Cultural relics and historic sites in Maocun Town

The Tai Ruins (South of Tai Village, Sanbao Town, Neolithic Age, Han County Cultural Relics Protection Unit) is about 150 meters long from north to south, about 120 meters wide from east to west, and covers an area of ??about 15,000 square meters. A platform, about 2.5 meters high. Animal bones, antlers, perforated stone axes, stone chisels, pottery feet from the Longshan Culture, and corded tiles from the Han Dynasty have been found on the surface. ("Cultural Relics Reference Materials", Issue 8, 1957, "Archaeology", Issue 3, 1960)

The Qiuwan Site (southeast of Tanshan Village, Maocun Town, New Period, Shang and Zhou Dynasties) is located between two mountains. On the flat ground, it is about 75 meters long from north to south and 60 meters wide from east to west. It covers an area of ??about 4500 square meters and the cultural layer is about 2.5 meters thick. It was discovered in 1959 and excavated twice in 1960 and 1965, revealing an area of ??735 square meters. The connotation of the site includes the remains of Longshan Culture and Shang and Zhou Culture. The accumulation of the Longshan Culture is relatively thin. Residential remains such as fire ponds and bag-shaped kiln caves have been discovered. The unearthed artifacts include black pottery feet with sand, tripod feet with grimaces, black pottery fragments with eggshells, etc., as well as stone axes, adzes, knives, and clam sickles. , bone arrowheads, pottery spinning wheels and other production tools. The accumulation of Shang Dynasty culture is about 2 meters thick. The pottery is mainly made of muddy gray pottery, followed by sandy gray pottery. The majority of the decorations are thick cord patterns, and there are also additional pile patterns, string patterns, etc. The main shapes of utensils are Ge, Gui, Dou, pots and urns. There are also spinning wheels, bone needles, awls, clam saws, etc. The Western Zhou cultural layer is about 0.5 meters thick, and unearthed objects include pottery sherds such as Gezu, mussels, pig teeth, antlers, bronze knives, etc. The most important discovery at the site is the sacrificial remains of the Shang Dynasty. The center of the sacrificial offering is four large natural stones, surrounded by 20 human bones, 2 human skulls, and 12 dog skeletons. ("Archaeology" Issue 2, 1973)

The Caiqiu Site (Cultural Relics Protection Unit of Shang and Han County, South of Caiqiu Village, Maocun Town) is surrounded by mountains on the north and east sides, and is about 45 meters long from north to south. It is 40 meters wide from east to west and covers an area of ??about 1,800 square meters. It is a platform-shaped mound, about 5 meters high, and the cultural layer is more than 5 meters thick. Trial excavation was carried out in the autumn of 1957. From the cross-section, the upper part was the residential site of the Han Dynasty. Thin-handled pottery beans, pottery fragments, corded tiles, tube tiles, etc. were found in the lower part. Unearthed stones, corded pottery pots, cleats, and polished black leather were found in the lower part. Tao Dou and other Shang Dynasty relics. ("Cultural Relics Reference Materials" Issue 6, 1954, "Archaeology" Issue 3, 1960)

Qianlong Palace Site (North of Meizhuang Village, Maocun Town, Qing Dynasty) Qianlong, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, returned to Beijing by land from the south of the Yangtze River and stayed in Beijing The original scale of the temple was relatively large, covering an area of ??about 20,000 square meters, with more than 100 palaces and pavilions, and the existing main hall platform, ghostly stone lions, etc. The existing ruins cover an area of ??about 2,000 square meters.

The tomb of the Han and Chu kings in Beidongshan (South Slope of Beidongshan, Dongshan Village, Maocun Town, Western Han Dynasty) was discovered in 1954 and excavated in 1986. The tomb was built on the southern slope of Beidong Mountain, facing south. The remaining sealing earth is now about 10 meters high. The tomb consists of a tomb passage, a double gate, a corridor, a main tomb chamber, and an auxiliary tomb chamber. There are 19 tomb chambers, 7 niches in the tomb passage, and 1 corridor. The tomb covers an area of ??more than 430 square meters. The back section of the tomb passage and the corridor in front of the main tomb chamber are lined with stones. Block. More than 500 cultural relics were unearthed, including 2 pairs of gold belt hooks, more than 40 jade and bone vessels, and more than 70,000 "half liang" coins. A batch of valuable glass vessels were unearthed from the tomb, which are the earliest glass vessels discovered in my country. 222 colorfully painted guard figurines were unearthed from 7 niches in the tomb passage. Some of the figurines have the words "Langzhong" behind them, symbolizing the guard team of the King of Chu. It is more likely that the owner of the tomb is Liu Li, the fourth generation king of Chu Wen, or Liu Dao, the fifth generation king of Chu An. ("Cultural Relics" Issue 2, 1988, "Xuzhou Beidongshan Tomb of the King of Chu of the Western Han Dynasty" Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2003 edition)

Houloushan Tomb Group (Houloushan Village, Dongshan Village, Maocun Town·Western Han Dynasty) Tombs Located on Houlou Mountain to the north of the Tomb of the King of Chu in Beidong Mountain, it is a companion tomb for him. From 1991 to 1996, 7 tombs were excavated, all of which were stone pit tombs with vertical caves and chamber tombs. The shapes and structures were basically the same. The vertical caves were rectangular in the north-south direction, 3.3 to 3.6 meters long, 2.3 to 2.4 meters wide, and about 7 meters deep. The vertical hole is rammed with red clay, and 1 to 4 layers of stone slabs are placed between the rammed earth. A cave is dug under the south or north wall, and the entrance to the tomb is sealed with a stone slab or stone door. Most of the tombs are single-story, flat-topped, 3 to 3.7 meters long, 1.7 meters wide, and 1.6 to 1.7 meters high. Tomb No. 6 has a larger chamber, 4.45 meters long and 3.3 meters wide; Tomb No. 2 consists of a middle chamber, an east chamber and an ear chamber. The middle and east chambers are separated by wooden boards; the three tombs No. 1, 5 and 6 are preserved Complete, the rest were stolen. More than 300 burial objects were unearthed from 7 tombs, including pottery such as tripods, boxes, pots, francium, cocoon-shaped pots, basins, warehouses, stoves, wells, mills, pig pens, male and female figurines, and horses. Figurines, horse-riding figurines, etc.; bronze and iron artifacts include mirrors, seals, zithers, harps, swords, cauldrons, ring-headed knives, carriage utensils, etc.; jade artifacts include masks, pillows, heart-shaped jade pendants, cicadas, bis, sword ornaments, huangs and plugs, Silver threads, jade clothing pieces, etc.

The Dashan Tombs Group (on Dashan Village, Maocun Town, Han Dynasty) covers an area of ??about 50,000 square meters and has about 100 tombs. The mountains are mainly stone pit tombs from the middle and late Western Han Dynasty and brick and stone chamber tombs from the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the foot of the mountain are brick and stone tombs. Vertical cave tombs are generally small in scale, and some have cave chambers. The unearthed artifacts include bronze mirrors, "five baht" coins, pottery, etc. The tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty are all mixed brick and stone structures, consisting of front and back chambers. They are also small in scale and often have stone portraits. The portraits include architectural figures and rare birds and animals. Most of the tombs were robbed, and pottery stoves, wells, mills, buildings, plates, bronze mirrors, "five baht" coins, etc. were unearthed.

Da Shandong Eastern Han Dynasty Tomb (Northern Foot of Dashan, Dashan Village, Maocun Town, Eastern Han Dynasty, County Cultural Relics Protection Unit) was excavated in 1991. It is a portrait stone tomb with a mixed structure of masonry and stone, covering an area of ??about 25 square meters. The front room of the tomb is a stone structure, with 6 square portrait stones inlaid on the four walls, including geometric patterns, crosses piercing rings, two dragons piercing jade, etc. The back room of the tomb is built with blue bricks, and a small amount of "five baht" coins and pottery were unearthed.

Tanshan Tombs Group (Xifeng Mountain, Tanshan Village, Maocun Town, North of Tanshan, South of Xinmang - Eastern Han Dynasty) Three tombs were excavated in 1960, 1992 and 2000. The tombs are located under the northern slope of Xifeng Mountain and the southern slope of Tanshan Mountain. Most of them are small tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty with a mixed structure of masonry and stone. All of them were stolen. Tomb No. 1 is located on the north slope of Xifeng Mountain. It is a stone pit with a vertical cave tomb. The vertical cave is 3.5 meters long, 2.3 meters wide and 5.2 meters deep. It is filled with tamped soil and has a stone coffin at the bottom. The stone coffin is 3 meters long and 1.8 meters wide. , 1.24 meters high, with portraits carved on the inner wall, including buildings, evergreen trees, golden crows, crosses and jade, etc. The carving technique is Yin line carving. Buried artifacts include pottery tables, pig pens, towers, spoons, copper seals, "Daquan Fifty" and "Five Baht" coins, etc. ("Cultural Relics" No. 7, 8, and 9, 1960. "Archaeology" No. 3, 1996).

The stone tomb of Han portraits in Maocun (eastern foot of Fenghuang Mountain in Maocun Town, Eastern Han Dynasty, Provincial Cultural Relics Protection Unit) was excavated in 1952. The tomb is made of bluestone, with the tomb door facing east, from the front, middle and back. It consists of three side rooms on the north side and a corridor on the south side. The total length is 10.4 meters and the widest point is 6.9 meters. The front and middle chambers of the tomb are built with bluestones engraved with portraits, with a stacked roof structure and stone paving. There are 18 square stones of portraits, which include chariots and horses, immortals playing with animals, acrobatics, pavilions, etc. On the door of the Qian room is a 2.06-meter-long picture of chariots and horses, which is very spectacular. The upper right corner of the north wall of the front room is engraved with "You, April 13th, the fourth year of Xiping", which proves that the tomb was built in the fourth year of Xiping (175), the Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty. No funerary objects were found. ("Cultural Relics Reference Materials" Issue 1, 1953)

Fenghuang Mountain Tomb Group (Fenghuang Mountain in Maocun Town, Eastern Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties) Since the discovery of the Maocun portrait stone tomb in 1952, in 1965 , 1976, 1986, and 1999, many tombs from the Eastern Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties were discovered in the Fenghuang Mountain area. This area should be the burial place of past dynasties, and I will introduce a few of them.

Two tombs were excavated in Maocun Eastern Han Tombs (Fenghuang Mountain, Maocun Town, Han Dynasty) in 1986 and 1999. They are all single tomb chambers of masonry structure. Tomb No. 1 faces east, with a sloped tomb passage in front, 3.7 meters long, 1.3 meters wide, and 1.1 meters deep. The tomb door is 1.3 meters wide and is blocked by double stone doors. There are bas-relief images on the tomb door and lintel, and the content is paving. Title rings and geometric patterns. The tomb chamber is 3.4 meters long and 1.7 meters wide, and the roof has collapsed. Tomb No. 2 has a similar shape and structure. Both tombs were stolen in the early years, and glazed pottery stoves, pottery pots, pig pens, "five baht" coins, etc. were unearthed.

Maocun Sui Tombs (Maocun Fenghuang Mountain, Maocun Town, Sui Dynasty) Two tombs were excavated in 1976. They were rectangular vault-topped masonry tombs. They were both stolen in the early years. Tomb No. 1 was well preserved and long. 6.35 meters, 2.8 meters wide, the top of the voucher collapsed. Unearthed pottery horse-riding figurines, male attendant figurines, warrior figurines, civil servant figurines, female dancing figurines, female attendant figurines, human-faced bird-shaped figurines, tomb beasts, cattle, sheep, dogs, camels, chickens, stoves, celadon bowls, and bottles , pots and more than 50 pieces. There is also an epitaph covering one side, which is titled "Inscription of Zheng Gong, the envoy of Beizhou, the late Youguanglu doctor in the Great Sui Dynasty". ("Archaeology" Issue 2, 1983)

The Tang Dynasty Tomb in Maocun (Fenghuang Mountain, Maocun Town, Tang Dynasty) was cleared in 1965. It is a stone chamber tomb, divided into two main chambers, front and rear. The total length is 5.85 meters, the width is 3.2 meters, and the tomb direction is 58 degrees. The front room is approximately square. A side chamber is attached to the south wall. The back chamber is rectangular. The stacked tomb roof has been destroyed, and the entire tomb has been made of bluestone. The characters' clothing, birds and animals, buildings, shops and patterns on the six unearthed stone portraits all have strong characteristics of the Han Dynasty. The unearthed relics include Hu figurines, warrior figurines, servant figurines, female figurines, porcelain bowls and " "Kaiyuan Tongbao" and "Tianyou Tongbao" copper coins are typical Tang Dynasty artifacts. Therefore, this tomb was reburied by people of the Tang Dynasty using the original Eastern Han Dynasty tomb. ("Archaeology" Issue 4, 1980)

The Neihua Jin Tomb (South of Neihua Village, Maocun Town, Jin Dynasty) was investigated in 1993. It was found that the tomb was located in a dustpan-shaped mountain recess in the south of the village, and the tomb had been destroyed. They are two large-scale brick chamber tombs juxtaposed in the north and south. The tomb faces west. There is a long brick drainage ditch in front of the tomb. The specific structure is not clear. A large number of tomb bricks were found at the site, many with stenciled geometric patterns. About 20 pieces of pottery male and female figurines, pottery horses and pottery dogs were collected. ("Cultural Relics" Issue 3, 1999)

Weishan Tombs (Weishan Village, Maocun Town, Sui and Tang Dynasties) were excavated three times in 1992, 1993 and 1997 tombs containing 4 tombs. They are all brick chamber tombs with convex roofs. The chambers are rectangular or drum-shaped. There is a short corridor in front of the tomb, the door of the tomb faces north, and there are some raised coffin beds at the back of the tomb. The tomb bricks are often decorated with lotus, lotus seeds, flowers and plants. The unearthed artifacts are mainly placed in the front of the tomb. The three-color ware includes horses, camels, tomb-suppressing beasts, civil servants, kings, etc. The pottery includes civil servant figurines, warrior figurines, human-faced and bird-body figurines, male and female figurines, Tomb-killing animals, cows, camels, pigs, dogs, sheep, chickens, rabbits, wells, etc.; porcelain includes bowls, death jars, etc. Others include copper belt hooks, buckles, gold rings, talc pigs, stone epitaphs, etc.

(See "Archaeology" Issue 3, 1997, Issue 9, 1998)

The Banshan Han Tomb (Northern Fenghuang Mountain of Banshan Village, Maocun Town·Western Han Dynasty) was excavated in 1998. It is 0.6 meters high and 0.6 meters in diameter. About 5 meters long, the stone pit has a vertical hole structure. The vertical hole is 3.2 meters long, 0.8 meters wide and 6 meters deep. It is filled with compacted soil. There are traces of lacquered wooden coffins in the tomb, and all the burial objects were destroyed.

The "Huan Yu Stone Chamber" (Dongshan Village, Maocun Town, County Cultural Relics Protection Unit) is a hand-excavated cliff cave tomb. It is said that Huan Yu, the great Sima of the Song Dynasty, spent three years building it for himself in the late Spring and Autumn Period. The tomb chamber has a slope-type tomb passage. The tomb chamber is 6 meters wide, more than 12 meters deep, and covers an area of ??more than 80 square meters. Huanshan Mountain, where the stone chamber is located, was originally a tourist resort on the ancient Surabaya Road. The stone wall outside the tomb door is inscribed with the name "Huan Ming Stone Chamber" and inscriptions and poems by literati from the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. For example, in the third year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (1508), Fu Lun, the eunuch and eunuch of Guangdong, was sent to Xu Cao for transport. He carved a poem next to the stone chamber: "The spring breeze blows up to the top of Dongshan Mountain, and the fields are filled with clouds and smoke covering the blue sky. Cui Wei of the Brahma Temple has left ancient ruins, and the tomb rocks are deep and deep. Cold spring. There are several sounds of music in the air, and several catalpa trees are blooming. If you want to record your virtues, why should you look for flying immortals in Penglai?" When Su Dongpo was the governor of Xuzhou, he wrote poems such as "A Journey to Huan Mountain". Judging from its shape, it may be a Han Dynasty tomb. However, there are different opinions and further research is needed.

The Tongshan Section of the Grand Canal (Wuduan Village of Mapo Town to Maocun Town, Qiaobeitou to Xiaohuangshan·Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties) The Grand Canal in Xuzhou area was first dug in the Yuan Dynasty and completed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Xu boundary of the canal was silted up. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Yahe River and the Zhonghe River were excavated and dredged to form the Middle Canal. Today, the Tongshan section of the Grand Canal enters the county from Wuduan Village, Mapo Town, northeast of Tongshan County, and from Riva, Maocun Town. Fangcun passes through the northern part of Xuzhou City, then enters Tongshan County from Hongqi New Village, and then enters Jiawang District from Zhengzhou Coal Mine in Dahuangshan Town. The flow within the territory is about 28.5 kilometers, with the widest point being 120 meters and the narrowest point being 17 meters. The relevant cultural relics point has an internalization gate.

Neihua Gate (West of Neihua Village, Maocun Town, Ming Dynasty) The Grand Canal passes through Xujing. Due to the large gap between the upstream and downstream, a gate was built here in the Ming Dynasty to maintain a certain water level. The gate is 6 meters wide and made of bluestone, which still exists.

Qixuandong Grottoes (Hongli Village, Maocun Town, Ming Dynasty) is a limestone cave with an area of ??160 square meters. There are three Buddha statues carved there. 1.1 meters high, weathered and peeled, made of bluestone, carved in the Ming Dynasty. There is a stone arch bridge at the entrance of the cave, 10 meters long, 4 meters wide, with a clear span of 4 meters and a height of 3 meters. The inscriptions are "Qixuan Cave", each character is 0.8 meters square, "the main entrance of the cave in Jiajing Wushen (1548)", and "the stone arch was built by Suzhou stonemason Sun De on an auspicious day in the ninth year of Wanli (1581)".