The history of Shenzhen

Brief introduction of Shenzhen's history and culture

There are about 150 pre-Qin cultural sites in Shenzhen, which proves that it has a history of social development of more than 6,000 years and a history of Shang and Zhou dynasties of about 3,000-2000 years. The excavation of Shang tombs in Wubeiling became one of the "Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in China" in 2065, with 438+0. Shenzhen has a history of urban development of more than 1670 years, the history of Nantou ancient city of more than 600 years, and the castle history of dapeng ancient city, a national key cultural relics protection unit. There are 0/324 ancient buildings in Shenzhen, including nearly 200 Hakka castles in Longgang, many Guangfu-style villages and houses in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces in various periods of the Qing Dynasty, and the "One Street, Two Systems" Zhongying Street, which became the epitome of China's modern history and was called "the first town in the world" by the late president Yang. There are also eight major battles, such as the Kowloon naval battle of 1839, which started the Opium War with a great victory. 1900 The Sanzhoutian Uprising led by Sun Yat-sen fired the first shot of the bourgeois armed revolution, and the Dongjiang column made immortal contributions in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, with a glorious course of reform and opening up. The immigrant culture since ancient times is the characteristic and advantage of Shenzhen culture. ..... These rich connotations have greatly enhanced the historical and cultural status of Shenzhen.

First, the pre-Qin period.

1983- 1984 The first cultural relics survey found pre-Qin cultural sites 103, and the second cultural relics survey in the whole city at the end of 2000 found 54 new sites, which is extremely rare in large and medium-sized cities in China. Moreover, in terms of connotation (whether in the Neolithic Age or the Bronze Age), it presents the distinctive local characteristics of the ancient Vietnamese local culture. In addition, the middle Neolithic culture represented by Xiantouling site, the Shang culture represented by Wubeiling tomb area, the Spring and Autumn culture represented by Dameisha site and the late Warring States culture represented by Dieshishan site are typical and representative in the Pearl River Delta and even the whole Lingnan area. Some have filled the gap in Lingnan archaeological chronology, some have been named as archaeological culture by experts, and some have been listed as the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China. Their importance and great academic value are not significant.

1. Neolithic culture

Archaeological data show that as early as 6,700 years ago, in the middle of Neolithic Age, human beings had already thrived in this land of Shenzhen. Nearly 40 Neolithic sites have been discovered and proved in Shenzhen, mainly distributed in sand dunes by the sea and hilly areas on both sides of rivers.

Xiantouling site

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Located on the beach embankment of Xiantouling Village, Dapeng Town. Site area 13000 square meters, cultural layer thickness of 40-60 cm. 198 1 year was discovered, 1985, 1989, 124 1 square meter was excavated three times, and a large number of ceramic household utensils, such as poles, axes and chisels, were unearthed. The cultural characteristics of the Xiantouling site are representative in the sand dune cultural sites in the middle Neolithic period in the Pearl River Delta, so it was named as "Xiantouling Culture" and occupies a place in the contemporary culture of China.

2. Xia Shang Zhou culture

Archaeologists in our city have found more than 60 cultural sites of this period in Shenzhen, more than those in the Neolithic Age, which are found in all districts. The increase in the number of sites and the wide distribution area indicate that the population of this area has increased at this time, and ancestors live everywhere. In the second general survey of cultural relics in the city, 34 cultural sites were found in Xili Town, Nanshan District and Shiyan Town, Baoan District, each with an area of over 10000 square meters. In a small area, the sites are so dense and so large, which is the proof that the number of ethnic groups has increased and the population of each ethnic group has increased rapidly.

Wubeiling Tomb Area in Shang Dynasty

Located at the top of Beiling Village in Xili, Nanshan. Found in 1999. Excavated in April, 200 1 year, with an excavation area of 1400 square meters, * * * found 94 Shang tombs, all of which were vertical holes and pits. The funerary objects are mainly pottery. The tombs are divided into three periods, the first period is from the late Neolithic Age to the early Shang Dynasty, and the second and third periods are from the middle Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty. The materials of the second and third phases of this tomb filled the gaps in the archaeological chronology of the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong and Macao, and made contributions to the frontier archaeology of Shang Dynasty in China, and were awarded as "Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China in 20001year".

Chunqiu Tomb in Dameisha Area 2

Located in Shatang, Dameisha seaside, Yantian District. The excavation area is 2405 square meters, and tombs 10 have been found. * * * 39 funerary objects were unearthed, including bronzes 1 1 (swords, spears, cymbals, etc. ), 2 1 pottery (cans, pots, plates, bowls, cups, beans, etc. ) and seven stone tools (axes, cymbals, etc.). The site was the largest sand dune site in Guangdong at that time, and the number of tombs and bronzes found in the sand dune site in Guangdong was unprecedented, which filled the blank of archaeological chronology in Guangdong and provided rare and valuable information for studying the social situation and folk customs of the ancient Yue nationality in this period.

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Dieshishan Late Warring States Site

Located in the south of Xili Chaguang Village, Nanshan. The website covers an area of 30,000 square meters. The exposed area is 330 square meters, and more than 8,000 pieces of pottery have been unearthed. There are also 5 stone tools such as stone sticks and 2 bronzes such as clocks. The discovery and excavation of this site filled the gap in the archaeological chronology of Guangdong at that time, provided the lower limit time for the existence of Kuiwen pottery in Guangdong, and more importantly, unearthed four iron axes, which provided valuable physical data for studying the use and source of early iron in Guangdong.

Second, Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties

There were three major changes in the history of Shenzhen during this period: first, at least from the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the cultural outlook changed from indigenous culture to consistency with the Central Plains; Second, the establishment and development of cities. According to documents, in the sixth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (33 1), the county governments of Dongguan and Bao 'an were both located in the south of Nanshan District. The urban history of Shenzhen has been 167 1 year. These two changes have enabled Shenzhen's economy and society to enter a stage of rapid development. Third, Tunzhen was established in the Tang Dynasty, with 2,000 troops. Since then, the status of ancient Shenzhen as the military center of Guangdong has been established. In addition, two Han tombs 12, 22 tombs of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and 88 tombs of the Southern Dynasties were found and cleared near Nantou Ancient City in Nanshan District and Xixiang in Baoan District, which is evidence of Shenzhen's economic and social development.

The first migration climax of Han tombs

The first migration climax

According to Qin Shihuang's Biography, in the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang (2 14 BC), Lingnan was settled, and Zi Tong Zhi Jian was published for seven years. Later, the Qin Dynasty gave it to Nanhai County (Shenzhen belonged to Nanhai County at that time) 15000 unmarried women. This is the first migration climax in Lingnan history, and the situation of ethnic blending and cultural exchange can be fully reflected from the tomb of Nanyue King.

Han dynasty tombs

12 Han tombs found near Nantou Ancient City in Nanshan District and Xixiang in Baoan District are exactly the same as those in the Central Plains. Unearthed pots, ding, cans, bowls, pots, cups, statues, smoked lamps, stoves, boxes, wells, etc. It has the same combination and shape as the Central Plains. Among them, there are bricks from the "Xiping Four Years" period (175), surface-printed bricks (similar to maps used to ward off evil spirits in stone reliefs of the Han Dynasty) and multiplication formula bricks in tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which were discovered for the first time in China and provided valuable physical materials for studying the history of Chinese mathematics.

The Site of Dongguan County —— Haogou Tomb of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Second Migration High Tide

Haogou, the site of Dongguan County.

Completed in the 12th year of Chongzhen (1639), Zhang Erguo's "Organizational Evolution of Dongguan County Records" contains: "In the 6th year of Emperor Xianhe of Jincheng (AD 33 1 year), Dongguan County was established in (four counties) to govern Bao 'an (in Dongguanbei, that is, Chengzigang, now it is the residence of thousands of households in Dongguan). "It can be seen that Dongguan County includes the vast areas in the northeast and southeast of Guangdong today, and its county governance and Baoan county governance are located in the area of Nantou Ancient City in Nanshan District, Shenzhen today. Up to now, the urban history of Shenzhen has been clearly recorded as 167 1 year.

A large-scale archaeological excavation was carried out in the square outside the south gate of the ancient city, and it was fortunate to discover the trenches in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Many Wei and Jin cultural relics were unearthed on the 5-7 floors of the trench. According to the above quotation, this moat may be the protection city of the ancient city of Eastern Jin Dynasty. Sincerely, as long as you basically understand the direction of the ditch, you can determine the positioning of Dongguan County; If it is only a water supply or drainage ditch, it should also be related to Dongguan County in terms of length, width and depth.

Tombs in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Second Immigrant High Tide

22 Eastern Jin tombs were cleared near Nantou Ancient City and Xixiang in Bao 'an District. Three tombs of the Eastern Jin Dynasty were unearthed in Tiezai Mountain in Xixiang, namely, the second year of Daxing in Si Marui, Di Chin (3 19), the fourth year of Daxing (32 1) and the second year of Taining in Si Mashao, Jin Mingdi (324). They all happened in the sixth year of Sima Yan Xianhe Emperor in Jincheng, that is, before AD 33 1 year. The contents of the calendar year are "June in the second year of Daxing", "Hou should be sealed in the fourth year of Daxing" and "Taining is a descendant of Jia Shenyi in the second year". It should be pointed out that after the so-called "five wild flowers" occurred in Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty (307-3 13), a large number of Han people moved south, which was the second migration climax in China history. Although there is no record of emigrating to Shenzhen in historical records, judging from the shape of its tombs and the ceramics, ironware and bronze mirrors unearthed in the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, no tombs of the Western Jin Dynasty have been found in Shenzhen so far. These 22 tombs at least show that around 33 1 year, the population of Nantou area in Shenzhen increased rapidly, and its economy and culture also developed considerably, which is the fundamental reason why Shenzhen area once became the political, economic and cultural center and military center in southeastern Guangdong.

Tombs of the Southern Dynasties The tombs, towers and pits of copper coins in Tunzhen during the Tang and Song Dynasties

Southern Dynasty Mausoleum

88 tombs of the Southern Dynasties were cleared near Nantou Ancient City and Xixiang area in Baoan District.

Tuen Mun Town in Tang Dynasty

In order to prevent pirates from invading and protect merchant ships, a new military medical area, Tuen Mun Town, was established in the 24th year of Tang Kaiyuan (736). According to nantou town Tun Ancient Town in Dongguan, Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, Tun Town is located in Nantou Ancient Town, Nanshan District, with 2,000 troops, directly under the Lingnan Our Mission. Tuen Mun Town is not only an important military town in Lingnan area, but also an important military location along the southeast coast of China.

Tombs in Song Dynasty

Found more, * * * cleaned up 13. The shape of tombs can be divided into two types: rectangular vertical cave tomb and tile-roofed tomb (that is, tile-covered tomb in rectangular vertical cave pit).

At present, the earliest buildings found on the ground in Shenzhen are:

-Tomb of Huangmo Hall in Southern Song Dynasty (provincial cultural relics protection unit)

Located on the northwest slope of Lianhua Mountain in Futian District, it was built in the eighth year of Chunyou in Southern Song Dynasty (1248). The altar is made of stone, and the tombstone is embedded in front of the hexagonal tomb tower (the upper part is destroyed). The monument is engraved with "Mo Tanghuang Jushi Tower". ..... "Sumitomo and the single-story tomb pagoda are both in the Tang Dynasty, but the burial system of an ordinary folk layman using the tomb pagoda seems to be the second case in other parts of China, especially in Lingnan area.

-Golden Dragon Stone Pagoda in Southern Song Dynasty (municipal cultural relics protection unit)

Shasi Village, located in Shajing Town, Bao 'an District, was built in the 13th year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1220). This stone tower is carved from red sandstone. Square tower with gourd-shaped top, with a Buddhist shrine in front, left and right of the tower. Square sumeru four-corner embossed bamboo corner column.

Pit copper coin

More than 10 has been found successively, the largest of which was 1, 995, 1 0,000 kilograms of copper coins found in Shapuwei Village, Songgang Town, Baoan District. Among them, Qin Banliang and Han Wuzhu were the earliest, and most of them were coins of the Song Dynasty.

The third migration climax

In the Song Dynasty, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, Shenzhen ushered in the third immigration climax. Years of war is the root cause of a large number of northern immigrants entering Shenzhen. The aforementioned Huangmo Hall was moved from Dongguan in the early Southern Song Dynasty, and it is the ancestor of the Huang clan in Futian District today. Shajing Town in Bao 'an District moved from Luxi Luling in the Northern Song Dynasty, and so on. A large number of immigrants first entered the western part of Shenzhen, because this is the earliest developed area in Shenzhen, and they have made indelible contributions to the further development of Shenzhen. This area is dominated by Guangfu culture, which is the result of their integration with local culture after moving into this area.

Third, the Ming and Qing dynasties

This is the most important period in the history of Shenzhen. In the struggle against Japanese pirates, Portuguese colonialism and British colonialism, Shenzhen soldiers and civilians wrote an epic and glorious chapter in the history of China. During this period, there are a lot of cultural relics on the ground. The second cultural relics survey found 1324 ancient buildings (some of which were villages), 99% of which belonged to this period. The main types are city sites, houses, ancestral halls, temples, historical sites, pagodas, private schools (academies), bridges, ancient wells and so on. Among them, the most important are Dongguan Qianhu Garrison City and Dapeng Qianhu Garrison City, namely Nantou Ancient City and dapeng ancient city. Folk houses can be roughly divided into Hakka style, Guangfu style, Guangfu Hakka mixed style, Chinese and Western mixed style and so on. They have branded the historical imprint of local cultural characteristics and cultural blending changes brought by immigrants from different places, and provided rare physical materials for studying the immigrant culture in Shenzhen since ancient times.

Nantou Ancient City and dapeng ancient city

Nantou Ancient City (provincial cultural relics protection unit)

The existing ancient city of Nantou, namely Dongguan Qianhu Post Station, was built in the 27th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1394), with a total of 2,200 troops stationed in 2,000 post stations. The above-mentioned county governance of Dongguan County in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is here, and the county governance of Baoan County in Dongguan County is also here. In the ninth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (589), Dongguan County was abolished, Baoan County was changed to Nanhai County, and the county administration was still here. In the second year of Tang Zhide (757), Baoan County was renamed Dongguan County, and the county administration was moved from Nantou to Chong (now Dongguan), but the aforementioned Tuen Mun Town Office was also located here. From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were many reforms. Nantou Ancient City is the witness of Shenzhen's urban history.

Now the ancient city is an irregular rectangle. The wall is 680 meters long from east to west and 500 meters wide from north to south. The city wall is rammed with yellow mud and yellow sand, and the interior is covered with bricks. At present, except for the North Wall, there is a section of discontinuous wall relics with different heights, and everything else has disappeared. 1997 found the north gate, and the south gate was well preserved. There are nine roads in the city, which are six vertical and three horizontal, commonly known as "Nantou Jiujie". There are still some buildings with important historical value in the city, such as Guo Xin Official Document Wen Tianxiang Memorial Hall, Dongguan Guild Hall, Baode Temple and Nursery Hall. There are also 39 residential buildings with Lingnan and Nanyang architectural styles in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

1983 to 1985, Shenzhen Municipal People's Government announced six municipal cultural relics protection units located in Nantou Ancient City. 1988, the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government announced Nantou Ancient City as a municipal cultural relics protection unit (to be announced at the provincial level). At present, Nanshan District Party Committee and District Government has invested 1 100 million yuan to renovate Nanmen Square, and the renovation plan has passed the demonstration. At present, the archaeological and demolition work is not over yet.

Dapeng ancient city (National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit)

Located in Pengcheng Village, Dapeng Town, Longgang District. In order to defend against pirates, in the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu, Dapeng City was built. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, it was changed from "Dapeng guarding thousands of cities" to "Dapeng guarding camps", with 500 officers and men. In the 40th year of Kangxi (1704), the "Dapeng Garrison" was changed to "Dapeng Naval Battalion", and the strength increased by 93 1. At this time, Dapeng Navy Battalion was already a coastal defense military organization that governed the sea routes in the eastern Pearl River. There are nine camps in the marine fortress: Tung Chung Kou, Shuilutang, Lantau Island, Hongxiang Road, Yantian, Guanhutang, Old shed, Shangshatang and Xiashatang, which echo the Xin 'an camp in the south. In the 19th year of Daoguang (1939), Dapeng was transformed into a cooperative. Dapeng Shouqianzhai has played an important role in resisting the invasion of Japanese pirates and British colonialism, and it is a heroic castle with outstanding achievements.

There are three main streets in this city, namely Dongmen Street, Nanmen Street and Zheng Jie (the intersection of Ximen and Nanmen Street). During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the architectural bases in the city, such as Xiancheng Department, Guandi Temple, Zhao Gong Temple and Gong Yan Temple, still existed. The East and South Gates remained in the Ming Dynasty, while the North Gate collapsed in the late Qing Dynasty. There are also "General Wei Zhendi" in the city, which were built in Jiaqing and Daoguang years of Qing Dynasty, namely "General Di" such as Guangdong Navy Governor and Fujian Navy Governor Liu Qilong. They are large in scale and many Qing Dynasty dwellings are well preserved.

1983 and 1984, respectively, the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government listed Dapeng East Gate, South Gate, General Lai Enjue Wei Zhen and General Liu Qilong as the first and second batch of municipal cultural relics protection units in Shenzhen. 1989 dapeng ancient city was declared as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit by the Guangdong Provincial People's Government. 1996 5438+00 In June, dapeng ancient city Museum was established, responsible for the protection and management of cultural relics in dapeng ancient city and its surrounding areas. In 2001June, it was announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

The struggle between the Ming Dynasty and Japanese pirates and Portuguese colonists

struggle against the enemy

There was Japanese harassment at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. After Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1403-1424), the Japanese pirates burned and looted along the coast of China and moved from the East China Sea to the South China Sea. In the fifth year of Zheng De (15 10), the Ming Dynasty sent schools to set up "Company commanders mansion to prepare for Japanese invasion" in Dongguan and Dapeng, and the government office was located in Dongguan, the ancient city of Nantou. Later, the "General Staff Department" was changed to "Nantou Village", and it was stationed at the tip of Nantou Peninsula today, with Jieshi Village in Huizhou in the east, Hong Kong in the middle and Zhongshan in the west, guarding the whole Shenzhen area and the Pearl River Estuary today, with more than 50 warships to 100 and more than 0/000 soldiers. In the first year of Qin Long (1567), the Japanese pirates once colluded with pirates and attacked thousands of households guarding the city in Dongguan. Thousands of families in Li Maocai fought bloody battles and pursued the Japanese pirates to Leizhou Port, but they died in battle. In the fifth year of Qin Long (157 1), the Japanese invaders besieged Dapeng and defended the city of Qianhu. Under extremely critical circumstances, Sheren Kang stepped forward and led the soldiers and civilians to fight bloody battles for more than 40 days, forcing the Japanese army to flee hastily and writing a glorious page in the history of the anti-Japanese struggle.

Struggle against Portuguese colonists

In Zheng Dejiu's year (15 14), Alvarez, the leader of Portuguese colonialists, led a ship to seize the "Tuen Mun Hai 'ao" in Dongguan County, that is, Deep Bay, Shekou, Neilingding Island in Nanshan District of Shenzhen and Tsing Yi in Hong Kong, and built forts, camps, looted property and even carved stones and monuments here. This is the attempt and prelude of western colonialists to occupy the territory of China.

In the 16th year of Zheng De's reign (152 1), at the end of August, Wang Hong, Guangdong's deputy envoy, went to Dongguan to defend the city of Qianhu (now Nantou), organized an anti-aggression team of more than 4,000 soldiers and more than 50 ships, and bravely fought against the Portuguese invaders who occupied "Tunhai and Tunao" from land and sea. Wang Hong led the soldiers and civilians in Shenzhen to win the "Tuen Mun naval battle", recovered the lost land occupied by Portuguese colonists for seven years, showed the heroic spirit of the soldiers and civilians in Shenzhen in defending the territorial integrity of the motherland, and opened the prelude for the people of China to resist the western colonial aggression.

In memory of Wang Hong, who made meritorious service in protecting the country, and Liu Wen, the deputy governor of Guangdong Province, who applied for restoration of meritorious service for Xin 'an County in six years (1572), the people of Shenzhen built the "Liu Wang Ergong Temple" in Chengguankou Village, Nantou in the first year of Wanli (1573), and now only the back hall and the front hall are left. This is a historical testimony of the resistance against colonialism and imperialism, and 1998 was announced as a municipal cultural relics protection unit.

Immigrant climax and immigrant culture in the early Qing Dynasty

The immigrant culture in Shenzhen is mainly composed of Guangfu culture in the west and Hakka culture in the east. In Qing Dynasty, the residents of Xin 'an County were mainly Guangfu people, and Guangfu culture became a strong culture. 1958 After the People's Commune, the Hakka areas such as Longgang, Henggang, Pingshan, Pingdi and Kengzi, which originally belonged to Huiyang County (Guishan County before Qing Dynasty), were transferred to Baoan County, forming today's Longgang District of Shenzhen. From then on, Hakka culture and Guangfu culture can be described as "equally divided", with * * points. The existing houses in various styles, such as Guangfu houses and Hakka houses, are an important symbol of Shenzhen immigrant culture, a historical witness of Shenzhen's economic and cultural development since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a history book made of masonry and rammed earth, and a living fossil for studying social history and customs.

The Fourth Immigrant High Tide, "Moving Boundary" and "Re-boundary"

The fourth immigration climax in Shenzhen in the early Qing Dynasty originated from the "border relocation" and "border restoration" events in coastal areas. Since the early years of Shunzhi, Zheng Chenggong has been carrying out "anti-Qing and regaining sight" activities along the coast of Fujian and Guangdong. In order to cut off the support of mainland coastal people for Zheng Chenggong, in the 13th year of Shunzhi (1656), the imperial court issued a "no-sea order", prohibiting businessmen and fishermen from the coastal areas of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong from going to sea. With the continuous failure of Zheng Chenggong's resistance to the Qing Dynasty, Xin 'an and other counties in Guangdong began to "show the boundary" from the eighth year of the Qing Dynasty (1669), allowing the original coastal residents to move back to their original places. In the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), the boundary was completely re-established. In addition to the aborigines, some Hakkas in eastern Guangdong began to move in. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), due to the implementation of the official recruitment policy, farmers from all over the country, especially Hakkas, mainly moved in from Xingmei area in eastern Guangdong, Chaozhou, Jiangxi and Fujian. The climax of immigration continued into the period of Gan and Jia, and Hakka dwellings in Longgang area sprang up like mushrooms after rain, which set off a new historical climax of production recovery and development in eastern Shenzhen today.

Longgang Hakka Wei

The architectural form of Longgang Hakka paddock is a collection of Hakka from all over the world, mainly the combination of Longweichang and quadrangle buildings in eastern Guangdong, which especially strengthens the defensive function of the castle, so we can call it "Castle paddock". Its main feature is that there is a moon pond (semi-circular pond) and a rice field (grain drying field) in front of the paddock, with a gate and two small doors. There are two floors of inverted seats on both sides of the gate, followed by a strip street of the previous day, with three halls on the central axis as ancestral temples, and two or four horizontal houses on both sides of the three halls, followed by a strip street and a back paddock the day after tomorrow. This castle-style Hakka paddock, which integrates ancestral halls and residential houses, has a moon pool, a lying flat, an enclosed house and a watchtower, giving people the feeling of grandeur and strict barriers. Hakka Wai emphasizes "the sky is round and the place is round", "the unity of Yin and Yang" and the harmony with nature, and pays attention to geomantic omen and the trend of Long Mai. This is the product of the continuous migration movement of agricultural society and the rolling development in the struggle with nature and society. Its architectural techniques and forms, hall couplets, murals, gray sculptures and sculptures in houses, etc. It has preserved rich traditional culture of the Central Plains, which mainly embodies Confucianism. It is a treasure house for studying national traditional culture, Hakka social history and folk customs, and has high historical, scientific and artistic value. It is an important part of Shenzhen's history and culture.

There are more than 100 Hakka castle-style enclosed buildings in Longgang area. Remarkably, it covers an area of 25,000 square meters, with a construction area of nearly10.5 million square meters. It is known as "nine halls, eighteen wells and ten pavilions, and the second watchtower of eight watchtowers", and the new residence of Luoshi River and Lake in Longgang, and the great world residence of Zengshi in Pingshan, which were built in Jiaqing and Qianlong years respectively (both provincial and municipal cultural relics protection units to be announced soon).

Guangfu dwellings

Today, the western part of Shenzhen is the settlement of Guangfu clan. In a typical Guangfu village, most houses are built with blue bricks. There is no moon pool and peace ahead, and there are no turrets in the four corners. The ancestral temple is located in the corner or built outside the enclosure. The fence is divided into several horizontal rows by the driveway, and each horizontal row is divided into several units. Each unit is generally a two-in-one patio layout with a covered door. There is a veranda (for kitchen and toilet) on one or both sides of the patio. The main room is usually one or two floors and three bays. The light room on the ground floor is usually separated by two floors, with the living room in front and the bedroom or ancestral hall behind it.

He "Former Site of Founding Fathers" (provincial cultural relics protection unit):

Located in Sungang Village, Luohu District, it was built in the early Ming Dynasty. It is the former residence of Lingnan celebrity He Zhen. It is the oldest existing typical building of Guangfu Zhaibao-style walled village in Shenzhen.

Guangfu and Hakka mixed dwellings

The so-called mixed residence of Hakka in Guangfu has two forms:

First of all, it is based on Guangfu folk houses and absorbs some factors of Hakka folk houses. For example, Lao Wei, Xilitanglang Village, Nanshan District, was built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, and the existing buildings were rebuilt in Qing Dynasty. There are six horizontal lanes in the fence, which cross the longitudinal lanes behind the entrance building. Most of them are one-room or two-room units with a boat roof. Zheng's ancestral hall is in the northwest corner, not on the central axis, which is an important feature of Guangfu-style houses. But in front of the paddock, there is Heping and Dayue Pool, which is obviously the supporting facilities of Hakka dwellings.

Secondly, it is mainly Hakka-style enclosed buildings or houses, which absorb some factors of Guangfu houses. It is mainly manifested in the typical Hakka paddock, but the housing has changed from a corridor-style single room in the traditional paddock to a Guangfu-style unit suite, and the combination of one patio, two corridors, one hall and two rooms has increased comfort and privacy. Many buildings around Longgang after Ganjia belong to this situation.

Chinese and western residential buildings

The earliest existing temple is Yang Kang Second Temple, which was built in Daoguang for four years (1824) and located in Xin 'er Village, Shajing Town, Baoan District. Its glass roof is carved with western-style buildings and figures. -the so-called combination of Chinese and western styles is often the pattern of Guangfu or Hakka dwellings, with western-style appearance and decoration, which can really be described as the expression of "learning from the middle school as the body and using western learning for the purpose". It combines the characteristics of Hakka, Guangfu and Western architecture, is the fusion of architectural cultures of different nationalities and countries, is unique, fully embodies the intelligence of China people, and is a rare historical and cultural heritage.

To sum up, we can see its rich cultural connotation from all kinds of folk houses in Shenzhen, which vividly and concretely reflects the characteristics of Shenzhen immigrant culture and Shenzhen's profound historical and cultural origins. It can be said that Shenzhen is a typical area to study the history, culture, customs and cultural exchanges between China and the West of Hakka and Guangfu families who are well-known at home and abroad. Its influence has spread to Hong Kong, Macao, Southeast Asia and other countries in the world, and it undoubtedly has an indelible historical position.

Fourth, modern Shenzhen and Shenzhen today

Shenzhen is a heroic city. In addition to the above-mentioned great contributions in the struggle against Japanese pirates and Portuguese colonists, two major events that had a great impact on the history of China occurred in Shenzhen's modern history. The first thing is that the Kowloon naval battle of 1839 started the Opium War. The second time was the Sanzhoutian armed uprising led by Sun Yat-sen in 1900, which fired the first shot of the bourgeois revolution from reformism to armed revolution. After the establishment of China * * Production Party, the peasant movement and workers' movement in Baoan County flourished under its leadership, especially the Dongjiang column played an irreplaceable role in the liberation wars in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and Guangdong, and made indelible and outstanding contributions. Since the reform and opening-up, Shenzhen's position, function and contribution are well known, and it has written a brilliant chapter in the contemporary history of China.

The Battle of Kowloon started the Opium War.

The Battle of Kowloon started the Opium War.

The Opium War was not a failure at first. The indomitable soldiers and civilians in China have a glorious history of winning the anti-British struggle. In the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), on July 7th, "Lin, a villager in Jiansha Village, was drunk and killed by barbarians, and was clubbed to death" (? Lin Zexu asked Guangdong and Guangxi to type the manuscript? 107), Lin zexu ordered yilu to hand over the murderer in August 15, and yilu violated the refusal order, so Lin zexu followed the example of Jiaqing thirteen years and took measures such as prohibiting him from staying in Macao and cutting off his daily diet. At noon 12 on September 4th, five ships, including Louisa (equipped with 10 cyclotron and four three-pound guns) and Pearl cruiser (equipped with six six-pound guns), approached me in the name of "buying food", and at 2: 30 pm, they ordered to fire and bombard our naval vessels and were cruising in the ocean. Soon, the British army "buried 17 people nearby", "saw the bodies drifting with the tide" and "besides, there were countless injured people". At 6: 30 in the afternoon, the British ship fled back to Tsim Sha Tsui, and the naval battle in Kowloon ended in our complete victory. This war is of great significance: it is the starting point of the Opium War. On the whole, the first Sino-British Opium War started from this naval battle. This is also the first battle of a series of anti-aggression wars in China's modern history, which fully embodies the heroic spirit of the people of China who are not afraid of violence.

Because of Ryan's bravery and good fighting skills, Daoguang awarded Ryan the title of "Huerta Batulu" and promoted him to assistant general (from the second grade). 1843 served as Guangdong navy prefect Zheng Yipin, and was named "General Wei Zhen". At present, General Ryan's royal title "General Wei Zhendi" in Dapeng City is still well preserved.

Two months after the Battle of Kowloon, that is,165438+1October 3, the Battle of Chuanbiyang (located 30 miles outside Humen) took place. On the same day (or the day after), another piping battle took place in Tsim Sha Tsui Ocean (six battles were fought on October 1 13, 10). In these seven battles, except for165438+1October 1 1, the rest were provoked by the British army and ended in failure.

"The First Town in the World" —— The Historical Changes of Zhongying Street

Zhongying Street and boundary markers are historical witnesses of China's poverty and backwardness, the decay and decline of the Qing Dynasty and the imperialist crazy invasion of China. It is a historical witness to the victory of China Revolution, the reform and opening up, the return of Hongkong to the motherland, the implementation of "one country, two systems" and "one street, two systems", and the prosperity of China towards socialism. Zhongying Street, with rich historical and cultural connotations, is a unique historical and cultural spectacle in China and even in the world. For this reason,1October 24th,1992,65438+When the late Chairman Yang visited Zhongying Street in Sha Tau Kok, he said cheerfully in English, "The first town in the world". Zhongying Street Boundary Monument has been listed as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit, and Zhongying Street History Museum has become a patriotic education base in Guangdong Province and Shenzhen City.

The first meaning of Sanzhoutian ridge led by Sun Yat-sen

The first meaning of Sanzhoutian ridge led by Sun Yat-sen

1895 After the failure of the Guangzhou Uprising, Sun Yat-sen, Zheng Shiliang and others planned a new anti-Qing armed uprising. After contact preparation, in April of 1900, it was decided to choose Sanzhoutian as the uprising site. Soon, recruitment began, and in just four months, it grew to six or seven hundred people and became the main force of the uprising. On August 13th, 26th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty (1900 10 6), the rebels held a flag-raising uprising in Sanzhoutian, Yantian District, Shenzhen, aiming at the feudal and decadent Qing Dynasty. With Huang Fu as marshal, Zheng Shiliang and He Song as staff officers, and Huang, Liao Qingfa and Lin Haishan as pioneers, we set out in two ways. East Road left Hegang from Maluan Village and Jinguidong, hit Xinxu, went straight to Zhenlong, and ambushed the Qing army in Fozi 'ao. The west road went out from Henggang to Shawan to attack the Orchid Temple and won a great victory. Further attacks on Shenzhen and Nantou were stopped. The rebels in the East Road won the battle in Hu Yong and Bengbu Fair. On the 22nd, they won and entered Sanduozhu. They camped in Baisha, and the team quickly grew to 20,000 people, many of whom were Hakkas with revolutionary traditions in the local area. Later, due to the dramatic changes in the situation, the original plan of getting assistance when attacking Xiamen could not be realized, and there was no further backup. When he was in trouble, Sun Yat-sen ordered Zheng Shiliang to "stop on his own", and the rebel army had to disband, leaving more than 1,000 foreign gunmen.