingling, Jingfeiling and Shuangfeiling of Kangxi Emperor, Huiling and Huifeiling of Tongzhi Emperor and Zhaoqianling of the emperor shunzhi's mother. On the west side of Xiaoling Mausoleum are the Yuling and Yufeiling of Emperor Qianlong, Dingling and Ding Dong Mausoleum of Emperor Xianfeng and Dingfei Mausoleum. There are five emperors, fifteen queens, and people who exceed there are five, including concubines, concubines, Fujin, and Gege's tomb in the eastern Qing Dynasty.

The ground buildings of Dongling in the Qing Dynasty were all made in imitation of Ming Dynasty. The main entrance of the mausoleum is Dahongmen, and there is a white marble archway in front of it, with five rooms, six columns and eleven floors. A stone tablet stands in front of Dahongmen, which reads "Officials are waiting to dismount here". There is a Shinto in the gate and a Great Monument Building in the north. There are two sacred monuments in the gate, which describe the emperor shunzhi's life achievements in Manchu and Chinese. Further north, stone statues stand on both sides of Shinto; There is a stone bridge on Shinto Road. There are various ancillary buildings in the northernmost part of Shinto, such as small tablet pavilion, provincial sacrifice pavilion, Shenchu library, Jade Belt Bridge and so on. There are stone statues on both sides of Lu Shen Road in front of each imperial tomb in Dongling, but the number is different. Xiaoling is the largest, with 18 pairs of stone statues, the largest number.

Shinto went straight to Ron's door. Inside the gate stands the Hall of Long En, which is the main building on the surface of the mausoleum. The memorial tablet of Empress Dowager Cixi was enshrined in the hall, and a memorial ceremony was held here. Behind Long 'en Temple is a three-hole glazed flower gate with walls on both sides, forming a square city. In the Qianjianming Building on Fangcheng, there is a stone tablet with the emperor's temple number and posthumous title engraved in Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian. Behind the Ming building is Baocheng, and there is a circular paddock in the middle of Baocheng, called Baoding, and below is the underground palace.

The plan of the underground palace of the Qing Emperor's Mausoleum is rectangular, consisting of the tomb gate, the stone gate, the main hall and the golden hall. There is a sarcophagus bed in Kanatonouchi, on which the coffins of the Empress Dowager, concubines and other grave owners are placed. The scale of the underground palace of the Qing Emperor Mausoleum is not as large as that of the Ming Mausoleum, but the stone carving art of the underground palace is far superior to that of the Ming Mausoleum.

Qing Xiling is in the southwest of Beijing, in Yixian County, Hebei Province. During Yong Zhengdi's reign, in order to highlight his political position, he didn't want to put his mausoleum behind his ancestors, so he opened up a mausoleum area, so he chose to build a mausoleum in yi county, and signaled future generations to follow him and be buried here, thus forming the Qing Xiling Mausoleum. However, after Yongzheng, the emperors did not completely act according to his will, or buried Dongling or Xiling.

Qing Xiling takes Yongzheng Tailing as the center. In the southwest of Tailing, there are the Changling of Jiaqing Emperor and Muling of Daoguang. Southeast of Tailing is chongling of Guangxu Emperor, with 4 emperors, 9 empresses, 27 concubines and 6 tombs of princes and princesses, which is far less than that of Qing Dongling.

Political corruption in the late Qing Dynasty, invasion by foreign powers, warlord scuffle in the early years of the Republic of China, and the shallow burial of the Qing tomb, which was repeatedly looted by bandits, have hardly preserved a complete cemetery so far. The most serious one happened in/|||| 0/928, when the warlord Sun Dianying used his army to blow up the underground palace of Yuling in Qianlong and Ding Dong Mausoleum of Cixi, and plundered a large number of precious cultural relics, gold and silver jewelry. Fortunately, the local folk customs in yi county, Xiling County are simple, and the giant cypress in Gu Song in the mausoleum area has been preserved so far, adding an infinite simple and dignified atmosphere to the scenery in the mausoleum area.