Development of Mausoleum Tourism Resources

First, the origin and evolution of ancient tombs

"Burial" refers to the way to dispose of the remains of the deceased, and "tomb" refers to the place where the coffin is buried. In the early days of primitive society, human beings did not bury the bodies of the same kind, but abandoned them in the wilderness. From about the middle of the Paleolithic Age, human beings began to bury the bodies of the dead, on the one hand, out of concern for collective members and attachment to dead relatives; On the other hand, it is due to the emergence of the concept of immortality of the soul and the emergence of primitive religion. On the basis of reverence for the soul and fantasy of life in the underworld, people gradually formed the worship of the dead. Therefore, the bodies of the deceased were disposed of to please the souls of the deceased, which resulted in various burial methods. According to archaeological excavations, in the late Paleolithic period about 18000 years ago, primitive people had buried the dead in a certain way.

In the Neolithic Age, people's religious concept was further deepened, and more and more attention was paid to the burial of the dead, and tombs began to have a clear system, that is, from cave cemeteries in the Paleolithic Age to outdoor clan cemeteries. More than 2,000 Yangshao cultural tombs located in the Yellow River valley were mostly buried in pits, and the layout was similar to the villages where people lived at that time. And the bones of many male cemeteries are all in the same direction.

In the Central Plains region, which was the first to enter the class society, the main tomb shape was a vertical cave tomb with soil pits, but until the early Western Zhou Dynasty, there were no obvious graves on the ground of the cemetery. "The omen of civil and military affairs is even with the ground" refers to the area of the cemetery. The tomb of the Western Zhou Dynasty is flush with the ground, and there is no sign on it, which is the way of "not sealing or planting trees" mentioned in Yi Ci, that is, the cemetery can't afford to buy graves or trees.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, graves and mounds began to appear in the Central Plains. After the appearance of mound tombs, they quickly became popular, and the cemetery changed from "not sealing trees" to "sealing trees" and "sealing big trees" The height of the tomb and the number of trees in the tomb become the signs indicating the identity of the deceased. After the appearance of mounds, the meanings of graves and tombs have a corresponding difference: "tomb" is the place where coffins are buried underground, and "grave" is the seal on the tomb.

Second, the ground building of the mausoleum.

1. Mausoleum seal

Since the emergence of earth seals on tombs in the Spring and Autumn Period, tombs are not only symbols of tombs, but also symbols of status and identity. The scale of the imperial mausoleum is huge, and it is called "mausoleum" or "mountain mausoleum", which has mainly gone through three stages.

(1) The square is sealed with earth.

In the Warring States period, the square was the most expensive place for the enclosure of tombs, so in the Qin and Han dynasties, the enclosure of imperial tombs was mostly square, that is, the enclosure of tombs was located on the underground palace, rammed to a certain height with loess layer, and the top was square or rectangular flat-topped, which was called square. The whole mound is like a square cone with the top cut off, just like an inverted bucket, so it is also called "stacked bucket shape".

(2) Because the mountain is a mausoleum.

Baling, the emperor of China, is the first imperial mausoleum with mountains as its mausoleum in history, but its customization began in the Tang Dynasty. Compared with the "Fangding" earth-sealed mausoleum, the mausoleum using the mountain peak as the emperor's mausoleum is more tall, spectacular, solid and lasting, thus fully embodying the supremacy and majesty of imperial power. Since Emperor Taizong Li Shimin built Zhaoling with Jiujun Mountain as the mausoleum, it has become an established system of tombs in Tang Dynasty and an important form of tombs in China.

(3) Baocheng Baoding Hang

Since the Five Dynasties, the tombs of rulers in some remote small countries in the south have been sealed in the form of domes, such as Wang Jianyong Mausoleum in the former Shu. This is mainly because the south is wet and rainy, and it is difficult to keep the soil seal in its original state. In order to prevent the mound from being washed away by rain, people built a dome-shaped grave and surrounded it with stones. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, formally adopted this model when building the Xiaoling Mausoleum, which was sealed and evolved into a "treasure city treasure top" shape. Building a round brick city on the underground palace is called a "treasure city", and filling the brick city to form a dome higher than the city wall is called a "treasure top". There is a prominent square platform in front of Baocheng, and there is a building on the platform, which is the "Fangcheng Tower". The Ming Tombs are basically like this.

2. Cemetery layout and sacrificial architecture

"Mausoleum" is the tomb of the emperor, "Bedroom" is the residence of the emperor's soul, "Temple" is the place of sacrifice, and the trinity * * * constitutes the mausoleum.

(1) Pre-Qin period

The cemetery may have appeared in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Some early cemeteries used natural ravines and cliffs as barriers, and most of them dug trenches or rammed walls around the tombs. There is a gate on one side of the cemetery, and there are no other ancillary buildings in the park except the mausoleum. Sacrifices are mainly held in ancestral halls. In Shang Dynasty, the royal family had its own mausoleum. In front of the mausoleum, there were platform buildings, which might belong to the nature of "sleeping", as well as temples and altars dedicated to ancestors. It shows that the "mausoleum", "bedroom" and "temple", which are the elements of the mausoleum, began to be bred in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. However, the real "Ling" appeared in the middle of the Warring States Period. The Map of Zhao Yu unearthed from the tomb of King Zhongshan in Pingshan, Hebei Province shows that the layout of the cemetery is rectangular, surrounded by two walls. The mausoleum is located in the middle of the cemetery, and there are five halls, namely bedrooms, on the top, outside and back wing of the tomb.

(2) Qin and Han Dynasties

Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and further improved the mausoleum system. The layout of the cemetery not only inherited the mausoleum system of Qin State, but also absorbed the mausoleum practices of other six countries. Cemetery generally imitates the planning and layout of the capital palace, fully embodying the supremacy of imperial power. The cemetery faces east and west. There are two walls inside and outside, and the tall square paddock is located in the middle of the inner city. To the north of the paddock are sleeping rooms and toilet rooms.

The Western Han Dynasty inherited and developed the mausoleum system of the Qin Dynasty. All cemeteries sit west to east, with a square plane and only one garden wall. The mausoleum is located in the center of the cemetery. The burial area is on the east side of the cemetery, on both sides of Sima Shinto. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, no fence has been built in the cemetery, and the mausoleum has been changed to face south. There was no temple in front of the mausoleum, but a "stone hall" was built for regular sacrifices. At the same time, there is a Shinto in front of the mausoleum, and there are pairs of stone statues and horses on both sides of the Shinto. The practice of building a memorial hall in front of the mausoleum and placing stone statues on both sides of Shinto, which began in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was followed and developed by later tombs.

(3) Tang and Song Dynasties

The scale of tombs in the Tang dynasty not only exceeded that of the previous generation, but also the layout was more careful. The layout of the cemetery imitates the regulations of Chang 'an City, all of which face south and are divided into three walls. The whole cemetery is divided into three parts from front to back: the first part is a mausoleum and a sacrificial building, which is sealed with earth in the north and a shrine (also known as the offering) in front, which is a place for sacrifice and sacrifice. The Lingmian Hall and the imperial secretary's and officials' Xiagong are outside the cemetery. The second part is Que and Shinto, and there are stone carvings such as stone man and stone horse on both sides of Shinto. The third part is the burial tombs on both sides of the cemetery. The layout of the whole cemetery takes the south gate as the main entrance, the north and south as the central axis, and the east and west are symmetrical, which embodies the design idea of sitting north facing south.

The imperial tomb in the Northern Song Dynasty resumed its upper form, and the layout of the cemetery basically followed the system of the Tang Dynasty. But it is completely different from the water on the back of the cemetery in past dynasties. Because the concept of geomantic omen prevailed in the Northern Song Dynasty at that time, Zhao was short of water in Wuyinjiao, and Kyrgyzstan wanted mountains to be high in water, so the mausoleum site should be chosen in the place of "southeast dome, northwest important place", which changed the system of commanding all previous dynasties, facing the mountains and facing the water, and the mausoleum was located in Gaofu. But the mausoleum platform is located at the lowest place, facing the mountain and the water. All the tombs face the main peak of Songshan Mountain, and there are few rooms. After the death of the Southern Song Emperor, everyone hoped to be buried in the Central Plains. All the mausoleums have no mausoleum platforms and stone carvings, so they are called Tibetan palaces. The Yuan Dynasty followed the burial custom of Mongolians, so it was impossible to build a grave. After the burial, the horse was trampled to death, and there was no cemetery. Genghis Khan Mausoleum, located in Ejinhoro Banner, Inner Mongolia, is a memorial mausoleum based on the "Eight White Rooms" dedicated to Genghis Khan's tomb.

(4) Ming and Qing Dynasties

The layout of cemeteries in Ming and Qing Dynasties was influenced by the palace architecture at that time. Although it inherited the shape of the Tang and Song Dynasties, it abandoned the pattern of separating the upper and lower palaces and gathered all kinds of buildings on a north-south axis. The cemetery changed from a square to a rectangular plane. The mausoleum and the altar are separated by a wall. The front part is composed of stele pavilion, god kitchen and god library, and the back part is composed of memorial hall. In order to highlight the function of sacrifice and sacrifice, the Summer Palace was abolished, and the old system of residence and service for palace officials in previous dynasties was abolished. Behind the cemetery is a mausoleum, and the land is sealed in the shape of a treasure city. The whole cemetery fully embodies the court building mode of sleeping from front to back.

Third, graves and burial utensils.

1. Tomb

(1) vertical point tomb and horizontal point tomb

Graves are also called tombs, which can be divided into vertical tombs and horizontal tombs according to the excavation methods. The vertical cave tomb is a soil pit dug down from the ground, and the horizontal cave tomb is a soil cave dug to a certain depth and then dug horizontally. Baling of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty is a typical example.

(2) Masonry tombs

During the Warring States period, tombs made of hollow bricks appeared, which were very popular in the late Western Han Dynasty, among which the tombs with rolled roofs were the most common. There was also a stone tomb in the Western Han Dynasty, which was made of mixed masonry. The carved contents on the brick and stone in Han Dynasty mainly show the life of the tomb owner before his death, and fully reflect the social life style at that time.

(3) Courtyard tombs

In the Tang Dynasty, the ruling class even pursued "the tomb is like a real house", and the catacombs extended into an axis, followed by inclined tombs, cave wells, front and rear tunnels, front and rear tombs and small niches. The layout of multiple holes and patios is like multiple courtyards in real life. The front and rear burial chambers reflect the idea that the front is the hall and the back is the room, and also reflect the hierarchical status of the deceased. This kind of tomb has a large number of murals painted in the tomb and patio.

(4) Imitated wooden tombs

On the basis of inheriting the previous generation of masonry tombs and courtyard tombs, the Song Dynasty began to develop into imitation wooden tombs. On the walls and tops of tombs, masonry materials were used to imitate wooden building forms, and components such as inclined columns, wall frame, bucket arches, stigma arches and caissons were made. The doors and windows are lifelike, the arches are complete, the beams are carved and the buildings are painted, which shows the idea of "building French style" in the Song Dynasty to the fullest.

2. Coffin system

A coffin is an instrument for burying the remains of the dead. "Coffin" is a tool for collecting corpses; "Guo" is a box placed outside or around the coffin. There is a note in Shuowen: "The wood is wood, surrounded by coffins, which seems to have a land of Guo." The development of coffins embodies a strict feudal hierarchy.

(1) coffin

Most of the earliest coffins found at present are made of tile or stone. The urn coffin burial at Anbanpo Cultural Site in Xi 'an was made of clay pots for children more than 5,000 ~ 6,000 years ago. The sarcophagus was found in the tomb of Hongshan Culture, Liaoning. Wooden coffins appeared in Neolithic Age, but they were widely used after Shang Dynasty.

(2)

Coffin is an additional layer outside the coffin or coffin cover, which is used to protect the coffin in the earth hole, and the space formed between coffins is used to place funerary objects. The tomb of Zeng Houyi is 3. 1 ~ 3.5m high, with long wooden strips 3 17 1 and wood of 380m3. The most typical example of exquisite tomb making is the "yellow sausage puzzle". The so-called "yellow sausage" means that all the wood used to make the coffin is the yellow ginger wood core of cypress, and the "puzzle" means that the cypress wood is laid flat around, with the wood facing inward and perpendicular to the wall of the coffin room on the same side. This tomb system was widely adopted by emperors before the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. After the Han dynasty, tombs built with hollow bricks played a role in protecting coffins, thus replacing the previous coffins, and the original coffin system soon died out. Therefore, later generations usually call the outermost layer of the coffin a coffin.

3. funerary objects

(1) pottery

In the late Neolithic period, with the popularization of pottery production, pottery was the main funerary object, including all kinds of daily necessities, production utensils, weapons and decorations, which were mostly used by the deceased before his death. In Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, pottery ritual vessels also appeared in funerary objects.

(2) Bronze wares

During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the production technology of bronzes was developed and widely used by the upper classes of society. Moreover, bronze ritual vessels have become a symbol of aristocratic identity and status, so most noble tombs are buried with bronze ritual vessels. Bronze ritual vessels mainly include wine vessels, food vessels, musical instruments, weapons, chariots and horses, tools and so on. ,, and are complete sets. There are more than 2 10 bronze ritual vessels unearthed from Fu Hao's tomb in Yinxu, Anyang. The full set of bronze ritual vessels in the tomb of Zeng Houyi weighs 100 tons. Qin Qing bronze chariots and horses are exquisitely made, complicated in structure, exquisite in skill and accurate in proportion, and are called "the crown of bronzes".

(3) Silk fabrics

China is a big country with a developed silk industry. Silk plays an important role in funerary objects, but it is rarely preserved so far because of the difficulty in preservation. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, silk and linen fabrics were buried with them. Silk products unearthed from Han tombs include silk, yarn, silk, silk and brocade. A plain gauze Zen costume unearthed from the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Mawangdui weighs less than 50g.

(4) Jade articles

The ancients thought that "a gentleman is better than jade" and "a gentleman will never leave his body for no reason", so burying jade became an important ritual jade, which appeared as early as Neolithic tombs. "If jade is in the nine orifices, the dead will not die", and it is believed that jade can be applied to the body to prevent decay. In the early Neolithic period, jade became exquisite earrings worn by the deceased. In the late Liangzhu culture, a large number of jade articles were unearthed in almost every tomb, surrounded by jade plates, with jade bi and jade Xuan Ji in the middle, forming a "jade tomb". 755 pieces of jade were unearthed from Fu Hao's tomb in Yin Shang Dynasty, including Yan, Bi, Huan, Huang and Hu, as well as jade weapons, vessels and ornaments. The Warring States period was the most glorious period for the development of jade articles, and a large number of jade articles were unearthed from the tombs of Zeng Houyi and Zhongshan.

(5) funerary wares

The so-called funerary wares, also known as funerary wares and ghost wares, are all kinds of utensils specially made for burying the dead. Most of the raw materials used are pottery, porcelain, bamboo, wood and stone, and the imitations are ritual vessels, weapons and tools, models of cars, boats, warehouses, wells, houses, yards, fences, people and animals, which are widely seen in the world. The terracotta warriors and horses are a kind of funerary wares, and the most representative is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang. They are as big as real people and horses, arranged in an army, and the scale is huge. The output has reached the peak of the discovered pottery figurines in previous dynasties. Low-temperature glazed pottery "Tang Sancai" was widely used in tombs in the Tang Dynasty, and various types of tri-colored figurines with complete division of labor appeared, including tomb animals, ritual figurines, music and dance figurines and so on, which became a typical representative of the prosperous Tang culture. After the Northern Song Dynasty, paper funerary wares became popular, but they were not buried with the dead, but burned at or after burial.

Fourth, the tomb stone carving

1. Stone student

Ancient tombs, especially those of emperors, governors and bureaucrats, are called "stone statues" because of their neat rows of stone carvings, animals and legendary monsters. The function is to mark the tomb and exorcise evil spirits, show the identity level of the tomb owner, guard the tomb and commend the merits of the tomb owner. The earliest stone carving in this tomb is the stone statue of Huo Qubing, a general of the Western Han Dynasty. There are 44 stone statues in Huo Qubing, all carved with huge stones, and the most representative one is Xiongnu. Stone statue students in the Mausoleum have formed a custom since the Tang Fuling.

2. tombstone

The title of "tablet" appeared in the pre-Qin period, but the function of tablet at that time was different from that of tombstone in later generations. It is a big stone slab with a round hole in the middle of the upper end. The round hole is called "wear" and stands next to the grave. It is used to thread a rope and slowly put the coffin into the grave. Or stand at the door of a doctor or secretary and tie livestock; Or stand in the temple to measure the sun shadow and record the time. There is no writing on the slate.

Around the end of the Western Han Dynasty, people began to carve words on the stone tablet that was originally erected beside the tomb to guide the coffin, recording the surname, family background, date of birth and death, life story, and poems praising and mourning the owner of the tomb. The shape gradually becomes regular from ordinary stone, forming a custom monument composed of three parts: head, body and base, and becoming a real tombstone. Early tombstones are still worn, with a square tip called a ghost hand and an arc engraved with clouds and gas patterns called a halo. As a result, tombstones have become an integral part of funeral culture, not only a symbol of the status of the deceased, but also a strong ethical color, which has become an important historical material for studying history. Tombstones after the Han Dynasty tend to be perfect on this basis. The sage monument in front of Tang Fuling is an outstanding representative of tombstones.

3. Epitaph

Epitaphs are also stone carvings that record and praise the dead. The difference is that epitaphs are buried in tombs. Originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it became popular after Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the early stage, it was flat, and in the late Southern and Northern Dynasties, the epitaph formed a square custom, which was composed of a cover and a stone, and was called a combined epitaph. Most of the straight covers are full-covered, and some are turtle-shaped and engraved with seal titles. Records, stone carvings and inscriptions. Chronicle traces the name, birthplace, date of birth and death, official resume and pedigree of the deceased in prose style, and records and praises the life story, talent and conduct of the deceased. Meiji expressed condolences and praises to the dead in a rhyming way. After the Tang Dynasty, the names of writers and calligraphers were also given. Many epitaphs unearthed in past dynasties are calligraphy treasures and important historical materials.

The second quarter tomb tourism development

First, the tourist attraction factors of ancient tombs

1. Large double building

2. Rich and diverse tomb cultural relics

3. Superior and beautiful natural environment

For example, the dry tombs of Wu Zetian and Tang Gaozong have tall and straight mountains and beautiful scenery in Guanzhong Plain.

4. The celebrity effect of the tomb owner

For example, the world-famous Yuefei Tomb has long been a famous tourist attraction near the West Lake in Hangzhou.

5. Comprehensive and diverse cultural values

Second, the development of ancient tomb tourism resources.

1. Development mode of ancient tomb tourism resources

The main way to develop tomb tourism resources is to use the ground remains, underground buildings and cultural relics of tombs to attract tourists and carry out sightseeing activities. In some burial areas with rich ground remains, certain archaeological excavations and a large number of historical relics, they have strong competitiveness in the tourism market competition because they can show tourists rich cultural connotations. For example, the Dingling of the Ming Tombs in Beijing has been excavated, which shows the complete structure and shape of the Ming Tombs from the ground to the underground. The number and types of cultural relics are very rich, and it is a must-see spot for tourists to visit Beijing. Although the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Shaanxi Province has not yet been excavated, a pit with terracotta warriors and horses has been excavated, and a large number of cultural relics have been unearthed. Among them, bronze chariots and horses are known as the "crown of bronzes", and the specifications of pottery figurines and horses have never been seen before, winning the reputation of "the eighth wonder of the world". Since its opening, this tourist resort has been enduring for a long time. However, due to the limited cultural relics, insufficient cultural connotation and single development and display methods, the tourist attraction of most tomb-type scenic spots has declined in recent years.

2. Principles for the development of mausoleum tourism resources

(1) Priority development principle

(2) the principle of cultural display

(3) the principle of activity design

(4) Principles of proper restoration and cultural relics protection

Section 3 Mausoleums of Chinese and Foreign Emperors

First, the design concept of China Mausoleum

1. The basic idea of "life and death are the same"

2. The architectural concept of "imitating the capital"

3. The guiding ideology of "the emperor is the only one"

Second, the main tombs in China

1. Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor

Qin Shihuang, surnamed Ying, was a famous politician and strategist in China feudal society. In 22 1 year, the six countries were unified, and the first centralized feudal country was established, which also created the mausoleum system in China feudal society.

2. Mausoleum of Western Han Dynasty

Of the tombs in the Western Han Dynasty 1 1, except for Baling, Emperor Wen, and Ling Du, Emperor Xuandi of Han Dynasty, the other nine tombs are located in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, lined up in a row, forming a magnificent scene of "the sound is exhausted, the west wind still shines, and the Han tomb is not seen". Except for Baling, the Emperor of Han Dynasty, all of them "cut mountains for tombs" and "cut soil for tombs". A tall "square" mound was rammed on the ground, with the bottom length and width of about 150 ~ 170 m and the height of about 20-30 m. Thick burial prevailed in the Han Dynasty, and the funerary objects in the tomb were extremely rich. The burial utensils are "yellow intestines" and the burial clothes are "golden jade clothes", which are gorgeous and incomparable. There are many mausoleums in the Western Han Dynasty, on the one hand, to pay homage to the mausoleums, on the other hand, to migrate the clan and dignitaries in Kanto, to strengthen the foundation and suppress the end, and to consolidate centralized rule.

Mao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is the largest mausoleum in the Western Han Dynasty, with a circumference of1.688m and a height of 46.5m, far exceeding the customization of 30m of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty. On the east side of the cemetery, there are large areas of architectural relics and tombs. According to the laws of the Han Dynasty, 1/3 of the world's tributes are buried in the mausoleum every year. After the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for 54 years, there were a lot of funerary objects in Maoling.

3. Tombs of the Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty was founded in 6 18 and died in 907. * * * calendar is 2 1 emperor, of which 19 mausoleum is located in Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, and because Wu Zetian and Tang Gaozong were buried in Ganling, it is also called the 18th Mausoleum of Tang Dynasty in Guanzhong. The Mausoleum of the Tang Dynasty starts from Gaozong Ganling in the west and ends in Xuanzong Tailing in the east. It is distributed in six counties in the northern mountainous area of Guanzhong, and stretches for nearly 1000 meters. In the Tang Dynasty, the Emperor Mausoleum and Qi heroes were buried together, among which there were 167 Zhaoling in Emperor Taizong.

4. Song Ling

The Northern Song Mausoleum is located between the northern foot of Songshan Mountain and Luohe River in Gongxian County, Henan Province. The length of the mausoleum is about 10 km from east to west and about 15 km from north to south. There are 2 1 shopping malls next to the mausoleum area, and hundreds of descendants of imperial clan and famous officials are buried with them, forming a huge mausoleum group. There are not many rooms near Songshan Mountain in the south, the natural barrier of the Yellow River in the north, the mountains in the east and the Ilo Plain in the west. It is considered to be an auspicious place with high mountains and high waters.

5. Xixia Mausoleum

Xixia Mausoleum is located at the foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, 5 kilometers from east to west and 0/0 kilometers from north to south. There are 9 mausoleums and 93 tombs/kloc-0, which were built in165438th century to13rd century. The ground buildings of the cemetery were all destroyed as early as the death of Mongolia. The construction of Xixia Mausoleum is greatly influenced by the culture of Central Plains, but its own characteristics are still obvious. For example, the unearthed stone statues sit with their knees bent, bearing a heavy load and having a strange shape.

6. Ming tombs

The Ming Tombs *** 15, except Ming Taizu Xiaoling in Nanjing and Jingtai Mausoleum in Jinshan, Beijing. Among them, 13 is concentrated in the southern foot of Tianshou Mountain in Changping County, Beijing, commonly known as the "Ming Tombs". The basic layout is centered on Changling, the ancestor of Ming Taizu, with one on the left and one on the right. * * * The stone carving with Shinto and Mausoleum is an innovation in the history of China Emperor Mausoleum.

7. Qingling

There were *** 12 emperors in the Qing Dynasty. In addition to Puyi, there are 1 1 mausoleum located in three mausoleum areas, namely Shengjing Mausoleum in Shenyang, Dongqing Mausoleum in Zunhua County, Hebei Province and Qingxi Mausoleum in Yixian County, Hebei Province.

Third, the famous foreign tombs.

1. Egyptian pyramids

"Pyramid" is our country's name for the pyramids of ancient Egyptian pharaohs' tombs. The Egyptian pyramids are distributed on the west bank of the Nile, from Giza near Cairo to Hirakampolis in upper Egypt, with a total of nearly 100 pyramids. The most representative one is pyramid of khufu, also known as the Great Pyramid, which is one of the seven wonders of the world and was built in the 27th century BC. It consists of 2.3 million stones. There are other royal pyramids around the Great Pyramid, which constitute the pyramid of khufu Group. Among them, the famous Sphinx, the Sphinx, is carved from a whole boulder, with two front legs crawling in front, with a total length of * * * 73.5 m, which symbolizes the combination of human wisdom and lion's brave strength.

2. Taj Mahal, India

The Taj Mahal is located in the west of the ancient capital Jagra, east of the Indian capital 195km, on the south bank of the Jamur River. The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum built by Shojaei Khan, the fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire, for his beloved wife. It is known as one of the seven wonders of the world. The Taj Mahal Garden is rectangular and surrounded by red sandstone walls. The whole mausoleum is made of white marble, and the bottom floor is a square altar with a height of 7 meters and a length of 95 meters. The bedroom is in the middle, 74m high. The bottom is octagonal and the top is dome, which is divided into five rooms. The marble sarcophagus was placed in the marble fence of the central palace. There are four 40-meter-high white marble three-story circular spires at the four corners of the altar, overlooking the city. The whole mausoleum presents a typical Islamic architectural style.

Section 4 Tombs of Historical Celebrities and Unique Tombs

I. Tomb of Historical Celebrities

1. Kong Lin

Kong Lin, also known as "Holy Forest", is located 1.5 km north of Qufu, Shandong Province, and is the family cemetery of Confucius. According to historical records, Confucius was buried here after his death, and emperors of past dynasties gave him fields. By the Qing Dynasty, it had reached 200 hectares, the wall of Confucius Temple was 7 kilometers in circumference, with towering old trees, numerous tombs, numerous stone tablets and stone tools. After the ancient Changchun Square, that is, from the gate to the square, there are main buildings in the north of Zhushui River, such as the Hall of Appreciation, the Pavilion of Opening and the Pavilion of Zhushui. There is a tomb of Confucius behind the temple, a tomb in the east and only a tomb of Confucius in the south, forming a layout of holding children and grandchildren. Outside the wall of Confucius' tomb is the cemetery of Confucius' descendants.

2. Yue Fei Tomb

Yuefei Tomb is located at the foot of Qixia Mountain in West Lake, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, on the west side of Yuefei Temple. There is a tomb door in front of the tomb, and there is a wall of "loyalty to the country" in front of the tomb, surrounded by cypresses and stone pillars. The inscription "Good and evil are the same as ice and charcoal since ancient times, and today they are judged to be true and false" is engraved on the front column. The tomb door is painted with iron, Qin Wang, Zhang Jun and Wan Si. The tomb door is engraved with the epigram couplet "Castle Peak is fortunate to bury loyal bones, while white iron casts innocent courtiers". The north and south hatchbacks are the stele corridors of past dynasties.

3. Zhongshan Mausoleum

Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is located in the eastern suburb of Nanjing, at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain, and was built in 1926 ~ 1929. The whole cemetery is in the shape of an alarm bell. The building is built on the mountain and climbs up at different levels, followed by memorial archway, tomb, mausoleum gate, tablet pavilion, memorial hall and tomb. In the memorial hall, there is a statue of Sun Yat-sen, surrounded by People's Republic of China (PRC)'s outline of the founding of the country and the relief of his deeds. The tomb is a spherical structure, with a marble tomb in the middle, and a sarcophagus engraved with the lying statue of Sun Yat-sen is placed. The total cemetery area is 3000hm2, and the woodland area is 2 1.33 hm2. Under the blue sky and white clouds, among the pines and cypresses, the buildings with white marble and blue glass roofs form a very harmonious, elegant and solemn picture. There are music stands, Guanghua Pavilion, waterside pavilions, etc.

Second, the unique form of tombs.

1. Celestial burial

Celestial burial, also known as bird burial and open-air burial, etc. It is popular among Tibetan, Menba and other ethnic minorities, and it is called "vomiting and crying" in Tibetan. Usually after death, people will tie their limbs into a ball, cover them with white clothes, die for a few days, and put them in an empty room to pay homage. The descendants of the deceased carried the body to the door, and then asked the celestial burial master to carry the body to the celestial burial place. After the family and relatives were sent to the crossroads with the celestial burial master, one or two relatives followed the celestial burial master to look after the celestial burial place. After arriving at the celestial burial place, the lamas chanted and drummed, simmered mulberry to offer sacrifices to the gods, attracting vultures. The celestial burial master dismembered the body on the celestial burial platform, cut the meat into pieces, and mixed it in the rice cake for vultures to peck at, in order to get full of good luck.

2. Hanging coffin burial

Hanging coffin burial, also known as cliff burial and cliff cave burial, is a kind of burial method in which a body is placed in a coffin, hung or placed on a cliff. This burial custom began in the late Neolithic period and was popular in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In China, it is mainly distributed in Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing and other regions, among which Gongxian in Sichuan, Youjiang in Guangxi and Wuyishan in Fujian are the most concentrated. The hanging coffins of No.1 and No.2 coffins in Wuyishan, Fujian are about 3400 ~ 3800 years ago. Hanging coffins are mostly buried on cliffs by rivers and seas. Coffins range from a dozen meters to dozens of meters from the water surface, and some even reach hundreds of meters. Hanging coffins are mysterious and strange, and how some hanging coffins are placed on cliffs is still a mystery, which has attracted many tourists' attention.

3. Tower burial

Tower burial refers to a unique form of burial in Buddhism. After the death of Buddhist monks, the remains are put into stupas. Well-known Buddhist temples all have tomb towers, but Tallinn in Shaolin Temple in Songshan, Henan Province is the most famous. Tallinn is located on the north bank of Shaoxi River in the west of the temple. There are more than 230 masonry tombs since the Tang Dynasty, with different styles and shapes, which are concrete manifestations of Buddhist culture, ancient masonry architecture and sculpture art. The Tallinn of Lingyan Temple in Changqing County, Shandong Province is one of the well-preserved large Tallinns in China, where monks from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty were buried.