Cultivation techniques of Tenebrio molitor

It takes about 3-7 days for pupae to emerge as adults. The head, chest, feet and wings emerge first, and the abdomen and tail emerge later. Because pupae are picked and feathered synchronously, they can all feather in a few days. The newly emerged adult is very immature and inactive. After about 5 days, their body color darkened and their sheath wings hardened. Male and female adult populations usually mate in the dark and have a long mating time. When laying eggs, the tail of the female insect is inserted into the sieve hole to produce, and it is best not to stir at will during this period. When a layer of eggs is found attached to the bottom of the sieve tray, the sieve tray can be replaced. At this point, after screening the eggs, put the adults into another plate full of feed and take out the dead worms. Change the egg tray every 5-7 days. The survival period of adults is about 50 days, and adults in spawning period need a lot of nutrition and water, so wheat bran and vegetables must be added in time, and fish meal can also be added. If the nutrition is insufficient, adults will bite each other and cause losses.

(2) Egg stage

Adults lay eggs in wooden trays filled with feed. Put a wooden tray full of eggs on the shelf, and the larvae can hatch naturally. Observe carefully and don't turn it over to avoid damaging eggs or hatching larvae. When the larval skin appears on the feed surface, 1 instar larvae are born.

(3) Larval stage

The period from egg hatching to larva and before pupation is called larval stage, and larvae of all ages are the best feed for Rana chensinensis in China.

Incubate for 7-9 days, and when the molting length of the worm is more than 0.5cm, add wheat bran and fresh vegetables. Put 1kg larvae on each wooden tray, and the density should not be too high to prevent insects from biting each other due to insufficient feed and extrusion. The larvae are divided into plates in time when they grow up.

Wheat bran is not only the main feed for larvae, but also a shelter. Therefore, feed should keep its natural temperature. In general, when the temperature is high, larvae mostly move on the surface of feed, and when the temperature is low, they crawl into the lower layer to live. The feed thickness in wooden pallet is less than 5cm. When the feed is gradually reduced, screen out the insect dung with a sieve and add new feed. 1-2 instar larvae should use a 60-mesh screen to prevent the larvae from leaking out of the screen holes. First, prepare a wooden tray with new feed, and put the screened larvae into the wooden tray while sieving.

The growth of Tenebrio molitor larvae must break through the outer skin (molting) and grow up after molting again and again. The larva molts seven times, each molting makes the worm grow, and the larva 1 year. Molting once every 9 days on average. When the larvae molt, the epidermis first splits from the back seam of the chest, and then the head, chest and feet gradually fall off. Larvae generally molt on the feed surface and enter the feed after molting. The newly molted larvae are milky white with tender and smooth skin.

(4) Pupal stage

Larvae pupate on the surface of feed. Before pupating, the larvae climb to the top of the feed, and after standing still, the worms slowly expand and contract, and pupate in the last molting process. The pupation can be completed in a few seconds. The newly formed pupa is white and yellow, the pupa body is slightly longer, the abdominal segment wriggles, and the pupa body gradually becomes shorter and dark yellow.

There are differences between larvae, which are manifested in the time of pupation and the strength of individual ability The newly formed pupae and larvae live in a wooden tray, and the pupae are easily bitten by the larvae to break the chest and abdomen, eat the internal organs and become empty shells; Some pupae are infected by virus in the process of pupation, and become dead pupae after pupation, which needs to be checked frequently. It is found that this situation can be disinfected by spraying space with 0.3 10-6 bleaching powder solution. At the same time, the dead pupae will be picked out and disposed of in time. When picking pupae, put them in the same sieve tray with feed, adhere to synchronous reproduction, and concentrate on emergence into adults.

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management measure

Three forms of Tenebrio molitor In the process of Tenebrio molitor breeding, it is very important to master the breeding technology and management measures, which are related to the breeding speed, body weight and economic benefits of Tenebrio molitor.

(a) Non-breeders are prohibited from entering the feeding room. If you have to enter the room, you must disinfect it with quicklime outside the door.

(2) Four metamorphosis is an important link in the life history of Tenebrio molitor. If we master the abnormal time, shape and characteristics of each link, we can master the breeding technology.

(3) Feed should be fresh, bran should not deteriorate, and vegetables should not rot.

(4) In larval stage, molting, changing feed, screening manure in time and adding new feed every time. There are eggs and insect dung at the bottom of the feed in adult stage, which is easy to get moldy, so it is necessary to change the plate in time.

(5) In order to speed up reproduction and growth, glucose powder, vitamin powder and fish meal should be properly added to the feed of larvae and emerging adults. Feed fresh vegetables every day.

(six) the breeder should check the situation of each insect stage every day. If pests and dead insects are found, they should be removed in time to prevent bacterial infection.

(seven) Tenebrio molitor breeding should be carried out as planned. The number of insects raised should be connected with the number of Rana chensinensis in China, and the number of larvae of each age should be recorded completely to ensure the success of Tenebrio molitor feeding.

It costs little to raise Tenebrio molitor with abandoned crop stalks in rural areas. 3-5 kg of straw powder with a small amount of wheat bran, corn flour and a small amount of vegetable leaves can raise one kg of commercial insects.

Male and female adults of school age are paired together and raised in the same plastic basin, which can not only improve the labor productivity of breeders, but also strengthen feeding management and ensure the synchronous development of various production performances. After mating, Tenebrio molitor usually begins to lay eggs in 3 ~ 4 days. Because the whole group of adults bred at the right age are paired at the same time, the result of synchronous spawning will occur. The specific time is usually 7 ~ 10 days, and the eggs are screened once after 7 days at a suitable temperature. When screening eggs, we should first screen the feed and other sundries in the basin to prevent individual eggs or larvae from being stored in the basin, and then put the egg receiving paper into a plastic basin or move it to an incubator. The specifications of the incubator are the same as those of the adult spawning box, and the bottom is a wooden board. Incubators can hatch eggs in 2 ~ 3 egg boxes or 2 ~ 3 plastic pots, but they should be stacked in layers, with 3 ~ 4 wooden strips between layers for ventilation. In the dry season, eggs should be covered with a layer of leaves. All eggs can hatch into larvae in a box or jar within 10 days. Synchronous feeding puts the hatched larvae into the feeding room for artificial feeding. The feeding room should be disinfected and cleaned, and a feeding rack should be installed. Plastic pots should be put on the shelf, and 0.4 ~ 0.5 kg of mixed feed should be added to the pots. Generally, 0. 15 ~ 0.2 kg larvae should be put in each pot.

Adjust the feed formula and feeding amount of larvae according to different ages. The feed ratio of larvae is 85% wheat sugar and 15% corn flour. Reasonable feed ratio is beneficial to the growth and development of Tenebrio molitor and can also save feed. If you only give some roughage, you can only maintain growth, which will hinder growth, slow down development, make the worm easily degenerate, make the individual smaller, and reduce the reproductive rate. Usually some green leaves, radish slices, watermelon skins, young leaves and so on. Supplementary water should be given, but in moderation. After the sixth instar, it should be divided into two pots, each pot is still 0. 1.5 ~ 0.2 kg. The feed ratio is 80% corn stalk powder and 20% wheat bran, and it can also be fed daily, which is convenient for grasping the feeding and growth of larvae. General 1kg worms need 2.5 kg feed when they reach the eighth instar, which is less than the original 1kg. Remove feces with a sieve every 3-5 days, pay attention to heat preservation in winter and spring, and pay attention to ventilation and cooling when it is hot in summer.

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market prospect

1. The low profit of Tenebrio molitor breeding industry leads to the lack of a large number of funds and talents, and there is a big gap between R&D and sales talents in catering.

2. Regarding the consumption orientation of Tenebrio molitor dishes, as a common ingredient, the promotion effect is not ideal due to the restriction of eating habits and the thinking of small restaurant owners. If it is positioned in high-end catering, the output of Tenebrio molitor larvae is relatively large, and there is no better way to live, transport and preserve pupae, but some farmhouse music and some insect-themed catering methods are better.

3. Tenebrio molitor is rich in this internal protein, which can be used as a sustainable source of protein to replace the current fish meal. Another problem is that the desensitization process of Entoprotein is complicated, and a few people have slight skin allergy after eating a lot, so the selectivity is limited. At present, Tenebrio molitor as a health care product is still not the best choice. We try to find out the gene points that affect the desensitization of endogenous proteins. If Ento allergy gene is removed, there will be a huge market for eating Tenebrio molitor protein powder.

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Eliminate pests and diseases

First, how to control Tenebrio molitor blight

(1) Etiology: The main reasons are dry air, high temperature and low water content in feed, which makes Tenebrio molitor seriously short of water. Generally, when it is heated by a coal stove in winter, or it doesn't rain for a few days in hot summer (above 39℃), it is easy to have such symptoms.

(2) Symptoms: It starts to dry from the head and tail, and then slowly develops to dryness and stiffness and dies. After larvae and pupae suffer from blight, they can be divided into two manifestations: "yellow blight" and "black blight" according to whether the worms are deteriorated or not. "Yellow withered" refers to dead insects that are yellow in color but not deteriorated (see color pictures 66 and 67); "Black blight" refers to dead insects that have turned black and deteriorated (see color pictures 68 and 69).

(3) Prevention: In hot summer, the feeding box should be placed in a cool and ventilated place, or doors and windows should be opened for ventilation, various vitamins and green feed should be supplemented in time, and water should be sprinkled on the ground to cool down to prevent the occurrence of this disease. When heating with a coal stove in winter, always use a thermometer to measure the air humidity in the feeding room. Once it is lower than 55%, it is necessary to sprinkle water on the ground to moisten it, or increase the moisture in the feed, or give more green feed to prevent the disease. (4) The dry and blackened Tenebrio molitor should be picked out and thrown away in time to prevent healthy insects from getting sick if swallowed.

Second, how to control Tenebrio molitor rot (soft rot)

(1) The disease mostly occurs in rainy season with high humidity and low temperature. Because the air in the feeding place is humid, it is not easy to sieve, the insect body is injured by excessive force, and the feces and feed are polluted by poor management.

(2) Symptoms: The symptoms are slow movement of pests and diseases, loss of appetite, few litters and black stools. In severe cases, worms will turn black, soften, rot and die (see color pictures 68 and 69). Black excrement discharged by pests and diseases will also pollute other insects, and if it is not treated in time, it will even lead to the death of the whole box of insects. It is a serious disease and the main disease to be prevented in summer.

(3) Prevention and control: After discovering this situation, we should immediately reduce or stop feeding green vegetable feed, clean up the feces of pests and diseases in time, open doors and windows for ventilation and dehumidification, and pick out soft and black pests and diseases in time. If the indoor humidity is high and the temperature is low in continuous rainy days, the combustible coal stove will heat up and drive out the tide.

Drug control measures: each box can be fed with 0.25g chloramphenicol or oxytetracycline mixed with soybean flour or 250g corn flour, and then fed with wheat bran mixed with green material after the situation improves.

Third, how to prevent Tenebrio molitor blackhead disease?

(1) Etiology: According to our daily observation, the cause of blackhead disease is caused by Tenebrio molitor eating its own feces. This is related to farmers' improper management or ignorance of farming techniques. The green feed was put in the insect manure without screening, which led to the mixture of insect manure and green feed and was eaten by Tenebrio molitor and became sick.

(2) Symptoms: It turns black from the beginning, and then gradually spreads to the whole limb and dies (see color picture 72). Some people will die if their heads are black. After death, worms are usually dry or rotten (some people think that blackhead disease belongs to dry disease).

(3) Prevention: This disease is caused by human beings, and it can be avoided by improving the sense of responsibility or mastering feeding techniques.

(4) The dead Tenebrio molitor has deteriorated, so it should be picked out and thrown away in time to prevent it from being eaten by healthy insects and getting sick.

Fourth, how to prevent and control mite infestation

Mites can be said to be the most tenacious animals in the animal kingdom, with amazing reproductive ability, which can infringe on most animals and even people.

The adult mite is less than 1 mm in length, soft, arched, gray, translucent and shiny. There are several bristles on the whole body surface, and there are 4 pairs of them. Young mites have three pairs of feet, and when they grow into nymphs, they have four pairs of feet. Nymphs are very similar to adult mites. High temperature, high humidity and adequate food are the environment and material conditions for the growth of mites. Under these conditions, mites produce one generation every 15 days, and each female mite can lay 200 eggs, which shows its strong fecundity.

The mites that harm Tenebrio molitor are mainly acaroid mites, which are called "chaff lice", "white lice" and "lice". It is easy to breed in rice bran and wheat bran in summer and autumn, which makes feed deteriorate. If the rice bran with mites is brought into the box during feeding, it is rich in nutrition and extremely fertile for mites under suitable environmental conditions of high temperature and high humidity, and can propagate, develop and spread to all feeding boxes in a short time. (See map of acaroid mites)

(1) Etiology: Generally, acariasis is easy to occur in July and September when the temperature and humidity are high. The main reason of mite damage is that the bait carries mite eggs.

(2) Symptoms: Generally, mites live on the feed surface. Groups of white reptile mites can be found, parasitic on deteriorated feed and decaying worms. They feed on Tenebrio molitor eggs, bite or eat weak larvae and middle molting larvae, and pollute feed. Even if you can't eat Tenebrio molitor, it will disturb insects day and night, making them weaker and weaker, losing appetite and dying one after another.

(3) Prevention and control:

1) Selection of healthy species: When selecting species, individuals with strong activity and no disease should be selected.

2) Prevention of disease entrance: For Tenebrio molitor bait, there should be no miscellaneous insects and mildew, and it should be sealed in rainy season. It is best to expose rice bran, wheat bran, miscellaneous grains powder and coarse corn flour to the sun for disinfection before feeding. The humidity of peels, vegetables and wild vegetables mixed in bait should not be too high. It is also necessary to remove insect dung and residual food in time and keep the food plate clean and dry. If mites are found in the feed, they can be moved to the sun and exposed to the sun for 5 ~ 10 minutes (laying the feed flat) to kill mites. The processed feed should be exposed to the sun or expanded, disinfected and sterilized. Or stir-frying, scalding, steaming and boiling wheat bran, rice bran and bean cake before feeding. And the dosage should be appropriate, not too much.

3) Disinfection of the site: regularly spray fungicides and acaricides on farms and equipment. Generally, 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution is used to spray disinfection and acaricide on feeding rooms, food plates and water dispensers. 40% dicofol 1000 times solution can also be sprayed on feeding places, such as corners, feeding boxes and insect feeding utensils. Or directly sprayed on feed, the acaricidal effect can reach more than 80% ~ 95%. It can also be diluted 1000~ 1500 times with 40% dicofol EC and sprayed on the ground. The weather can't be too humid. Generally, spray it every 7 days 1 time, and spray it continuously for 2~3 times, and the effect is good.

Pictures of Tenebrio molitor (8 photos)

4) Trapping and killing mites:

(1) Put the fried chicken and fish bones into a feeding pond, or soak rice swill with straw rope, dry it, put it into the pond to trap mites, take it out every 2 hours and burn it with fire. You can also wrap the cooked bones or fried dough sticks in gauze and put them in a box. Taking out bones or fried dough sticks with mites and throwing them away for a few hours can trap and kill more than 90% of mites.

(2) Place the gauze flat on the surface of the pool, put semi-dry and semi-wet soil mixed with chicken and duck manure on it, and then put some fried bean cakes and rapeseed cakes with a thickness of about 1 ~ 2cm. When mites smell the fragrance, they will go through the gauze to feed. 1~2 days later can attract a large number of mites. Or soak wheat bran and knead it into balls with a diameter of 1~2 cm, and put it on the soil surface in several places during the day, and mites will flock to swallow it. 1~2 hours later, the bran and mites were taken out again, and 70% of mites could be removed continuously.

use

Tenebrio molitor, commonly known as breadworm, is the most ideal insect for artificial breeding. It is rich in protein, minerals and seventeen kinds of amino acids. Tenebrio molitor pupa is a high-grade dish, the most nutritious green harmless food, with high protein, low fat and many vitamins indispensable to human body. Under the principle of reasonable diet and balanced nutrition, the pursuit of green insect pupa dishes has become a fashion, which is deeply loved by people and is an excellent protein food. Tenebrio molitor is an edible insect with good taste and unique flavor, which is easily accepted by consumers. It can be baked, fried and processed into various forms of food, such as protein drinks and refined protein powder with nut flavor.

Tenebrio molitor is not only rich in protein, but also has a complete range of amino acids and a reasonable composition. The unique nutrients of Tenebrio molitor are easy to digest and absorb, which can improve human immunity, resist fatigue, reduce blood fat, resist cancer and promote metabolism. Superoxide dismutase extracted from Tenebrio molitor is superior to the existing market products as anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, beauty and beauty care products. The market prospect is broad, and it can be used for special breeding, such as birds, scorpions, fish, frogs, snakes and other precious livestock and poultry, to accelerate growth and development, improve disease-resistant immunity, reduce feed cost and improve economic benefits. With the development of society, people gradually realize that Tenebrio molitor is a kind of green food and call it "protein food treasure house". Tenebrio molitor breeding is a booming and eye-catching industry, which has been listed as a harvest plan for agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery by the Ministry of Agriculture. It is an effective way to turn waste into treasure and increase income of insect resources. It has become a hot spot of industrialization development, and has repeatedly become the key promotion project of seven sets of agricultural columns of the central government, which has been favored by breeding enthusiasts and achieved great economic benefits.