The first lecture is an overview of folk culture. ppt

Wu Di, Associate Professor of History, Culture and Tourism in China, Chapter I Overview of China's History Section I Brief Introduction of China's Dynasties The first, third and third generations refer to Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. 1. Xia (2 1 century BC to16th century BC) began in Qi, and then passed away. Chronology of Bamboo Books says: "Seventeen years from Yu to Jie, 47 1 year". 2. The Shang Dynasty (from16th century BC to1th century BC) began in the Tang Dynasty and ended in Xin (), and died after 30 generations, lasting about 500 years. Zhou Wang has several major crimes: First, indulge in pleasure; Second, it is harmful to the body; Third, heavy taxes; The fourth is to escape from all directions; The fifth is heavy punishment. 3. The Zhou Dynasty (1 1 century to 256 BC) was divided into two periods: the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period). 3. 1 The Western Zhou Dynasty began in France (King Wu) and ended in Gong Nie (King You, 77 1 year ago), and died in November, about 500 years ago. There are two main reasons for your king's defeat: one is belligerence; The second is to cherish trust and praise. 2. The Spring and Autumn Period (early Eastern Zhou Dynasty) began in Wang Ping (770 BC) and ended in Wang Jing (477 BC), which lasted for 323 years. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou Dynasty declined gradually, and the conquest of rites and music came from governors, who fought for hegemony and the country was king. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Huangong (reigned from 685 to 643), Qin Mugong (reigned from 659 to 621year), Song Xianggong (reigned from 650 to 637), Jin Wengong (reigned from 636 to 628) and Chu Zhuangwang (reigned from 6 13599) competed for hegemony.

In addition, Nan Wu and Yue Guo once dominated. 3. The Warring States Period began in Renren, Zhou Yuanwang (476 BC) and ended in the reign of the King of Qin (2265438 BC+0 BC), ***255 years. Among them, it ended in (Yan) 59 years (the first 256 years). Ji ruled China for about 900 years. During the Warring States period, it was still in a situation of group disputes and princes fighting for hegemony. Among them, Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and Qin are the most powerful, and they are called "Seven Heroes of the Warring States". Fourthly, his lineage can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty (about 800 BC), and his ancestor was Boyi in the Dayu era. In Zhou Dynasty, his ancestor concubine was a tribal leader, who lived in Quanshan (now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi Province) and was good at raising horses, and was sealed by Xiao Wang in Qin. Later, Qin Xianggong escorted his drought-striken fields eastward, and King Ping cracked the soil and sealed Hou. Around 770 BC, the State of Qin was formally established, which lasted for 24 years until Qin Xiaogong. Since then, he has been king. The king of Qin began in Wang Huiwen (337 BC) and spread to Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, after seven generations. In 22 1 year BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries, called the first emperor, and spread to Zi Ying (two generations, the first 207 years), which was destroyed by Liu Bang. Five, the Han Dynasty is also divided into two periods, the former is called the Western Han Dynasty and the latter is called the Eastern Han Dynasty. There was a short dynasty between the Han Dynasty called Xin Dynasty. 1. Before the formal establishment of the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-8 AD), Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought for the supreme sovereignty for four years, which was called the "Chu-Han War" in history. * * * experienced fourteen emperors and one emperor in the Western Han Dynasty (Lv Zhi was in office for eight years after his reign).

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the sixth emperor, who reigned for 54 years from 140 to 87 years ago. He has made outstanding achievements in his life, but his shortcomings can't cover up his shortcomings. 2. In the late Western Han Dynasty (8 -25 AD), consorts had exclusive rights. When Emperor Ping was in power, Wang Mang gained power and bought people's hearts. In the fifth year of Pingyuan (AD 5), Wang Mang mobilized local authorities to refuse the praise of Xintian. At one time, 487,572 people praised the local authorities. In 8 AD, Wang Mang officially proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Han Dynasty and established a new dynasty. Wang Mang advocates reform. However, due to his haste and the counterattack of the old forces of the local surname Liu, the Red Eyebrow and Greenwood Uprising in AD 22. In 25 years, Liu Xiu won the peasant uprising, proclaimed himself emperor in Yan, rebuilt the Han Dynasty, and moved to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. 3. The Eastern Han Dynasty (25 -2 19) witnessed thirteen emperors from Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu to Liu Xie and Xian Di. Later, due to the alternate power of consorts and eunuchs, the emperor was played by them, and the dynasty was impermanent. Especially at the end of the period, Dong Zhuo's autocratic power aroused people's dissatisfaction, and heroes from all walks of life fought in the name of Zhuo, so the world was in chaos. In the end, three major forces led by Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan were formed, and then the situation of Wei, Shu and Wu stood on the balance. Six, the Three Kingdoms (220-280) refers to Wei, Shu and Wu. 1. In 220 AD, according to the lunar calendar of Wei State 10, Cao Pi gave up the Han Emperor's independence, changed the country name to Wei, and made Luoyang its capital. Wei Jingbi, Mao, Fang, Temminick and Ai * * * died in Jin (265). 2. In April of the lunar calendar in 2265438, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu and established Shu State.

After two generations of preparation and meditation, he died in Wei (263). 3. In 222 of the lunar calendar, Sun Quan was called the King of Wu, and in 229 of the lunar calendar, he officially proclaimed himself emperor, making his capital Jianye (now Nanjing). Wu Jingquan, Liang, Xiu and Hao died in Jin (280). Seven, Jin (265 -4 19) Jin is also divided into two eras, historically known as the Western Jin and the Eastern Jin. 1. Western Jin Dynasty (265-3 16) After Sima Yan, Sima Zhong and other four emperors, the Northern Han Dynasty perished. In the late Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan, a Hun, became king in Zuoguocheng (now northeast of Lishi County, Shanxi Province) in 304. His country name is Han, and he officially proclaimed himself emperor in 308, and his capital is Pingyang (now Linfen, Shanxi). The so-called "Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries Era" in the north began in history. 2. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-419) 3161,Liu Yao, the general of the Northern Han Dynasty, was trapped in Chang 'an, and Sima Ye, the emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty, fell to his death. In 3 17, Si Marui became king Yu Jiankang (now Nanjing), and the Eastern Jin Dynasty began. In March of 3 18, Si Marui officially became the emperor. The Eastern Jin Dynasty died after Emperor Liu Song 1 1. 8. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties (304-589), after the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were four dynasties, namely Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, which were called "Southern Dynasties" in history. During this period, Han Cheng regime was established in Sichuan. At the same time, sixteen separatist regimes appeared in the north, collectively known as the "Northern Dynasties". 1. The Southern Dynasties (420-589) 1. 1 Han Cheng (304-374) increased the exploitation of the people in the late Western Jin Dynasty, which led to the refugee uprising, and the refugee uprising led by Miao Te Li appeared in Sichuan.

In 304, Li Xiong, the son of Li Tezi, proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, established political power and became a national title. It was passed on to Li Shou by the Second Emperor and changed to Han in 338, so it was called Cheng Han in history. Li Shou died in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (Huan Wen) after passing through the first emperor to Shili. 1.2 Song Dynasty (420-479) In June of 420, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty abolished Sima Wende, became independent, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty perished. The name of Emperor Wu of Song Jianguo is Song, which is known in history. After nine emperors, the Song Dynasty came to Qi. 1.3 Qi (479-502) In April 479, the powerful minister of Liu and Song Dynasties proclaimed himself emperor. In 50 1 year, Xiao Yan made Xiao Baorong, king of Nankang, emperor in Jiangling (now Jingzhou, Hubei). In 502, he proclaimed himself emperor and changed his name to Liang. Xiao Ji * * * spread the Five Emperors. 1.4 Liang (502-557) died of Chen Zhixiao in the Four Emperors. 1.5 Chen (557-589) A.D. 10 In 557, he proclaimed himself emperor and Liang died. Chen Jing defected to Chen and died in the Sui Dynasty. 2. The Northern Dynasty (304-58 1 year) was 2. 1 Han, which was called Northern Han in history. Liu Yuan was founded in 304, and in 3 18, Liu Yao moved the capital to Chang' an, and changed his country name to Zhao. In 329, he died in Shi Hu and destroyed Zhao. 2.2 Liang Qian, 3 14 years, Zhang Gui, a general of the Northern Han Dynasty, was called Liangzhou Pastoral. Liang Qian's political power began. In 376, he died in the (former) Qin Dynasty through eight emperors. 2.3 After Zhao Dynasty, in 3 19, Schleswig proclaimed himself emperor in Guo Xiang (now Xingtai, Hebei Province) and passed on to the five emperors. He died in 2.4 years before the Qin Dynasty (352) and in 35 1 year, Fu Jian claimed to be the king of Qin, the founder of the Qin Dynasty, which was called the former Qin Dynasty in history, passed on to the six emperors and died in the latter Qin Dynasty (394).

2.5 Wei, in the first month of 386, Tuoba GUI became king in Niuchuan (now Hohhot), and in April of the same year, he became emperor in Xianshengle (now Linger), with the title of Wei. Historically known as the "Northern Wei Dynasty", it was divided into the Western Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty after three years of filial piety (534 years). When Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong was in office (47 1-499), he carried out bold reforms and the Northern Wei Dynasty became stronger. 2.6 Eastern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Wei split to form two countries: Eastern Wei (534-549) and Western Wei (535-557). In June 534 AD, Gao Huan, the prime minister of the Northern Wei Dynasty, led an army into Luo, and Emperor Xiaowu chose his general for fear of avoiding Chang 'an. /kloc-in June of 0/0, Gao Huan set up a pear garden in Luoyang, which was called the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history. 65438+ In February of the same year, Yu Wentai killed Emperor Xiaowu, and in January of 535, he established Nanyang Wang Yuanbao as emperor in Chang 'an, known as the Western Wei Dynasty. 2.7 In the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty in 550, the descendants of Gao in the Eastern Wei Dynasty abandoned filial piety and stood on their own feet, and changed their country name to Qi, which was called "Northern Qi" in history. The Northern Qi Dynasty experienced six emperors and died in the Northern Zhou Dynasty (577). In 557, Yu Wenjue, a descendant of Yu Wendi in the Western Wei Dynasty, abandoned his respect and stood on his own feet, and changed his country name to Zhou, which was called "Northern Zhou" in history. The Northern Zhou Emperor was destroyed by Sui (58 1). In this historical period, in addition to the above generations, there are other dynasties such as Hou Liang, Beiliang, Nanliang, Yan Qian, Houyan, Houqin and Xiqin, totaling sixteen dynasties. Nine, Sui (58 1-6 18) In May 580, the Zhou Dynasty (North) emperor Yu Wenyun died, his son was Jing Di, Sui Wendi was the young emperor, his grandfather was false, and he left the prime minister.

65438+ In February, Jane claimed to be the King of Sui, adding Jiuxi. In February of 58 1 year, Wendi was adhered to, with Sui as the country name and Chang 'an as its capital. In the first month of 589, the Sui army crossed the river to destroy Chen, unified China, and ended the separatist situation of China for more than 300 years. In 604 AD, Prince Yang Guang killed his father and made himself emperor, that is, Yang Di. Yang-ti was cruel, leaving the palace, sailing the river, visiting Jiangdu and levying Korea. The people ran out of money, and the resistance continued, leading to the uprising of Du and Dou Jiande. In May of June17, Tangyuan stayed in Taiyuan and introduced to Liu Futong in June. The Tang and Yuan Dynasties led troops into Chang 'an and made You Yang emperor. In March of 6 18, Yu Wenhuaji killed Yang Guang in Jiangdu and died in Sui Dynasty. In May 2008, in the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907)6 18, Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor in Chang 'an, and established the Tang Dynasty, making Li Jian the prince, Li Shimin the king of Qin and Li Yuanji the king of Qi. In June 626, Li Shimin killed Cheng Jian, Yuan Ji and their philosophers, forcing his father to give way in August. Li Shimin is Emperor Taizong, with the title Zhenguan. In 688, Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor and killed the imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty. In 690, Wu Zetian officially changed her surname to Zhou. In 705, Wu Zetian was transferred to Prince Li Xian, with the title of Tang Fu. In 7 12, Li Longji succeeded to the throne (in 7 12-755), and he was Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Xuanzong worked hard to make the country peaceful and stable in his early years and was known as the "prosperous time of the Yuan Dynasty". In 755, the Anshi Rebellion led to the decline of the Tang Dynasty. In the next hundred years, the eunuch's authoritarian power became more and more serious. In 874, the Wang Xianzhi uprising; In 875, Huang Chao became righteous. In March 907, Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty, established Liang, and the Tang Dynasty perished.

During the Tang Dynasty, the minority regimes coexisting with the Tang Dynasty mainly included Yan in the north of North China, Bohai in the northeast, Nanzhao in Yunnan and Tubo in the * * * area. Eleven, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960) In March, 907, Liang was established. Since then, it has experienced the Tang, Jin, Han and Five Dynasties in the Central Plains, which is known as the "Five Dynasties". Because it appeared in the history of the Five Dynasties, the word "Hou" was added before the name. At the same time, there have been more than ten separatist regimes in the southern, northern and Sichuan regions of China, mainly including Qianshu, Houshu, wuyue, Wu, Qidan, Nanhan, Beihan, Houhan, Fujian and Nantang. 12. Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties (960- 1368) (1) Song Dynasty (960- 1279) was also divided into two periods, with the early capital being called Northern Song Dynasty (960-1/). Later, Hangzhou was the capital, which was called the Southern Song Dynasty (1 127- 1279). The calendar of Song Dynasty is 16 emperor and 3 19 year. (2) In Liao Dynasty (947-1125) 916, Yeliubaoji established the Khitan State. In 947, Yelu Deguang, the master of Qidan, proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Da Liao. 983 1066 was once renamed as Qidan. 1 125 was destroyed by gold. Nine emperors, ***2 10 year. 1 125, Yelvshi led the army to the Western Expedition, 1 13 1 year, and later took tokmak, Kyrgyzstan as the capital, which was called the Western Liao in history. (3) Xixia (1038- 1227) was built by Tuoba, a Xixia man. 1038, Yuan Hao proclaimed himself emperor, and Duxingqing (now Yinchuan) closed the summer. 1227 was destroyed by Mongolia for ten emperors, here 190.

(4) Jin (1115-1234)115, akuta, founded by Jurchen Wanyan Department, Metropolitan Ning (now Heilongjiang) Ten emperors, every 120 years. (5) Yuan (1271-kloc-0/368)1206, Genghis Khan established Mongolia and destroyed Xixia and Jin successively. 127 1 year, Kublai Khan founded the country, 1276, destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified China. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang was expelled from the Central Plains by the Ming army and returned to Mobei. He didn't make the headline until 1402. From Genghis Khan to 1386, there were fifteen emperors in * * * calendar, where 163. Eleven emperors from Kublai Khan to 1368 * * *, 1998. Thirteen, Ming (1368-1644)1351year, Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui) uprising, the Red Scarf Army. On June+10 in 5438, Xu Shouhui was proclaimed emperor according to Qi Shui (now Xishui, Hubei Province), and his title was completed. 1852 In March, Zhu Yuanzhang, a native of Li Zhong (now Fengyang, Anhui Province), voted for Guo Zixing in Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui Province). 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang seized the fruits of the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing) and established the Ming Dynasty. 142 1 year, Emperor Yongle moved the capital to Beijing. The Ming Dynasty experienced sixteen emperors and enjoyed the country for 277 years. Fourteen In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)1616, the leader of the nuzhen nationality, Nuwa Bagou, established the Jin Dynasty, which was called the later Jin Dynasty in history. 1636, Huang taiji changed gold into Qing dynasty. 1644, the Qing Dynasty took advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains, entered the customs with the help of * * *, and entered Beijing in May. In the following years, the peasant rebels and the remnants of the Ming Dynasty were gradually eliminated, and Chinese mainland was basically unified.

During the Kanggan period of the Qing Dynasty, the San Francisco Rebellion (1673- 168 1), the Gadan Rebellion in Ge Ping (1696) and the Junggar Basin Rebellion were put down successively. The * * * calendar from Huang Taiji in Qing Dynasty was 1 1 emperor, which lasted for 276 years. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851-1864)185/Hong Xiuquan was in 1853 in jintian uprising, Guangxi, with its capital in Tianjing (now Nanjing), and in1853. China's ancient dynasties replaced the songs of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Three Kingdoms fought a decisive battle. Two Jin fen, north and south; Sui and Tang dynasties were strong and unified. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were divided, and the unification of the Northern Song Dynasty was uneven. Liao, Jin and Southern Song Dynasties confronted each other and decided to close the bureau in one fell swoop. Ming and Qing dynasties inherited a solid unity, and the dynasty cycle changed obviously.