What kind of evaluation does tourism resource assets belong to?

Resource assets belong to the category of asset appraisal. We've done a lot before.

As a capitalized property right, the management right of tourism resources must reflect its value in the form of price in market transactions. This paper expounds the basic concept of tourism resource management right.

Abstract: As a capitalized property right, the management right of tourism resources must reflect its value in the form of price in market transactions. On the basis of expounding the basic concept of tourism resource management right, combined with the characteristics of tourism resources, this paper constructs the index system of price evaluation of tourism resource management right, and uses the basic theory and method of asset evaluation to emphatically expound the price evaluation method of tourism resource management right.

As a capitalized property right, the management right of tourism resources must reflect its value in the form of price in market transactions. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 300 scenic spots involved in the "transfer" or "auction" of tourism resources management rights in China, and their value evaluation plays an important role in the transaction process. The author intends to make a preliminary discussion on this.

First, an overview of the price evaluation of the right to operate tourism resources

The concept of the price of the right to operate tourism resources

1. Tourism resource management right

The right to operate tourism resources refers to the right to possess, use and benefit tourism resources within a certain period of time, which is a legal property right stipulated in the form of contract. There are two forms: one is the right to possess, use and benefit the scenic spots that have been developed or invested to a certain extent, which can be called the right to operate the scenic spots; The other is the right of possession, use and income of tourism resources that have not been developed or invested.

2. The price of the right to operate tourism resources

The price of the right to operate tourism resources is a kind of price formed by holding the right to use tourism resources and the right to benefit in a certain period of time. At present, the ownership of China's tourism resources belongs to the state, and the price of the right to operate tourism resources is based on the transfer and transfer of the right to use tourism resources and income. Therefore, the total present value of one-time payment of special object capital is the economic realization form of tourism resource ownership. The formation of the price of tourism resources management right includes two forms: one is the general commodity price form based on value and regulated by the relationship between supply and demand, such as the infrastructure that has been invested and developed in tourist attractions; The second is the price formed on the basis of its scarcity and monopoly.

Ways, such as land resources, forest resources, water resources and natural wonders of scenic spots. It is precisely because of the particularity of tourism resources that the price formation of tourism resource management right is complicated, and tourism resources can never be equal to general commodities, let alone simply adopt the price determination form of general commodities. Tourism resources are also very different from general state-owned assets, which are "public welfare state-owned assets", so the transfer of management rights of general state-owned assets cannot be applied to tourism resources.

Price evaluation of tourism resource management right

The evaluation of tourism resource management right is based on the attributes and characteristics of tourism resources, aiming at the transfer of tourism resource management right, using scientific methods to evaluate and estimate the current price of tourism resources, and its core is to estimate the right to use tourism resources at a certain point in time.

As an extraordinary resource, tourism resources are different from single natural resources such as land resources and forest resources, and also different from general state-owned assets. It is difficult to determine their prices in the form of unit price. When evaluating, we should not only evaluate the tangible and intangible value of its market, but also evaluate and monetize its social and ecological value because of its "public welfare".

At present, China's evaluation work, whether it is evaluation practice, evaluation governance or evaluation theory research, has made some progress and development, but compared with the evaluation work in developed countries, there is still a big gap compared with the objective evaluation work demand, especially the professional and industrialized evaluation of tourism resources, and the theoretical research needs to be deepened.

Second, the price evaluation index of the right to operate tourism resources

In the process of management right transfer, tourism resources include completely undeveloped tourism resources transfer and developed tourism resources transfer to a certain extent. Therefore, we can only determine the operating right price of completely undeveloped tourism resources through our own value evaluation and expected income; For tourism resources that have been developed to a certain extent, the composition of tourism resources includes not only labor products that consume general human labor, but also non-labor products based on scarcity and monopoly.

When determining the price of tourism resource management right, it is necessary to add these to tourism resources, so that all kinds of labor consumption of tourism resources can be compensated in the transfer of tourism resource management right, and at the same time, the scarcity and monopoly of resources can be realized in the form of rent discount.

Evaluation index of tourism resources' own value

At present, there is no unified self-evaluation model of tourism resources in the industry. Different experts and scholars put forward different evaluation systems for different purposes. Here we discuss it from the perspective of transferring the management right of tourism resources, that is to say, the evaluation of the value of tourism resources itself mainly considers that it can produce economic benefits and convert its value into currency, in other words, it is the value that can attract tourists.

1. ornamental value;

2. Cultural values;

3. Scientific value;

4. Rich in resources;

5. Environmental indicators.

Index of tourism resources development degree and development conditions

Tourism resources development index includes two parts: the developed investment cost index and the undeveloped tourism resources value evaluation index. The above indicators can still be used to evaluate the value of undeveloped tourism resources, but attention should be paid to the coordination and balance with the developed landscape when evaluating.

1. Input cost index

Tourism resources development and construction costs: including tourism resources survey, planning and design costs; Attractions and construction costs; The construction cost of infrastructure and service facilities; Land use cost.

Ecological environmental protection expenses: environmental protection expenses and environmental greening expenses.

Tourism resources governance costs: including governance costs, personnel training costs, scenic area maintenance costs, etc.

Cost of loss compensation: for example, transfer of mountain forests for tourism.

Tourism development will not only make farmers lose their means of labor, but also cause direct economic losses, which should be compensated by the transferee.

2. Development indicators

Tourism resources development condition index refers to the feasibility evaluation of the development and further development of completely undeveloped tourism resources and tourism resources that have been developed to a certain extent. Specifically including:

Regional economic conditions;

Accessibility;

Capacity conditions of scenic spots;

Construction conditions.

Benefit evaluation index

The evaluation indicators of tourism resources benefit here include the expected benefit evaluation of underdeveloped tourism resources, the existing benefit evaluation of tourism resources that have been put into development and the growth expectation of future benefits.

1. Evaluation index of existing benefits

At present, the average number of tourists received each year;

Per capita consumption of tourists;

Per capita reception cost of tourists;

Current average annual net income;

Average annual income growth rate.

2. Expected return evaluation index

Demand forecast of tourist source market

We adopt the gravity model proposed by L.J.Crampon:

Tij: some measure of the number of trips between source I and destination J;

Pi: a measure of the population size, wealth or travel tendency of a tourist destination, which can be defined as the number of the population or potential travelers of the tourist destination, and can be a combination of several variables;

Aj: some measure of attraction or capacity of destination j;

Dee Jay: tourist destinations I and

The distance j between destinations is expressed by the travel time from destination to tourist destination;

G: Empirical estimation coefficient is a proportional constant that adjusts the size of other variables to explain the observation level of Tij in tourism activities as accurately as possible;

B: Empirical estimation coefficient, whose value reflects the relative degree of influence of distance as a function of resistance on tourism. Different tourism resources have different influences on it because of the distance, and the B value is also different.

Per capita consumption level of tourists

The expected per capita consumption level of tourists depends on the development of tourism resources in the future, which is a rough estimate considering variables such as price factors and consumption level changes.

Three, the price evaluation method of tourism resources management rights

At present, there are no corresponding laws and regulations as the basis for evaluating and determining the price of tourism resources management rights. The only reference is 1985 Provisional Regulations on the Administration of Scenic Spots issued by the State Council, but the transfer of tourism resources is basically in a "vacuum" state. Here, the author combines the particularity of tourism resources and makes a preliminary discussion on the way to determine the transfer price of land resources with reference to the state.

Price evaluation of tourism resource management right

1. Transfer or entrust the appraisal unit.

Most of China's tourism resources are owned by the state, and local governments at all levels, as "agents" of state-owned assets, should be the main body of the transfer of tourism resources management rights and the main body of entrusted valuation.

2. Value connotation

The price of the right to operate tourism resources is the price of a certain number of years, and the transferee must pay a certain transfer fee to the owner of tourism resources. Therefore, the price evaluation of the right to sell tourism resources should be clear about the price connotation.

The price of tourism resource management right includes three parts: the principal price of land rent of tourism resource assets, investment cost and the profit due from tourism resource investment.

The main price of land rent of tourism resources assets is the absolute income and differential income of tourism resources calculated according to the average profit rate of society.

The cost of restoring gold. The profit due from investment refers to the average profit of the industry.

Evaluation method of the price of tourism resources management right

1. Income present value method

The present value method of income is a method to estimate the expected net income of tourism resources in the future and convert it into total daily income at a certain discount rate. It should be noted here that the determination of income should be different due to the different degree of development of tourism resources. For the determination of the income of undeveloped tourism resources, based on the evaluation of the value of tourism resources, considering the development conditions and market demand, the hypothetical development method can be used to estimate the income after development.

Its calculation formula is:

P=Ftk 1①

P: the price of the right to operate tourism resources;

Ft: Assuming the development of tourism resources, the expected annual income level can be brought;

α: coefficient of tourism resources development conditions;

β: the market demand coefficient of tourism resource management right;

γ: coefficient of other influencing factors;

λI: the weight of each influencing factor;

K 1: the present value coefficient of annuity within the term of management right.

It must be explained here that the accuracy of Ft depends on the correct evaluation of the value of tourism resources and the correct grasp of tourists' needs.

The income of tourism resources that have been developed to a certain extent is mainly based on the existing income of tourist attractions in the current year.

Plus the income from undeveloped tourism resources.

Its calculation formula is:

P=I×G×k2+①

1. Assess the existing income of tourist attractions in the current year;

G: average annual growth rate of scenic spots;

K2: present value coefficient of annual difference value within the term of management right.

①: The operating right price of the undeveloped part of tourism resources is determined by ① formula.

2. Cost method

When using the cost method to calculate the transfer price of the management right of tourism resources, its price is the sum of the input cost price of tourism resources and the value-added benefits brought by tourism resources. Among them, the value-added income comes from "value-added land rent", which belongs to the owner of tourism resources, that is, the state, and is equivalent to the transfer fee. Input cost price is the average cost paid by tourism resource users when they get the right to use tourism resources.

Its calculation formula: p = ∑ gi+/l.

GI: the evaluation value of various input factors;

R 1: absolute return;

R2: differential income;

Capitalization rate.

R 1+R2 is the value-added income of tourism resources, which is equal to the difference between the average sales profit rate of tourism and the average social profit rate multiplied by the sales income of tourism products.

In a word, the transfer of the management right of tourism resources in China has been further improved and standardized in many aspects, but the evaluation of its price is still in the exploratory stage, and its theory and method need to be further studied, especially the exchange and cooperation between theoretical circles and industry should be strengthened to improve its evaluation method in practice.