Rose inoculation

Biological characteristics of<p>& ltb>( 1)

Rose. It is a flower of Rosaceae and the main variety of cut flowers. As a cut flower, Chinese rose. Has the following basic characteristics:

1. The flower pattern is beautiful, with high center curl or high center warping angle, especially when the flower opens from 1/3 to 1/2, it is graceful and generous, and the opening process is slow. & ltbr & gt

2. The petals are hard, the flowers are water-resistant, and the outer petals are neat and not easy to break. Flowering branches and pedicels are tall and straight, with strong support, sufficient length of flowering branches and erect plant type. & ltbr & gt

3. The color is bright, bright and pure, preferably with velvet light. Under the indoor light, it will not be gray or dark. & ltbr & gt

4. The leaf size is moderate, and the leaf surface is flat and shiny. & ltbr & gt

5. As a variety cultivated in winter, it needs to have the ability to bloom at lower temperature, and the greenhouse cultivation has strong resistance to powdery mildew, and the summer cut flowers should have the ability to adapt to the hot climate. & ltbr & gt

6. High flower yield, strong growth ability, strong germination ability, pruning resistance and high flower yield. Generally, the annual output of large pattern (HT series) is 80 ~ 100 branches/m2, and that of medium pattern (FL series) is about 150 branches/m2. & ltbr & gt

7. There are fewer thorns on the stem. & ltbr & gt

& ltb & gt(2) Production types and varieties

1. Production type

According to the facilities, there are three main types of cut rose production in China:

Model (1) is suitable for greenhouses with heating equipment in winter and cooling equipment in summer. It can bloom all year round, but it consumes a lot of energy and costs a lot. & ltbr & gt

(2) Types of cut flowers in winter

Suitable for greenhouses with heating equipment in winter and open plastic greenhouses in southern Guangdong. This kind of production is mainly in winter, and the flowering period is from September to June, which is the main type of cut flower production at present. & ltbr & gt

(3) Types of cut flowers in summer

Suitable for the production of cut flowers in the open field and greenhouse in the Yangtze River basin and its northern area. The flowering period is from April to 165438+ 10. It is a common cultivation type with simple production facilities and low cost. & ltbr & gt

The purpose of cut flower production is annual supply. The first one is the most ideal, but the cost is often high, so it is not cost-effective to produce as a commodity. It is more economical to combine the second and the third now. & ltbr & gt

2. Main varieties

Among the hybrid tea-scented roses, all kinds of varieties with large flowers and long stems are suitable for cut flowers. Among them, the most popular variety is red, and gradually developed pink, orange, yellow, white and variegated colors. Common varieties, suitable for cut flowers are:

(1) Red series Carl Red, Samantha, Caldi Barr, USA, etc. & ltbr & gt

(2) Pink is the Eiffel Tower, First Love, Somia, bride pink, etc. & ltbr & gt

(3) The yellow series are Golden Staff, Peace, Silva, Alsmyr Gold, etc. & ltbr & gt

(4) The white series includes White Knight, White Swan and Core Branch. & ltbr & gt

(5) Other colors are orange Mahina, blue moon, mottled president, etc. & ltbr & gt

& ltb & gt(3) Growth Habits and Environmental Requirements

(1) likes an environment with abundant sunshine, relative humidity of 70% ~ 75% and ventilation. & ltbr & gt

(2) The optimum breeding temperature is 20 ~ 27℃ during the day and 15 ~ 22℃ at night. It can grow and bloom very slowly at about 5℃, can withstand high temperature above 35℃, and will enter dormant or semi-dormant state at low temperature of 5℃. When dormant, the leaves of plants fall off and do not bloom. & ltbr & gt

(3) I like well-drained, fertile and moist loose soil, and the appropriate pH value is 6 ~ 7. & ltbr & gt

(4) Air pollution, smoke and dust, acid rain and harmful gases will hinder the growth and development of cut rose. & ltbr & gt

& ltb & gt(4) Reproduction

There are three main propagation methods of cut rose: cutting, grafting and tissue culture. At present, the first two kinds of cut-flower rose are mainly cultivated in protected areas in China. The methods of softwood cutting and hardwood cutting in cold-proof fields are introduced below. & ltbr & gt

1. Full light spray cutting method

(1) facilities

Bricks are used to build a bed, with a width of 100 ~ 120cm, a length of 4m or 8m and a depth of 30cm. Water supply system is set between beds, and 1 nozzle is installed every 150 ~ 200 cm. The automatic control system consists of relays, electromagnetic valves and electronic blades. & ltbr & gt

(2) Substrate: firstly, lay 12 ~ 15 cm coal cinder as the water seepage layer at the bottom of the bed, and then lay 15 ~ 20 cm river sand and other substrates on it. & ltbr & gt

(3) The summer from July to August is the best time. & ltbr & gt

(4) cutting

Young stems of plants that are not lignified during the growing season. Cut off some branches and leaves, leaving the top two leaves, or cut off the leaves above the compound leaves to reduce water evaporation. Cuttings are generally 5 ~ 8 cm long, and then densely planted on the cutting bed. Rooting can take place after 20 ~ 30 days, and the survival rate of cutting can reach over 95%. After rooting, it is moved to culture soil for strong seedling culture. & ltbr & gt

2. The winter cutting time can be from late June 65438+1October to early October165438+1October, which can be combined with the winter cutting of open-field rose. & ltbr & gt

(1) Cutting and machining

Cut the semi-lignified and mature branches into 3-4 sections, cross-cut the upper end, obliquely cut the lower end and remove the leaves. Then, the lower end of the cuttings was soaked in 200 mg/L rooting powder solution for 30 minutes to 1 hour. & ltbr & gt

(2) Protected land and heating facilities

The seedbed can be paved with electric heating wires (spacing 10 cm), and the electric heating wires are paved with mixed matrix of black soil and river sand 10 cm. After cutting, build a double-layer plastic film arch shed. & ltbr & gt

(3) After the matrix disinfection nutrient soil is prepared, it is mixed with 1% potassium permanganate for disinfection. & ltbr & gt

(4) Cutting and pre-germination management

The cutting depth is half of the cutting length, the plant spacing is 3cm× 3cm, and then a single film is covered. The key of pre-germination management is to increase ground temperature, control air temperature and promote rooting. During the day, when the temperature is high at noon, ventilate and cool down, and at night, when the temperature is low, turn on the electric hotline to keep warm. The ground temperature is kept at 20 ~ 25℃, and the air temperature is kept at 7 ~ 10℃. According to the soil moisture, water it when it is dry. & ltbr & gt

(5) Management after germination

After 20 ~ 30 days, the cuttings take root and sprout. At this time, the key is to stabilize the ground temperature and prevent the bamboo shoots from freezing. Cover with double-layer film for insulation at night and single-layer film during the day. The ground temperature is maintained at about 20℃, and the temperature is above 10℃. Watering once every 10 day, applying liquid fertilizer twice, transplanting at the end of February, or cutting seedlings in greenhouse. & ltbr & gt

& ltb & gt(5) Greenhouse cultivation

1. Soil preparation before planting.

Because it takes 4 ~ 6 years or longer to produce roses after planting, it is necessary to dig the soil at least 30 cm deep, apply enough organic fertilizer to improve the soil and adjust the pH value of the soil to 6 ~ 6.5 before planting. The application rate of base fertilizer per 100 m2 is: 500 kg of compost or pig manure, 300 kg of cow manure, 20 kg of fish residue, 300 kg of sheep manure, 0/0 kg of oil residue, 35 kg of bone meal, 20 kg of calcium superphosphate and 25 kg of plant ash. & ltbr & gt

The whole soil should be disinfected with steam or chemicals to kill bacteria, eggs and weed seeds. & ltbr & gt

Step 2 plant

(1) planting time

The planting time can be from winter to early summer, but in order to save energy, it is mostly planted in spring to adapt to the rising temperature in summer. Because cut flowers are harvested, new plants need to be replaced after 4 years to maintain a high yield. If you change the greenhouse in turn, you need to change 25% of the plants every year. Note that the replacement varieties should be the same or have similar management requirements. Some varieties can produce cut flowers for 6 to 8 years, and new flowers can be arranged in a planned way. & ltbr & gt

(2) Planting pattern

In order to operate conveniently (such as pruning and picking flowers), two lines are generally used. That is, two rows per border, the row spacing is 30 cm or 35 cm, the plant spacing is 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm according to the variety difference, the density of erect varieties (such as Marina) is 10 plants /m2, and the density of extended varieties is 6-8 plants /m2. & ltbr & gt

(3) Post-colonial management

Newly planted plants should be pruned, with a height of 15 cm, especially the broken branches and roots should be cut off; The planting bud interface is about 5 cm from the ground, and 8 cm of organic matter such as rotten leaves and sawdust should be covered; Just planted for a period of time, spray it several times a day to keep the branches and leaves on the ground moist. If it is early summer, spray continuously at low pressure to help germination; The indoor temperature of newly planted seedlings should not be too high, and it should be kept at about 5℃, which is beneficial to root growth. The temperature can rise to 10 ~ 15℃ after half a month, and above 20℃ after one month. If it is in the same greenhouse as the original rose, the temperature management should be carried out according to the requirements of the original rose. & ltbr & gt

3. Pruning and coring

(1) The conventional operation management of pruning is the same as that of open cultivation, and there are two pruning methods in greenhouse. & ltbr & gt

Step-by-step replacement method: after the first harvest, the whole plant is left about 60 cm, some flowers bloom again and some are cut short. After the short new branches bloom, some of the original flowers will be cut short again, so that the plants will not grow too fast in turn, and flower picking can also be carried out all year round. & ltbr & gt

One-time short cutting method: greenhouse rose with cut flowers in winter, and the temperature is too high in summer, which often makes the plant dormant. One-time short cutting method refers to cutting all the main branches into shrubs with the same height after harvesting a batch of cut flowers in June and July. If it is new in the first year, leave 45 cm, and leave 60 cm for others. After entering the hot summer, the production was stopped for a period of time, and then a new product was released in September, 65438+ 10. & ltbr & gt

Secondary pruning often causes plants to lose their physiological balance, resulting in root atrophy and dead main branches. In greenhouse management, the method of pruning can be used to avoid this bad consequence, which has been widely used in greenhouse production abroad. The specific operation is to twist the main branch that needs to be cut in one direction, so that the branches on it hang down. Attention should be paid to when operating:

The branches are required to be folded continuously, and the upper branches and leaves before folding can be trimmed appropriately, but the number of leaves growing in the plant must be maintained; The height of branch folding is generally 50 ~ 60 cm, and the time of branch folding is generally in mid-July; Water should be stopped half a month before cutting branches to facilitate cutting branches; Before breaking branches, we should focus on the prevention and control of pests and diseases, remove the weak branches, and the spraying concentration can be appropriately larger; Be sure to pull out the buds on the broken branches again; After the new branches grow, if they have not reached the flowering stage, they can be pruned, but more new branches should be left, and generally the broken branches should be left for 2 ~ 3 months. & ltbr & gt

Pruning is also a method of forced dormancy. In order to produce a large number of holiday flowers, cut flowers can be harvested 6 ~ 8 weeks before the flowers are on the market, and then watering is reduced, forcing them to sleep for a week to save energy for the next flowering. If a large number of flowers are provided on New Year's Day, 10 begins to grow normally, so pay attention to watering. Generally, the new shoots of varieties can bloom in 60 days, just in time for flowers on New Year's Day. & ltbr & gt

If pruning wants to restore growth as soon as possible, it is necessary to reduce the light, reduce the temperature and spray more water. When the new branches grow to 15 ~ 20 cm, fertilization should be applied to make them grow more lateral branches so as to get more flowers in the later stage. & ltbr & gt

(2) The heart of picking roses mainly plays the following roles:

Promote the growth of lateral branches: in the initial stage of cultivation, it can lay a good foundation for the whole tree shape, and a proper amount of flower branches can be formed during flowering. & ltbr & gt

Change the flowering time: after flowering, in order to adjust the needs of the off-season or peak season, different coring can be carried out. & ltbr & gt

Slight coring (when the stem is 5 ~ 7 mm) only affects the nearby lateral buds and only forms a branch, which has little effect on flowering period. Re-coring (when the stem diameter reaches 10 ~ 13 mm, the top of the branch is removed to the second compound leaf) can produce two lateral branches, which can promote the flowering period 3 ~ 7 days earlier than the former. & ltbr & gt

(3) flower picking

Flowers should be harvested in time, and the method requires the same open field. The harvesting time interval of cut rose in greenhouse varies with seasons. In spring and summer, the sunshine time is long and the light intensity is high, and the harvest time between two crops is about 6 weeks. From autumn to winter, it takes 7 ~ 8 weeks to pick once. Greenhouse cultivation can refer to this data, and adjust the suitable flowering period by combining coring, illumination, increasing humidity and adjusting temperature. & ltbr & gt

4. Temperature management and control

Temperature directly affects the yield and quality of cut flowers. Such as the number of buds after pruning, flower bud differentiation, the number of capped flowers, the number of days to produce flowers, the length of flower branches, the number of petals, patterns and colors. & ltbr & gt

(1) Differentiation of flower buds There are several possibilities for buds on branches after pruning: < br>

Dormant bud: growth hormone and nutritional conditions are poor. & ltbr & gt

Rosette bud: poor growth hormone and nutritional conditions. After axillary buds grow, the branches are not tall and are rosette-shaped. & ltbr & gt

Terminal bud: the growth hormone and nutritional conditions are slightly worse, and the hormone level is slightly worse after budding, and the flower bud differentiation stops halfway and does not bloom. & ltbr & gt

Flowering branches: the growth hormone and nutrition levels are good, and the buds bloom. & ltbr & gt

Of course, the formation of flower branches may be related to the variety characteristics of Chinese rose, soil, light, pests and diseases in the cultivation environment, and temperature is also a decisive and important condition. Some data show that when the cultivation temperature is reduced from 20℃ to 10℃, the flowering branches will be reduced by about 5%, especially under the conditions of shading and low temperature. & ltbr & gt

(2) Requirements of temperature control

① The night temperature of common varieties is 15.5 ~ 16.5℃, while the low-temperature varieties such as Samantha, Marina and Pengcai are 18 ~ 20℃ and 14 ~ 65438+. Relevant data prove that when the night temperature of "Somia" is increased from 65438 02℃ to 65438 05℃, the flower yield in February can be increased by 40% ~ 50%. & ltbr & gt

② daytime temperature

Generally, it is required that the temperature is 5.5℃ higher in cloudy days than at night and 8.3℃ higher in sunny days. If the concentration of carbon dioxide is artificially increased in the greenhouse, the temperature should be appropriately raised to 27.5 ~ 29.5℃ to avoid damaging the flowers. If the greenhouse is irradiated with sodium lamp, the temperature should be at least above 18.5℃ to make full use of the light. In hot summer, the temperature should be controlled at 26 ~ 27℃. & ltbr & gt

③ Ground temperature

Foreign studies (1949) think that the soil grows well at 13℃ and at 17.8℃. In recent years, further studies have proved that it grows well under the conditions of day temperature of 20℃ and night temperature of 65438 06℃. When the ground temperature is raised to 25℃, the yield can be increased by 20%, but if the ground temperature is only raised and the temperature is lowered, the growth will be poor. & ltbr & gt

In short, in order to meet the temperature requirements of Chinese rose, attention should be paid to the insulation and heating of facilities in winter and the necessary cooling in summer. & ltbr & gt

5. Adjustment of greenhouse light

Roses are light-loving plants, and good cut flowers can only be obtained in sufficient sunshine. Greenhouse cultivation, strong light accompanied by high temperature, needs shade. The purpose of shading is to cool down. When the highest light intensity reaches 130klx in summer.

When shading, the light intensity is reduced by half. In some places, shading began in early March, but the degree of shading was low, so as to avoid sudden changes in light intensity of plants in a short time. As the weather gets warmer, shading can be strengthened. If the indoor light intensity is lower than 54klx, dust on the plastic film should be removed, and shading should be removed in September and June of 65438+ 10 (depending on local climate conditions). & ltbr & gt

In winter, short sunshine time and cold protection reduce indoor light, but roses can bloom as usual. If light is used to increase the illumination, the yield of Chinese rose can be increased. It is reported that the lighting hours with sodium lamp in winter night can reach 65,438+02.9 ~ 65,438+06.65,438+0 klx.

The output has been greatly improved. If the combined light source of high-intensity fluorescent lamp and incandescent lamp is used for supplementary light, the quality and yield of flower branches can also be obviously improved. Because supplementary lighting consumes a lot of electricity and is not economical, it can only be supplemented by cold fluorescent lamps in cloudy and snowy areas all the year round. & ltbr & gt

6. Harvest and treatment of cut flowers

Generally, when the flower heart valve is elongated and the 1 ~ 2 outer valve is inverted (2 degrees), it can be harvested when the outer valve is inverted at 2 ~ 3 in winter. From the variety point of view, the red variety is generally harvested at 2 degrees, the yellow variety is a little later, and the white variety should be a little later. When the heart valve stretches 3 ~ 4 pieces (3 degrees) or even 5 ~ 6 pieces (4 degrees), it is necessary to pick flowers. If it is packaged and transported, it should be harvested when the sepals are reversed and the petals begin to grow obviously, but the outer petals have not turned (1 degree). & ltbr & gt

When harvesting, it should be noted that 2 ~ 4 leaves should be left after the original flower branches are cut, and they should be cut at 65438±0cm above the remaining buds to prepare the conditions for the next flower branch growth. & ltbr & gt

Cut flowers should be sent to the grading room for refrigeration immediately after harvest and graded at 5 ~ 6℃. If it can't be sold immediately, it should be put into a cold storage with a humidity of 98% and kept at a low temperature of 0.5 ~ 65438 0.5℃ for several days.