What is the structure of chengde mountain resort?

The Summer Resort is located in Chengde City, Hebei Province, 250 kilometers north. In the Qing Dynasty, it was also called "Chengde left the palace". Because the Wulie River (Jehol) in Chengde City flows through here, Jehol Palace is another name for it. The villa was officially built in the 42nd year of Kangxi (1703), initially in the 47th year of Kangxi (1708) and finally in the 57th year of Qianlong (1792), which took nearly 90 years. Since its completion, it has become a frequent place for the Qing royal family to play in summer, and it is also the palace for the emperor to manage government affairs in summer and autumn.

The summer resort is located in a long and narrow valley along the Wulie River in the Yanshan Mountains. It is surrounded by a tiger skin stone palace wall, which is 20 Li Long, and fluctuates according to the mountainous area. There are 5.64 million square meters of lakes and mountains in the winding palace wall, which is about twice that of the Summer Palace in Beijing. The main entrance of the summer resort is Li's. There is a red screen in front, and a stone lion stands beside it. The main entrance has Bifeng Gate in the west, Dehui Gate and Xiaonanmen in the east, Huidiji Gate in the northeast, Northwest Gate in the northwest, and special Liu Beiting Gate and Cangmen. Outside the palace wall in the east is the water of Wulie River, which meanders in the valley. The spring water of the villa flows out of the palace, communicates with Wulie River and flows southward into Luanhe River. The terrain of the villa is above 1000 meters above sea level, with mountains in the west and plains and lakes in the southeast. The whole terrain is high in the west and low in the southeast. The average temperature here in summer is about 256 degrees Celsius. However, because the dense old trees cover the sky and the water vapor on the vast lake is refreshing, even in midsummer, the climate of the villa is cool and pleasant.

The design and construction of the summer resort is unique in the landscape architecture of China. With its unique style, it competes with famous domestic gardens for fame and profit. It makes full use of natural terrain to build palaces and gardens on the changeable terrain with mountains, plains and lakes, so that artificial buildings can be harmoniously integrated with natural scenery. The architectural style has both the neat symmetry of the northern courtyard style and the flexibility and exquisiteness of the southern gardens. The landscape is characterized by both the magnificent and rugged scenery in the north and the beautiful artistic conception in the south. It can be said that it is a masterpiece of North-South gardening art, a treasure of gardening art in China and the world, and the pursuit of nature is the biggest feature of the summer resort. Villa is a garden with natural landscape as the backbone. Mountain area accounts for 4/5 of the total area of the whole garden, and it is the skeleton of the whole garden. The villa is named after the mountain, but it's really interesting. Kangxi has a praise sentence that "the mountain is surrounded by water, and the fairy village is wonderful". It can be said that the villa is the "mountain bone of Shui Xin". Various natural landscapes of the villa, such as changeable terrain, dense forests, and landscapes created by buildings arranged by mountains, streams and mountains, make the artistic composition of the whole villa more rhythmic. Various forms of mountains present the scenery of "all around mountains are in the painting, always looking at flowers". Some people call it "True and False Mountain". The colorful lake area is still the main part of the whole landscape, and most of the main attractions are displayed in the lake area. In the layout of water system, make full use of the favorable conditions of Jehol Springs, and the natural landscapes of canyons, streams and mountain springs create lakes and mountains in the villa.

Because of the crisscross of mountains and rivers and numerous lakes, it is not suitable to arrange a huge building, which can control the central building of the whole park. Therefore, all the scenic spots are "in harmony with the soil", and the decentralized layout method is adopted, and the scenic spots are skillfully used to divide the scenery, separate the scenery, fix the scenery, block the scenery, borrow the scenery, face the scenery, frame the scenery, reflect the scenery, hide the dew and pitch. It is another feature of the summer resort to combine scenic spots and highlight a garden. China and Qian Shan are famous places in the world, which are the impressions accumulated by Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong who visited Jiangnan several times and traveled around the country. During the construction of the villa, they all noticed the vast fennel plot and the complex and changeable terrain in the villa, and grasped the characteristics of the typical landscape in China: imitating Mount Tai with mountains, imitating Jiangnan with water control, and taking meadow as Mongolian scenery. For example, imitate the design of small gardens in Jiangnan: the layout of Jinshan Island, that is, imitate the Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang; Thousands of feet snow imitates Suzhou Hanshan thousands of feet snow; Canglang Island imitates Suzhou Canglang Pavilion; A cloud on Wansongling in Hangzhou resembles a cloud; Wen Yuan Lion Forest imitates Suzhou Wen Yuan Lion Forest; Jinwen Museum imitates Tianyi Pavilion in Fan Shi, Ningbo; Imitation of Yuyan Pagoda on Yuanyang Island in Nanhu, Jiaxing: Imitation of Liyun Pavilion in Hanshan, Suzhou. Imitating Jiangnan is not and can't be the real Jiangnan, but "there is Jiangnan beyond the Great Wall, and there is Jiangnan beyond the Great Wall", which is recreated by using the natural conditions of the villa. Its proportion, color tone and spatial combination form are in harmony with the overall layout of the villa.

The whole summer resort is divided into two parts: palace area and garden scenic area, which are divided into lake area, plain area and mountain area because of different landforms and landscapes. The palace area is in the south of the whole villa, which is divided into two parts: "the former dynasty" and "the later dynasty bedroom". All the palaces are simple, elegant and antique. Generally, there is no glazed tile at the top, and it does not come off the ridge. Beams and columns are mostly natural colors and are not painted. There are many pine trees in the courtyard of each group of buildings, and some have rockeries and ramps. There is a veranda connection between each group of buildings, making it a whole. Emperor Kangxi once said, "Carving a column and a lily has no cost, and I like the spring forest with a vegetarian heart." There is a quiet atmosphere here. The most important hall in the former dynasty was Lian Po Jingcheng Hall, which was built from the 19th year of Kangxi (17 10) to the 19th year of Qianlong (1754). It was completely rebuilt with nanmu collected from Sichuan and Guizhou, so it was commonly called Nanmu Hall. Beams, columns, doors and windows made of nanmu keep their true colors, and they are not painted or painted. Whenever it is rainy and foggy, they will give off a faint fragrance. The main hall of the bedroom is located on a high and spacious terrain. "Spiritual practice is surrounded by Shili Pinghu, which is refreshing." Whenever it rains in the summer, or the autumn wind blows, there is no dust outside the temple, and the fog is empty, giving people a sense of broadmindedness and brightness. Therefore, Kangxi named it "smoke makes it cool" and listed it as the first of 36 scenic spots in the summer resort. The hall is luxuriously decorated, with a throne in the middle, where the emperor is worshipped by his empresses.

The Lake District is located in the southeast of the villa. The lake has always been called a lake, which is formed by the confluence of hot river springs, valley waterfalls and rainwater. It covers an area of 80 hectares, accounting for 14% of the total area of the summer resort. The wide lake is divided into several lakes by continents, islands, bridges and dams. The Zhiyun Dike, built in imitation of the Su Causeway of the West Lake, spans the center of the lake and connects the three islands in the lake. The Lake District concentrates more than half of the architectural types in China, which are built on various islands, the most representative of which are Jinshan Pavilion and Yuyanlou. Jinshan Pavilion is the highest point in the lake area. You can overlook the plains and mountain scenic spots on both sides of the lake area, west and north, with a wide field of vision, vast smoke waves, pavilions, waterside pavilions and green mountains and forests. In the center of the lake area, the Yu Yan architecture on Qinglian Island in the north of Ruyi Island is a typical layout that imitates the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. During Qianlong's southern tour, I saw the Yuyan Building built by King Guangling of Wu Yue in the Five Dynasties in Yuanyang Island, Nanhu, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, which was very appreciated. So in the forty-six years of Qianlong (178 1), Qinglian Island imitated the artistic conception of the Yuyan Building in South Lake and built this building with the same name. Yanyulou has two floors, surrounded by water and covered with lotus reeds. Upstairs is a good place to enjoy misty rain. Whenever rain falls on the lake, the water surface rises and the mist rises, locking the misty rain building in the fog. Water and sky are one color, lakes and mountains are washed, and rain and fog are like smoke. If it is in summer, there are lotus flowers with a faint fragrance.

The plain area is a long and narrow flat land with an area of 50 hectares, accounting for 9% of the total area of the summer resort. The main attraction is Wanshuyuan, where there are no buildings except various precious trees, but yurts and mobile homes are built according to Mongolian customs. The yurt specially set up for the emperor in the garden is called "Yuge". The erected beams and columns are painted with gold or cinnabar paint and covered with three layers of felt cloth. The first layer is thick felt, the second layer is linen, and the third layer is embroidered curtain. There are tapestries hanging in the cave and all kinds of exquisite palace lanterns hanging on the top. The ground is covered with white felt. There are all kinds of exquisite furniture in the bag, such as horizon, throne and pedals. When the Qing emperor came to the villa, he must have held banquets and entertainment activities here. Wenjinge in the west of plain area is one of the seven royal libraries, which was built in 1774 ~ 1775. It is modeled after Fan Tianyi Library, a famous library in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. It has two outer floors, three inner floors, and the middle floor is a library that can't bask in the sun. It has collected ancient and modern books and The Four Ku Quanshu.

The mountainous area accounts for four-fifths of the whole villa, and the terrain gradually inclines from northwest to southeast. Surrounded by mountains and green peaks, it is like a natural barrier, which is conducive to maintaining a mild temperature in the eastern part of the garden scenic spot, warm in winter and cool in summer, presenting a profound natural scenery to the scenic spots in the eastern part of the garden scenic spot. In the mountainous area, there are four canyons from south to north: Hazelnut Valley, Lishuyu, Songlinyu and Songyunxia. The valley is shaded by pine trees, and the ground is full of broken shadows. "Deer are standing in the forest and butterflies are floating." There are clear springs, waterfalls and streams in the mountains, which are in harmony with the changing scenery of the four seasons. Every movement, every silence, is picturesque. The 44 pavilions and temples built on the mountain are the essence of the summer resort. Regrettably, since the late Qing Dynasty, the buildings in the villa have been repeatedly collapsed and destroyed, leaving only a few places such as Nanshan Snow, Hammer Peak and Yunshan, which were rebuilt after liberation. Four-sided Yunshan is located at the highest point in the west of the mountain area, with an altitude of about 5 10 meter, which is the ninth of the first 36 scenic spots. Standing in the pavilion at the top of the mountain, you can see the whole picture of Chengde city. When Qianlong was in office, he went to this pavilion to write poems every year. During the Double Ninth Festival, the emperor often led princes and Mongolian nobles to climb here. Because the Yunshan Pavilion is surrounded by the top of the Western Hills, the pavilions are in all directions, and the summer is like autumn, which makes people feel relaxed and happy. It is a mountain scenic spot that tourists must visit.

The summer resort is also a huge botanical garden, and the planting of trees and flowers follows the natural attributes of the Great Wall. What impressed the villa most was Pinus tabulaeformis. At the beginning, there was a saying that "there are thousands of trees planted in the mountains, and the old pines in the village are better". This is of course an exaggeration in literature, but it is undeniable that Pinus tabulaeformis is the eternal tone of vegetation in the villa, and scenic spots with pine trees as the landscape in the villa are also very common. There are many flowers in the summer resort, and the smell of people is everywhere. Kangxi said, "Seeing the fairy grass is eye-catching, and there are flowers everywhere in the window." In the valley, it is even more "vanilla everywhere, different flowers compose cliffs." Flowers make the villa colorful and eye-catching The mountain villa is lush with vegetation, which is very suitable for the growth and habitat of animals. Hundreds of birds fly in the mountains and fish swim in the middle reaches of the lake, which has become a landscape element in the mountains, such as knowing fish, watching fish on stone machines, singing trees and other attractions. The most famous animal sights in the villa are cranes and deer. According to the "current rules of Rehe Garden", a large number of deer are raised in the villa in dry season and sunny period; In the eighteenth year of Daoguang, more than 500 deer were raised in the villa, deer pens were set up in the garden, and deer were also raised on Jiangsheng Island in the moonlight. Gan Long once wrote: "Reindeer relatives are like seagulls, covered with velvet and grass." There are also a lot of white cranes and red-crowned cranes in the villa. Crane symbolizes loftiness and longevity, so there are many landscapes in ROY Song, such as Qingyue, Song Hezhai and Hefangting.

Outside the summer resort, on the terraced fields in the valleys on both sides of Wulie River and Shizigou, the towering Waiba Temple stands, which was built from the 52nd year of Kangxi (17 13) to the 45th year of Qianlong (1780). In fact, there are 12 temples outside the eight villas, of which 10 belongs to eight "Xiachu" (official positions), and lamas are stationed by the imperial court and pay salaries, so it is customary to collectively refer to these temples outside the villa as the eight temples outside the villa. Among them, Puyou Temple, Guang 'an Temple and Pushan Temple have been destroyed, and Luohan Hall was destroyed by thunder and fire, so there are only seven left. The main body of the temple is in the form of a palace building, and the roof is a flat roof of Tibetan architecture. The buildings in the villa are all blue bricks and gray tiles, pursuing an ancient and natural style, but the "Outer Eight Halls" are covered with golden glazed tiles and even gold-plated fish scale tiles. Looking from a distance, it is resplendent and magnificent, in sharp contrast with the quaint and elegant summer resort. Except for Puren Temple and Pushan Temple built in Kangxi period, the nine temples in Qianlong period were all facing the summer resort where the emperor lived, and they were arranged neatly on the east and north sides with the villa as the axis, forming a situation in which all rivers run into the sea and all the stars hold the moon, which vividly symbolizes the centripetal force of the frontier minorities to the central government of the Qing Dynasty and also symbolizes the strength, consolidation and unity of the multi-ethnic country in the Qing Dynasty.