Experience of survival in the wild

Outdoor survival skills

Outdoor survival skills: finding and collecting water

Life is inseparable from water. A normal person can live for three weeks without food, but without water , cannot survive for three days, so water should be given priority. Here are a few tips to help you quickly find or collect water in the wild.

1. The first choice for finding water sources is at the bottom of valleys. When looking for water in high mountain areas, you should look for it along rock cracks. Spring holes are often dug in dry rivers

and in gravel areas. .

2. On the coast, the pit should be dug above the highest waterline. There is likely to be a layer of sedimented water about 5 cm thick floating on the denser seawater layer.

3. When drinking water from water pools in depressions, it must first be disinfected, precipitated and then boiled for drinking.

4. Collect rainwater: Dig a hole in the ground, cover it with a layer of plastic, and surround it with clay to effectively collect rainwater.

5. Condensation water: Put a plastic bag on a twig with thick leaves. The transpiration from the leaf surface will produce condensation water.

6. Water sources can be found by following traces of animals, birds, insects, or humans.

7. Obtain water from plants: Water is often stored in the internodes of hollow plants such as bamboo, vines often have drinkable sap, and the fruits and stems of palms and cactus plants are rich in Moisture.

8. Solar still: Water can be better collected in arid desert areas by using the following method: dig a pit about 90 cm wide and 45 cm deep in the relatively moist ground, with the center of the bottom of the pit Place a water collector and hang an arc-shaped plastic film over the surface of the pit. Light energy increases the temperature of the moist soil and air in the pit, and evaporates to produce water vapor. When the water vapor comes into contact with the plastic film, it condenses into water droplets and slides down into the container.

Wildland survival skills: making fire in the wild

What can fire be used for? Cook food thoroughly. Correct answer! It also has many uses: the flame releases heat to produce warmth, which will save body heat loss; it can dry clothes; smoked meat can be kept fresh for a longer time; it can scare away dangerous beasts; its smoke can drive away pests and also It can smelt metal making tools... It's awesome. I'll teach you a few tricks on how to make a fire in the wild.

The first thing is to find flammable fire starters: such as dead grass, dry leaves, birch bark, pine needles, rosin, twigs, paper, cotton, etc.

The second step is to pick up dry firewood: dry, undecayed tree trunks or branches should be chosen for dry firewood. Try to choose hardwoods such as pine, oak, oak, birch, locust, mountain cherry, mountain apricot, etc., which have a long burning time, large fire intensity and a lot of charcoal. Do not pick up firewood close to the ground. Firewood close to the ground has high humidity, is difficult to burn, and smokes a lot.

The next step is to clear an open space that is sheltered from the wind, flat, and away from dead grass and dry firewood. Place the kindling in the middle, lightly place thin pine branches, thin dry firewood, etc. on top, then set up larger and longer firewood, and then light the kindling. The setting of the fire should be adapted to local conditions, and can be designed in a cone shape, a star shape, a "parallel" shape, a side-by-side shape, a roof shape, a pasture shape, etc. You can also use stones to prop up dry firewood or lean the dry firewood against the rock wall, place a attractor underneath and light it. Under normal circumstances, dig a pit about 1 meter in diameter and 30 centimeters deep in a sheltered area. If the ground is too hard to dig a hole, you can also find some rocks and form a circle. The size of the circle will depend on the size of the fire. Then place the leader in the middle of the circle, place some dry firewood on top, and light the leader to ignite the firewood to create a bonfire. If the dry firewood has not ignited when the fire starter is about to burn out, you should continue to add firelighters from the gaps in the dry firewood until the firewood is burning, instead of setting up new firewood to light the fire.

Finally, it is best to light a bonfire near water, or prepare some mud, sand, gravel, moss, etc. beside the bonfire for timely fire extinguishing.

Wild Survival Skills: Using Sleeping Bags

There are techniques for sleeping in sleeping bags. People who don't know how to "sleep" will feel cold even if they use an alpine sleeping bag (minus 35 degrees) at normal low temperatures (minus 5 degrees), so how can they sleep warmer? When using a sleeping bag, there are many external factors that affect the performance of the sleeping bag. It should be noted that the sleeping bag itself does not generate heat. It only effectively reduces body temperature loss. The following conditions will help you sleep warmer.

▲ Windproof and moisture-proof

In the wild, a windproof tent can provide a warm sleeping environment. When choosing a campsite, do not choose a valley bottom, where cold air gathers, and try to avoid ridges or valleys that are exposed to strong winds. A good moisture-proof pad can effectively separate the sleeping bag from the cold and wet ground. Inflatable ones are even better. Two ordinary moisture-proof pads are needed on snow.

▲ Keep the sleeping bag dry

The moisture absorbed by the sleeping bag does not mainly come from the outside world, but from the human body. Even in extremely cold conditions, the human body will still excrete at least a small cup during sleep. of moisture. When the insulation cotton gets wet, it will stick to each other and lose its elasticity, and its thermal insulation capacity will decrease. If the sleeping bag is used for many days, it is best to dry it in the sun. Cleaning your sleeping bag regularly will keep the insulation flexible.

▲ Wear more clothes

Some softer clothes can double as thickened pajamas. Filling the gap between the person and the sleeping bag can also enhance the warmth of the sleeping bag.

▲ Warm up before going to bed

The human body is the source of heat for the sleeping bag. If you do a short warm-up exercise or drink a cup of hot drink before going to bed, your body temperature will be slightly raised and help shorten the time. Warming time for the sleeping bag.

Wild Survival Skills: A Stand-Aid First Aid Kit

In the wild, no one can predict what will happen. A first aid kit can prolong your life, so be sure to carry it with you.

The first aid box stores the following items for basic first aid:

① Bandages

Different widths and materials to handle different areas and types of injuries.

Generally include:

Gauze rolling strip bandage: suitable for treating general wounds, mainly used as a fixed dressing.

Elastic rolling bandage: It is elastic. In addition to being used to treat wounds, it can also be used to treat general strains, sprains, varicose veins and other injuries to stabilize the injured limb and reduce swelling.

Triangular bandage: The triangular bandage can be used in its entirety or folded into bandages of different widths. Usually used as a hand hanger to support the upper limbs.

② Dressing

Made of several layers of gauze with a flexible texture. It is mainly used to cover wounds and absorb secretions; for wounds with heavy bleeding and secretions, thickening can be used to cover them.

③ Dressing package

The dressing package consists of a cotton pad and a rolling bandage. Cover the wound with a cotton pad (i.e. dressing) and secure it with the included rolling bandage.

④ Disinfection potions

Introducing the uses of several commonly used disinfectants:

1. Gentian violet (purple potion): accelerates wound scabbing and wound healing .

2. Mercurochrome (red solution): protects wounds and has antibacterial effects.

3. Alcohol and iodine: used for surface disinfection of non-mucosal wounds. It cannot be used to disinfect wounds.

4. Hydrogen peroxide: used for basic disinfection of contaminated mucous membranes or broken wounds.

⑤ Clean cotton balls

Used to clean wounds, soaked in disinfectant before use.

⑥ Disinfectant tape

Usually used to treat smaller wounds. Before applying the tape, you must make sure that the skin around the wound is dry and clean, otherwise it will not stick firmly.

⑦ Tape

Used to fix dressings, rolling bandages or triangular bandages

⑧ Various pills

Such as Contac, cold Tong, berberine, Niuhuang Jiedu Tablets, Bili Tong, Huoxiang Zhengqi Pills, stomach medicine, etc.

⑨ Snake medicine

Vacuum poison extractor, Shanghai snake medicine, Ji Desheng snake medicine

⑩ Others

Eye drops, ten thousand flower oil, hemostatic patches, cooling oil, carminative oil, etc.

Wild survival skills--how to find the correct route

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The skills of finding the correct route must be accumulated through daily outdoor activities. For example: develop the habit of referring to maps and compasses at any time, and actively observe the surrounding terrain and plants around you to determine the correct location.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. This is the most basic way to identify the direction. You can also use the stick shadow method to measure. When the sun is enough to form a shadow, erect a straight stick (more than 1 meter) on the flat ground, put a stone (or make other marks) on the top of the stick's shadow, and the stick The shadow will move with the movement of the sun. After 30-60 minutes, place another stone on top of the shadow of the stick again. Then draw a straight line between the two stones, and in the middle of this line draw a straight line that intersects it perpendicularly. Then step on the first marked point with your left foot and the second marked point with your right foot. At this time, the front of the standing person is due north, the back is due south, the right hand is east, and the left hand is west.

If you get lost on a cloudy day, you can get your bearings by looking at the growth of moss on trees or stones. In terms of trees in the Northern Hemisphere, the south is where the leaves grow thickest. If you cut a tree, the side with wider growth rings and the side with moss is the north.

Use the stars: In the northern hemisphere, Polaris is usually the target. The key to using the North Star to identify directions at night is to accurately find the North Star in the vast sea of ??stars. There are many ways to know the North Star. Here is a simple and effective one:

First look for the dipper-shaped Big Dipper (a), and extend the distance between the two stars on the handle of the dipper five times. Polaris (d) can be found on this straight line. The stars on these two handles are generally called key planets. If you can't see the Big Dipper, look for the Cassiopeia constellation (b) in the opposite direction. The Cassiopeia constellation is formed by five stars. They look like the shape of the English letter M or W tilted to one side. Draw a straight line from a star in the constellation Cassiopeia to find the North Star at almost the same distance from the Big Dipper to the North Star. The direction of Polaris is true north.

Looking at the direction with a watch: I want to know the direction but I don’t have a compass in my hand. In this case, you can use your watch to find your direction as long as the sun is shining.

Put the matchstick upright on the ground, and then place the watch horizontally on the ground. Overlap the shadow of the matchstick with the short hand. The direction of the twelve o'clock on the surface and the middle of the scale pointed by the short hand are south. , the opposite side is north.

If you don’t have any matches, you can use small branches instead to make your shadows more accurate. If you are engaged in challenging survival activities, remember to wear a watch. At this time, an ordinary watch is more valuable than a digital watch. Because the hour and minute hands on an ordinary watch will become an important tool for survival when necessary. When choosing a campsite

The first thing to consider is safety. In the wild, many accidents can happen. At lower altitudes, the dangers are much less, but the basic principles of campsite selection must still be followed.

1. Before setting up a tent, you must carefully survey the terrain. There should be no rolling stones, rolling logs or weathered rocks above the camp. Once you find signs of scattered rocks nearby, you must not set up a tent again, especially The closer you are to the rock wall, the more careful you should be, and try to avoid camping in concave places. If you find a rolling stone, you should immediately shout loudly to notify your traveling companions.

2. Do not build camps in areas prone to mudslides. Many rocks have traces of being wrapped in soil, which is the main sign of identifying a debris flow. Don’t choose a campsite too close to a debris flow channel.

3. Do not camp on the top of a mountain or in an open area during thunderstorms to avoid being struck by lightning.

4. Do not set up camps on riverbanks, riverbeds, streams and valleys during thunderstorms to prevent them from being washed away by sudden floods.

Many times, campsites will be located on ridges or on both sides of rivers to enjoy the scenery. An ideal camping site is nothing more than a river bank platform or a wide river bank. The sandy land is flat and dry, and there are clear water flows along the valley, as well as driftwood that can be used as fuel wood. When the weather is good, this is a very good camping site. However, if it rains heavily, the water in the valley is likely to suddenly surge, submerging the river banks into the water, washing away hiking shoes, food, etc., and even people together

5. Camping in the wild during the rainy season Before camping, you must pay attention to the climate and hydrological conditions of the local camping site and the upper reaches of the river. When camping, be careful to set up tents on high ground a few meters above the water. Do not choose rainwater channels, choose a place with good drainage, and choose a dangerous place. A possible escape route. When everything is settled, you need to always pay attention to the flow rate and turbidity of the water source, as well as the sound of running water. Once you feel something unusual, run away quickly. Late at night or when you are tired are the main causes of disaster, do not be careless or not careful.

Pitching a tent

1. Try to pitch your tent on hard, flat ground instead of camping on river banks or dry river beds.

2. The entrance of the tent should be leeward, and the tent should be away from hillsides with rolling rocks.

3. To prevent the tent from being flooded when it rains, a drainage ditch should be dug directly under the edge of the tent roof.

4. The four corners of the tent should be pressed down with big rocks.

5. Air circulation should be maintained in the tent, and fire should be prevented when cooking in the tent.

6. Before going to bed at night, check whether all the flames have been extinguished and whether the tent is firmly fixed.

7. To prevent insects from entering, sprinkle a circle of kerosene around the tent.

8. It is best for the tent to face south or southeast so that you can see the early morning sunshine. Try not to set the camp on a ridge or a mountain top.

9. At least there should be a groove in the ground and not placed next to a stream, so that it won’t be too cold at night.

10. Choose a campsite with good drainage such as sand, grass, or debris.

Close to water

The camp should choose a place close to the water source. This can not only ensure water for cooking and drinking, but also provide water for washing. If it is far away from the water source, it will bring problems to the camp. A lot of inconvenience and even danger. However, in deep mountains and dense forests, you may encounter wild animals near water sources, so be extra careful.

Leeward

The wind will quickly take away the heat of the human body, causing people to feel cold, and even cause diseases. At the same time, strong winds will sweep away the tents, or at least make it difficult for people to rest and light bonfires. It is even more difficult, and it is difficult to guarantee cooking and heating, so the camp must be sheltered from the wind. It is best to be in the lee of a hill, in a forest or forest edge clearing, in a cave, on the side of a ridge, under a rock, etc.

Prevent animals

When building a camp, carefully observe whether there are any traces, feces and nests of wild beasts around the camp. Do not build in an area with many snakes and rats to prevent injury to people or damage to equipment. facility. It is necessary to have mosquito, insect and scorpion repellent drugs and protective measures. Spreading some plant ash around the camp will be very effective in preventing the infestation of snakes, scorpions and poisonous insects.

Sunshine

The camp should be located in a place with longer sunshine hours as much as possible. This will make the camp warmer, dryer and cleaner, making it easier to dry clothes, belongings and equipment.

Flat

The ground of the camp should be flat, without tree roots, grass roots, sharp rocks and debris, and without unevenness or slopes, which may damage equipment or injure personnel. It will also affect the quality of personnel's rest.

Finally, please note: in the wild, you must protect the natural environment, do not harm wild animals, do not cut down trees, do not destroy natural vegetation, and do not pollute water sources. When vacating the camp, you must completely extinguish the fire and remove any garbage. Take it out as much as possible and throw it in a designated place. If it cannot be taken away under special circumstances, you can dig a hole and bury the garbage.

How to cook without cooking utensils

In distress conditions, it is best to have one hot meal every day.

Cooked food has the characteristics of regulating the gastrointestinal tract, disinfecting and sterilizing, and easily absorbing nutrients. But in many cases, survivors often do not have cooking utensils to cook food, so they have to change their cooking habits. The following method is simple and effective, so give it a try.

⑴. Charcoal grilled food

Plant roots, fish, birds, freshwater mussels and many other foods can be grilled directly over charcoal fire. Before baking, you can wrap it in a layer of clay or wrap it in a layer of leaves. This method will never burn the food.

Using this method, you don’t need to pluck the hair, remove the internal organs, or scrape the scales of the fish. After the food is completely cooked, you only need to peel off the mud covering the outside, and the hair and scales can be removed. go.

⑵. Campfire roasting

Put small pieces of wild animals, small fish, birds, and plant roots on wet sticks or twigs, and bake them directly on the campfire.

⑶. Hot stone steaming

This is the ancient "clam steaming method" and the effect is good. The method is to bake the food with shells directly on the hot stones or in the middle of the stones (some meats are wrapped in leaves or grass), and then cover them with a layer of sand or soil. After the food is cooked, when the soil is peeled off, clams, oysters and other objects will open their mouths and can be eaten.

⑷． Pit roasting

First dig a 30-40 cm deep pit in the mud, place meat, bird eggs, roots and shellfish at the bottom of the pit, and put green plant leaves in the pit. , grass or cloth that can keep food clean. Then cover the small pit with a layer of sand or soil 2 cm thick and set the fire on top. But don't burn the meat in a pile of leaves, as it will produce a smoky smell.

⑸． Crock pot cooking

Use soil to make an earthen crock pot to cook food, line the inside with a layer of foil, then put clean water and the food to be cooked in, then add heated stones until the water It's open. Cover with a large green leaf for at least 1 hour until food is fully cooked.

This year is really a disaster year for outdoor sports. Accidents always happen, some are accidental, but more mishaps come directly from recklessness, arrogance, and lack of experience. I don’t have money to climb snow-capped mountains, and I don’t know how to rock climb. I just wandered around the Qinling Mountains for a while, and my courage became less and less. I felt more and more that I had no head and six arms, and no god’s protection. I was just an ordinary person. People, there is no telling which day "the hounds will eventually die on the mountain."

In spring, summer, autumn and winter, rain, snow, wind and frost, I have a little understanding of this big mountain. I have written some experiences. These things are very general in the "survival manuals" on the street. Here Regarding the refinement and deepening of Qinling, I hope that novices will take a closer look and veterans will help make corrections and additions.

Generally speaking, the dangers of general outdoor sports in the Qinling Mountains are very small, and they are nothing more than backpacking, camping, and picnics. However, in rare cases, some unexpected situations will occur. What I call wilderness survival Self-rescue refers to necessary measures under such extraordinary circumstances.

The Guangyi Qinling Mountains are more than 1,600 kilometers from east to west and tens to more than 200 kilometers from north to south. They are sparsely populated, rich in vegetation, frequent wild animal activities, and the overall terrain and weather conditions are very complex. It is a paradise for low-altitude mountaineering. .

General distress situations include the following situations: 1. Getting lost. Judging from the previous mountain disasters in the Qinling area, more than 60% of outdoor tragedies directly caused by getting lost account for more than 60%. The compass can solve it.

First of all, the use of the compass must be coordinated with large-scale military maps, which are difficult for ordinary people to obtain due to confidentiality reasons.

Second, the specific use of the compass and the map for field positioning requires a certain theoretical foundation and rich practical experience, which is difficult for novices to master.

Third, even if one's location is determined, how to reach a safe area or supply point is still a complicated problem, and it is far from as simple as connecting two points for granted.

From a practical point of view, first of all, try to avoid getting lost. At significant terrain points along the road (such as river bends, conspicuous big trees or strange rocks, etc.), pay attention to observation from multiple angles to avoid being unable to find your way back. identify. Note the approximate time spent between feature points. To mark each fork in the road, self-spray paint is more conspicuous, but it is not very environmentally friendly. You can use a red yarn about 10cm long and hang it on a roadside branch, which is conspicuous and convenient. In the Shihai area with an altitude of more than 3,200 meters, if the weather is bad, the visibility will be greatly reduced, and it is very easy to lose your way. There are no branches to hang wool. It is recommended to use self-spray paint to mark arrows 10 meters apart.

Second, how to find the road? We often encounter some bifurcation points and don’t know which way to go. At this time, we not only need to mark the road, but also pay attention to the analysis of the road situation, simply based on the terrain and target points. Determine the choice of road based on the relationship. To be specific, if the place you want to go is in the north, you usually will not choose the fork road to the south. If you want to go up the mountain, you will not choose the fork road going down. On some forked roads, the directions of the roads are generally the same. Then you need to use your eyes to analyze carefully to see which road may be frequently used by people. Analyze the branches hanging on the roadside, the growth of weeds on the roadside, and whether there are obvious human footprints on the ground. , I believe it is not difficult to judge the number of leaves accumulated. If that doesn't work, just pick one and explore a few hundred meters forward, and you'll usually get the result.

Third, what should you do if you get lost?

There are two specific cases here. In May 2001, five students from Tianjin University got lost on the southern slope of Taibai. Two boys went down the mountain to find their way after dark, and one of them unfortunately fell off a cliff and died. In May 2002, a man in Shanghai got lost on the southern slope of Taibai. He left his equipment behind to find his way. As a result, neither the road nor the equipment could be found. He froze and starved to death in the snowstorm.

There are 198 more? In 2006, five men from the Xianyang Blower Factory got lost on the southern slope of Taibai and failed to find their way properly, resulting in three deaths.

Once you get lost, remember to stay calm and carry all the equipment necessary for survival with you. Never split up to find your way. First find a suitable, dry and sheltered camping or resting spot nearby, and carefully analyze your possible location. , Never find your way in the dark. When visibility is extremely poor in rain, snow, fog, you should rest on the spot, pay attention to maintaining body temperature, and camp on the spot if necessary, waiting for the bad weather to improve.

In October 2001, a Nanjing man got lost on the southern slope of Taibai and camped on the spot. After dawn, he found the correct path and escaped safely. After the weather improves, if you still can't find the way you came, pay attention to find valleys to go down. Generally, there are streams in the Qinling valleys, and you can go down along the streams. First, you don't have to worry about water supply. Second, walking is much easier than in the jungle. Third, you don't have to worry about water supply. Third, there will be basically no detours and no need to worry about getting lost again. Fourth, you must meet villages or roads along streams.

Of course, sometimes the stream is not so easy to walk, but if you walk along the stream, you can definitely get out. Generally, the normal speed is as little as one day and no longer than 3 days. Remember, once the descent route is selected, it must be strictly followed to the end. Changes in the plan midway will only bring more surprises. All personnel must also be firm in determination and must not waver. Generally speaking, the human body is much more resistant than the human psychological endurance. When a person is desperate, death is not far away. 2. Wild beasts. When mentioning the dangers of the mountains, the first question that comes to mind is wild beasts. In fact, in today’s environment, the chance of being injured by a wild beast is no greater than the chance of getting into an accident while driving on the highway. Today’s wild beasts are generally He is still very shy and too lazy to make enemies with others, but if he does encounter him, he should be prepared just in case.

To analyze specifically, one pig, two bears, and three tigers are the rankings of mountain people in terms of danger. However, there is an additional specialty in the Qinling Mountains - takin, which can be called a super killer.

It is difficult for ordinary people to imagine the ferocity of wild boars. In fact, you can often see patches of overturned ground and downed trees in the mountains. This is caused by wild boars, and the number of wild boars is also quite objective. The chance of encountering them is very high. Groups of wild boars are not scary. They feel safe and you can sit back and relax even if they surround you. A single wild boar is extremely ferocious. It regards humans as natural enemies and will kill them with its big tusks. Therefore, once you encounter such a lonely killer, you must not panic and stay put. Generally, wild boars will behave manically at this time. Don't do anything, don't squat down, this is an attack signal for it, don't stimulate it, face the wild boar and slowly back away until you are out of its sight. Don't expect to be able to deal with it with any weapon other than a gun.

Everyone knows the power of bear. It will disappear with just one slap. It usually lives in areas with an altitude of 1000M-2000M. However, it is not very aggressive compared to wild boar, and will attack it in advance. You issue a warning, giving you enough time to escape. However, a mother bear with her cubs, this mother killer, instinctively will chase and kill anyone who breaks into her field of vision. Don’t expect her two legs to be able to escape. It can run faster than it can on four legs, unless it doesn't intend to catch you at all. Once it chases you, so far I have not heard of any other way to save life except climbing a tree. In 1998, a peasant woman in Zhouzhi County was attacked by it and she pretended to be dead. As a result, I was tortured for most of the day and almost died due to excessive blood loss. Therefore, it is better not to try this method unless it is absolutely necessary. There are no tigers in the Qinling Mountains anymore, unless one escapes from the zoo.

Takin, the most docile one in appearance, is the most dangerous one in the Qinling Mountains. It looks like a sheep and a bull, a killer with a smile. There are activities at all altitudes in the Qinling Mountains. Basically, there is a mountain man every year. Unfortunately, in spring, due to the lack of food in the mountains, they often go to valleys around 1,500 meters for food. This is also the time when they are most likely to injure people. Herds of takin are not dangerous. The trouble is that almost all the takin that are left alone are injured and defeated. Adult bulls have an irritable temperament and usually gore people to death. Judging from the limited experience gained, calming down, retreating slowly, and not irritating it seems to be the only feasible method. There is also a legend that I don’t know whether it’s true or not. The takin are known as “guardians of the forest” and will stamp out bonfires whenever they see them. However, I think it’s better to light a fire when it’s time. Other wolves, jackals, leopards, these little guys can only protect themselves these days, and generally can't hurt anyone, unless you walk alone in the dark at night, but I believe there are not many mountain friends who are so courageous.

The above situations are all likely to be encountered on the road. When camping at night, unless you are stupid enough to pitch your tent in a beast's den, out of instinct, the animals will never attack the tent and will circle around the tent twice at most, because the dinner is Food residue may attract it, so remember to put backpack food and other items in the tent to prevent it from being eaten, and then you can sleep peacefully. Putting a knife next to the pillow will most likely only cause self-harm or hurt you. Similar things happened in Xinjiang in August 2001. A sleeping person nervously mistook the sound of the wind for the roar of a wild beast, and in a daze, stabbed the next to him (fortunately, he didn't kill him). This shows that humans are The most ferocious!

3. Floods bully mountains, not water. The flash floods in early June in the Qinling Mountains this year must be fresh in everyone's memory. June to September every year is the rainy season in the Qinling Mountains. A heavy rain overnight may cause flash floods. Therefore, , the chance of being trapped in the mountains by floods is still very high. A specific analysis shows that the problem of Shenzhen’s 519 mountain disaster lies in the campsite. Compared with the Qinling Mountains, it is generally very safe to camp at a place above three meters above the water surface, and the further upstream you go, the closer you can be to the water surface. Of course, it must be specific. Analyze to see if there are any signs of flooding at the campsite. Once there is a heavy rain at night, you must remain alert and pay attention to changes in water conditions. Once a flood occurs, the most likely situation is to be trapped in a campsite by a river valley. The river that can be waded through when it comes is obviously no longer passable. At this time, the specific situation must be analyzed in detail. If the water is still rising, It may threaten your nest, so don't say anything and move quickly. If the weather has cleared up, you can stay there for two days. Generally speaking, it takes about one to two days for the water to return to its original state. It is to cultivate one's moral character and cultivate one's nature. If it's still raining, it's a bit troublesome. 3-5 days of continuous rain is normal in the rainy season. Calculate your food and fuel and your physical fitness. If you have enough fuel and food, just stay there. If you don't, You must consider leaving quickly and rush out of the danger zone while your physical strength is still sufficient. Waiting with a fluke will only lead to a decline in physical fitness and a loss of confidence. Descending along the stream, walking on the mountainside beside the stream, you can definitely go out. You can go up as you see fit, go up when you need to, and go down when you need to. If you encounter cliffs, you can go around or in a roundabout way. As long as you maintain confidence, you can always go. However, sometimes crossing the river is unavoidable. At this time, at least two people can cross the river safely. One person will tie the rope and one person will protect it. Note that the mixed water is a rapid flow and the clear water is a slow flow. A walking stick will be much more stable. , the water is waist deep and the river is more than 10 meters wide, 99% of the time it is impossible to cross the river. Choose a narrower part of the river to cut down trees and build a bridge to cross the river. The water is knee-deep. Choose a place with more protruding stones in the river bed to cross the river (it is easier to hold your feet against the water). ), and sometimes it is convenient to "cross the river by feeling for the stones". At certain times, you can choose the "Great Leap Forward", choose a large stone that is easy to climb in the lower reaches of the water, use the current and pay attention to the paddling of your hands and feet to reach it in a diagonal direction, and then go down in sequence, which is more difficult. Take small steps and walk slowly, but be aware that you will lose body temperature rapidly if you stay in the water for too long. Pay attention to being prepared for bathing, and make sure that the things that need to be protected are waterproof in advance. Generally, water cannot enter the backpack within 10 seconds of falling into the water. Pay attention to the balance of the center of gravity of the backpack. Be very careful that your sleeping bag and spare clothes to keep out the cold at night must not get wet. You can consider sealing them with strong plastic bags and tape. Of course, it would be better to have waterproof bags. Finally, please note that it is best not to cross the river barefoot. If your shoes get wet, you can dry them. If the soles of your feet are scratched, it will affect your walking.

4. Hypothermia is the most direct cause of death in the mountains and wilderness, that is, a sharp drop in body surface temperature leads to the death of an individual. It sounds simple, just eat well and wear warm clothes, but In the complex environment of mountains and wilderness, you always need to pay attention. Specific analysis shows that the probability of being hit by a snowstorm during mountaineering in the Qinling Mountains in winter and spring is not small. Even at low altitudes, it is not difficult to take shelter from the wind and camp under the cover of vegetation. Once you are trapped in the stone sea area with an altitude of more than 3,000 meters, you will have no shelter. No matter how good a windbreaker you wear, your body temperature will still be taken away bit by bit by the ruthless mountain wind. Everyone must be familiar with this kind of terrain. It is almost difficult to find a place to set up a tent. Moreover, the wind resistance of general tents is not very good, so you can just get into the tent directly. There is no need to set it up. , there is no tent, so the mountain people use a large piece of oilcloth or a military raincoat instead, which has little effect. This way, they have a space to protect themselves from wind and snow. Then they get into a sleeping bag or put on all their clothes, and put all the plastic bags Sandwiched in the inner layer of clothes, it is not breathable but can maintain body temperature as much as possible. Eat something when you feel cold. It is not difficult to save your life. But if like Hua Zhengrong, all the equipment is lost, then there is really nothing to do. In summer and autumn, the temperature in the mountains is still very low at night. If your clothes and sleeping bags accidentally get wet when crossing a river or in heavy rain, it will still be very difficult to endure at night. If you cannot make a fire because of heavy rain, then, first of all, set up a shelter, even if If you have a tent, you should also take into account small leaks. After all, most tents on the market are not particularly rainproof. Therefore, it is best to use the trunks of several trees as a basis to pull ropes around the small branches. Small bamboos are placed neatly on top, piled into a roof shape, covered with a large piece of plastic sheet, and then pressed with a layer of bamboo. In this way, you can set up the tent below without any trouble, and you will also have some space outside the tent to move around. If it is not convenient to dig drainage ditches, placing a few layers of bamboo under the tent will also work well.

Then, you must not get into a sleeping bag with wet clothes or strip naked. A general vacuum cotton sleeping bag can still keep heat as long as it is not extremely wet. You can burn a gas or alcohol stove in the tent to increase the temperature, but it is only a temporary measure. If that doesn't work, use the most primitive way, naked and hug your fellow human to keep warm. Don't be shy. The effect is generally good. Making a fire is almost the most important skill that every outdoor enthusiast must master. The best way to deal with hypothermia is to start a fire. Mountain people can easily light a pile of wet wood with a few matches. For most people, It is impossible to do this. The way is to prepare a small plastic bottle of alcohol or a bottle of sawdust soaked in kerosene, which are both light and easy to use. You should also pay attention to the source of fire. Bring a few disposable lighters and prepare an extra box of sealed matches in case of emergency. Don’t be superstitious about ZIPPO. After lighting, pay attention to the way the firewood is placed. If you need to have an unattended "overnight fire" for a long time, the method is to arrange the large logs neatly and stack them directly above the fire, leaving only a small gap. This way, usually the next morning You can still see a little faint charcoal fire. The mountain people who collected herbs did not have tents or sleeping bags, so they basically curled up next to the "night fire" and slept like this.