Please teach all the summaries under the geography of senior one and the summary of the geography of senior one!

Unit 1 Summary of Earth Knowledge Points in the Universe

Astronomers call the limited universe observed by human beings "visible universe" or "known universe", that is, the total galaxy.

Nebulae, stars, planets, satellites, meteors, comets, interstellar gas and dust are collectively called celestial bodies.

Celestial bodies are the existing forms of matter in the universe.

Celestial bodies attract each other and surround each other to form a celestial system. Characteristics of the universe: materiality and fluidity.

The hierarchical relationship of celestial bodies;

The sun is the central celestial body in the solar system. Its volume and mass are enormous; (2) Other celestial bodies in the solar system revolve around it. )

According to the distance from the sun, the eight planets are water-gold-earth-fire-wood-earth-sky-sea.

With the earth as the boundary, it is divided into inner planets and outer planets.

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are called terrestrial planets; Saturn and Jupiter are called giant planets; Uranus and Neptune are called distant planets. The direction of revolution is from west to east (counterclockwise from the north celestial pole and clockwise from the south celestial pole).

The asteroid belt lies between Mars and Jupiter.

The direction and period of the moon's rotation and revolution are the same. From west to east, the period is one month.

The earth's particularity "golden chain condition": liquid water, suitable temperature and relatively thick atmosphere.

Solar radiation radiates energy into space in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Solar radiation energy is mainly concentrated in the visible region.

Solar constant is a physical quantity representing solar radiation energy. 8.24 Joule/(cm2? Integral)

Solar radiation is the main energy source of atmospheric movement and water cycle. Coal and oil are solar energy stored in geological period.

The external structure of the sun (the atmospheric structure of the sun) and its corresponding solar activities;

From inside to outside: photosphere-sunspot; Chromosphere-flare, prominence; Corona-solar wind.

The period of solar activity is 1 1 year, including peak year and low peak year (according to the number of sunspots). The cycle of climate change is related to the cycle of solar activity.

The influence of solar activity on the earth: magnetic storm-flare (and solar wind); Aurora-solar wind.

Hazards of magnetic storms: affecting short-wave communication, interfering with electronic equipment and threatening the safety of spacecraft in space.

Periodic velocity in the direction of rotation center

Angular velocity and linear velocity

The axis of rotation runs from west to east.

North to South Shunzhen: sidereal day: 23: 56: 4 15? /h equatorial maximum

Reduce to the extreme

Error: Solar Day: 24: 00

Star revolution year: 365 days, 6: 9, 10 second, 59? /d 30 km/s

The reason why sidereal day and Sun Day are different-the frame of reference is different.

The rotation plane of the earth is the equatorial plane and the revolution plane is the ecliptic plane. The included angle between them is called ecliptic angle. 23.5 ?

Perihelion and apohelion: first, it is near fast (the earth's revolution reaches perihelion in early January, and the revolution speed is the fastest), and seventh, it is far slow.

The significance of the earth's rotation:

1. Day and night alternation phenomenon: 1. The rotation of the earth. The earth is a sphere that is neither luminous nor transparent. )

Termination line (circle)-the dividing line between the daytime hemisphere and the night hemisphere. Early line-night to day; A faint line-day to night.

2. The influence of geostrophic deflection force: objects moving horizontally in the northern hemisphere deflect to the right; Turn left in the southern hemisphere. The faster the movement speed, the greater the geostrophic deflection; The higher the latitude, the more obvious the geostrophic deflection effect. Objects moving along the equator are not affected by the geostrophic deflection force.

3. Local time

Time zone division: divide a time zone every longitude 15; Based on the 0 meridian, the time zone is from 7.5 W to 7.5° E；; To the east of the central time zone is the east 1 zone to the east 12 zone, and the west 1 zone to the west 12 zone. The east and west zones are combined into one time zone. Each time zone takes the central meridian as the local time zone. Atlas 1 1 page.

The difference between local time and time zone, for example, Beijing time refers to the time zone of the East Eighth District (that is, the local time of the central meridian of the East Eighth District 120 E), while Beijing local time is the local time of longitude116 e. ..

Calculation of time

Time zone: 1. Determine the central meridian (time zone) 2. East plus west minus (time zone difference).

Local time: longitude difference 15 degrees, local time difference 1 hour; Longitude difference 1 degree, local time difference 4 points.

International international date line: two, the same day change line (International international date line) and the zero hour change line (24: 00). Is the date line 180? Close to the meridian, but not completely coincident. The position of the zero-time line on the earth's surface changes from east to west.

Calculation of date

When crossing the zero-time line, the calculation method is the same as the calculation time (that is, the local time calculation result is outside the interval between 0 and 24, greater than 24, and the date is added by one day. Less than 0, the date is reduced by one day);

Through the international international date line, the date was shortened from east to west.

Geographical significance of the earth's revolution;

1. The height of the sun refers to the angle between the sun's rays and the ground plane.

Latitude variation law of noon sun height: decreasing from the direct point to the north and south sides. The direct point of the sun moves seasonally between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer.

Calculation of noon sun height (h): h = 90? -Latitude difference

Latitude difference: that is, the difference between the latitude of the required place and the latitude of the direct point of the sun. The two points are located in the same hemisphere, and the latitudes are subtracted; Add up different hemispheres, and the result is absolute.

2. Variation of the length of day and night: In the northern hemisphere, taking the summer half year (3.2 1-9.23) as an example, the direct point of the sun is in the northern hemisphere, and the length of the day in the northern hemisphere is longer than that at night; In the winter half year (9.23- 3.2 1), the direct point of the sun is in the southern hemisphere, and the days in the northern hemisphere are shorter than the nights. The day length of 6.22- 12.22 gradually became shorter; 12.22- times 6.22 The days are getting longer and longer.

During the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, the length of the day reaches the maximum in a year, the Arctic Circle is extremely daytime, and the Antarctic Circle is extremely nighttime.

During the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere, the length of the day reaches the maximum in a year, and the Antarctic circle is extremely day and the Arctic circle is extremely night.

The latitude is the same, the appearance of the day (night) is the same, and the height angle of the sun at noon is the same; Longitude is the same, so is local time.

See page 12 of the atlas for the sunshine map of vernal equinox.

3. Four seasons:

Astronomical seasons China-Li Si; Divide in the west.

Climate four seasons spring season 3, 4, 5; Summer 6, 7, 8; Qiu 9, 10,11; Winter 12, multiplied by 1 2.

4. Division of five regions:

Tropical-direct sunlight; Temperate zone-there is neither direct sunlight nor extreme day and night; Cold zone-there are extreme days and nights.

Boundary of five zones: Tropic of Cancer, South Arctic Circle.

Sphere inside the earth: division basis-seismic wave. Earth's crust, mantle and core.

Boundary discontinuity:

The shear and longitudinal wave velocities of the crust and mantle-Moho surface increase obviously.

In the mantle and the core-Gutenberg surface, the P-wave velocity decreases and the S-wave disappears completely.

The law of crustal thickness is: generally, the higher the altitude, the thicker the crust; The lower the altitude, the thinner the crust. The continental crust is thick and the oceanic crust is thin.

The elements in the earth's crust are arranged in the order of content: raising O boudoir Si daughter Al sticky Fe to Ca Na Jia K Mei Mg.

Mantle: divided into upper mantle and lower mantle. The asthenosphere is located at the top of the upper mantle and is usually considered as the birthplace of magma. The crust and the top of the upper mantle (asthenosphere) are collectively called the lithosphere.

Core: It is speculated that the composition is molten iron and nickel, which may be the cause of the earth's magnetic field.

Ecosystem: including lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, in which biology is the main body and the most active factor.

Unit 2 Summary of Knowledge Points

Chemical elements → minerals → rocks → crust

Minerals must be natural pure substances (simple substances or compounds).

Granite is composed of quartz, feldspar and mica. Marble is mainly calcite.

Rocks are divided into magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks according to their genesis.

Magmatic rock (igneous rock): Magmatic activity, divided into intrusive rock (granite) and extrusive rock (basalt).

Sedimentary rocks: conglomerate, sandstone, shale and limestone (chemical deposition) under the action of external force.

Features: ① bedding structure; ② It often contains fossils.

Metamorphic rock: metamorphism (high temperature and high pressure environment in the earth). Limestone-marble and shale-slate.

Material circulation in the crust: from magma to the formation of various rocks, and then to the formation of new magma, is the process of rock transformation.

All kinds of rocks can be transformed into sedimentary rocks under the action of external forces.

All kinds of rocks can be transformed into metamorphic rocks through metamorphism.

All kinds of rocks can be transformed into magma by remelting and regeneration, but metamorphic rocks are the easiest to transform.

Surface morphology is the result of long-term interaction between internal force and external force.

The energy of internal force comes from the interior of the earth, which is manifested in crustal movement, magmatic activity, earthquake and so on.

The energy of external force mainly comes from outside the earth, mainly refers to solar energy.

Plate theory,

Six plates: Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, America plate, Antarctica plate, Pacific plate and Indian Ocean plate.

Extinction boundary, plates collide with each other; The growth boundary and plates deviate from each other.

Continental plate collision-Himalayan-Eurasian plate collision with Indian Ocean plate (extinction boundary).

Ocean Lu collision-island arc trench Taiwan Province province, Okinawa trench-Eurasian plate and Indian Ocean plate collision (extinction boundary).

Continental extension-rift-Red Sea-Africa plate and Indian Ocean plate extension (growth boundary).

Ocean Extension-Mid-ocean Ridge Atlantic Mid-ocean Ridge-American plate, African plate and Eurasian plate extension (growth boundary).

Internal force and surface morphology-geological structure and tectonic landform

Geological structures can be divided into folds and faults-judgment basis: rock stratum.

Folds are divided into anticlines and synclines.

Anticline and rock uplift; Syncline, rocky depression.

Terrain inversion-anticlinal valley, syncline mountain. (Look at the trend of bedding)

Faults are divided into horst and graben.

Horst, high in the middle and low on both sides (Huashan, Lushan and Taishan);

Graben, low in the middle and high on both sides (Weihe River Basin, Turpan Basin).

Application: oil (gas) prospecting in anticline, syncline drilling and fault water prospecting.

Excavation and quarrying should be in the anticline; Try to find nonferrous metal deposits in faults. Large-scale projects such as reservoirs avoid faults.

External force and surface morphology-wind, running water, glaciers, waves, etc. Erosion accumulation topography is formed.

Running water action-(upstream) V-shaped valley, (piedmont) alluvial fan, (middle and lower reaches) alluvial plain and (estuary) delta.

The role of wind-wind accumulation: sand dunes and sand ridges; Wind erosion: wind erosion mushrooms, wind erosion castles.

Glaciers, ice buckets, U-shaped valleys, fjords.

Wave action-sea cliffs, sea pillars.

Special: Loess Plateau, loess accumulation-aeolian accumulation; Thousands of gullies and valleys-water erosion.

Karst landform (karst landform): flowing water is mainly dissolved, Guilin landscape, stone forest, tiankeng and karst cave.

The atmosphere is mainly composed of clean air, water vapor and solid impurities.

Vertical stratification of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere and upper atmosphere (from low to high)

Tropospheric characteristics: ① Temperature decreases with height. The altitude rises 1km, and the temperature drops by 6℃.

② Convective movement is significant.

③ The weather phenomenon is complicated and changeable.

Stratospheric characteristics: ① Temperature increases with height. First slow, then fast-the ozone layer is in the stratosphere.

② The airflow is mainly advection. Suitable for high altitude flight

The ionosphere in the upper atmosphere can reflect radio waves and plays an important role in radio communication.

The basic energy sources of the atmosphere are: solar radiation (short wave radiation);

The direct heat source of troposphere atmosphere: ground radiation (long wave radiation).

Weakening effect of atmosphere on solar radiation

Absorption-selective ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays; Carbon dioxide and water vapor absorb infrared rays.

Scattering-the shorter the wavelength, the easier it is to be scattered, so blue-violet light is the easiest to be scattered.

Reflection-The thicker the non-selective cloud, the stronger the reflection ability, so it is cloudy during the day and the temperature is low.

Principle of heat preservation of atmosphere to the ground

① Selective absorption characteristics of the atmosphere.

② The atmosphere radiates reversely, so it is cloudy and the temperature is high at night.

Solar radiation → atmospheric attenuation and absorption → ground radiation → atmospheric radiation (atmospheric inverse radiation).

Influencing factors of ground radiation: ① Latitude factors-solar height and the path of solar radiation through the atmosphere.

② Underlying surface factors-Different surface properties have different reflectivity to solar radiation.

③ Other factors-meteorological factors.

Thermal cycle-vertical direction;

Causes of uneven cooling and heating of thermal cycle (temperature difference)

High temperature rise caused by thermal expansion, low pressure near the ground and high pressure at high altitude.

Low temperature-cooling, condensation and sinking, high pressure near the ground and low pressure at high altitude.

Thermal cycle between cities and suburbs (heat island): urban wind blowing from suburbs to cities (near the ground).

Land and sea breeze: near the ground, sea breeze blows during the day and land breeze blows at night. Period: days

Valley wind: Valley wind blows during the day and mountain wind blows at night. Period: days

Wind-horizontal direction, and the wind direction refers to the direction of the wind.

Horizontal pressure gradient force: the cause of horizontal motion of the atmosphere

Direction, high pressure points to low pressure;

Its magnitude is related to the horizontal pressure gradient. The denser the isobar, the greater the pressure gradient.

Upper air wind: horizontal pressure gradient force and geostrophic deflection force. The final wind direction is parallel to the isobar.

Near-surface wind: horizontal pressure gradient force, geostrophic deflection force and friction force. There is an angle between the final wind direction and the isobar.

Global atmospheric circulation

Polar high pressure belt-downward flow-thermal cause

Polar easterly wind-northern hemisphere, northeast wind; Southern hemisphere, southeast wind.

Sub-polar low pressure region-updraft-dynamic reason

The prevailing west wind-the northern hemisphere, southwest wind; Southern hemisphere, northwest wind.

Subtropical high pressure belt-downdraft-dynamic reason

Trade winds-northern hemisphere, northeast trade winds; Southern hemisphere, southeast trade winds.

Equatorial low pressure area-updraft-thermal cause

The underlying surface has a unified nature, taking into account the seasonal movement of rotation and revolution-pressure zone and wind zone.

Cause of motion: the direct point of the sun resumed motion.

Law of motion: consistent with the motion of the direct point of the sun.

Moving range: latitude 5 ~ 10.

Considering the nature of underlying surface (land and sea distribution)-high and low pressure activity center

In June 5438+10/October, the subtropical low was cut off by the continental cold high; The Asian high (Mongolia-Siberia high) formed in Eurasia.

In July, the subtropical high was cut off by the continental thermal low; The Asian low (Indian low) was formed in Eurasia.

There are significant differences in thermal properties between land and sea in the northern hemisphere, and the pressure zone is fractured into blocks;

The ocean area in the southern hemisphere is dominant, and its nature is unified. The pressure belt is basically banded.

Monsoon circulation: period, year (different from land-sea breeze)

China has a monsoon climate with southeast wind (sea breeze) in summer; Winter half year-northwest wind (land wind)

The main reason: the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

Other reasons: seasonal movement of pressure belt and wind belt (movement of planetary wind belt)

The most typical monsoon region-East Asian monsoon region, the largest continent and the largest ocean. The temperature difference is obvious.

Common weather systems-frontal system, cyclone and anticyclone system, frontal cyclone.

Frontal system

Air mass: divided into cold air mass and warm air mass. It is sunny under the control of a single air mass.

Cold front: the cold air mass actively moves to the warm air mass; Warm front: the warm air mass actively moves to the cold air mass.

Influence of Front System Weather on China

Before, during and after transit.

Quality control of cold front warm air

Sunny, warm, cloudy and rainy

Blowing and cooling

Cold air quality control

Temperature ↓ pressure =

The weather cleared up. The rainstorm in northern China in summer is mostly frontal rain formed by cold front, and the cold wave in winter is a cold front heading south.

Cold air quality control of warm front

Clear, cold, heavy clouds,

Continuous precipitation warm air mass control

Temperature = atmospheric pressure ↓

After the storm, it was calm.

China is mainly affected by cold front.

Quasi-static front: Meiyu in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in early summer; In winter, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau "has no sunny days for three days"

Cyclone (low pressure) and anticyclone (high pressure) systems

Take the northern hemisphere as an example: cyclone (low pressure) anticyclone (high pressure)

air

Horizontal counterclockwise convergence and clockwise divergence of water flow

Vertical rise and fall

It's raining, sunny and dry.

For example, typhoons are dry in summer and brittle in autumn.

Frontal cyclone:

The most curved line on the isobar is called the trough of low pressure (high pressure ridge), and the front often appears at the trough of low pressure.

Take the northern hemisphere as an example: frontal cyclone = cyclone (low pressure)+cold front (west side of cyclone)+warm front (east side of cyclone)

Cyclones and cold and warm fronts will bring precipitation weather, so frontal cyclones have superposition effect on precipitation.

water cycle

Sea-land circulation: (ocean) evaporation-→ water vapor transport

↑ ↓

Runoff (surface and underground)-precipitation (land)

Ocean internal circulation: ocean evaporation? Ocean precipitation

Inland circulation: land evaporation? Land precipitation

At present, only increasing or decreasing surface evaporation, artificial rainfall and inter-basin water transfer can affect individual links of the water cycle.

Geographical significance of water cycle.

(1) contacts with the four spheres of the earth, so as to realize material migration and energy exchange between the spheres of the earth and between the land and the sea.

(2) to maintain the balance of water on the earth, so that fresh water resources are constantly updated.

③ The water cycle affects the global climate and ecology, and constantly shapes the surface morphology.

Classification of ocean currents: cold current and warm current

Cold current is the flow of seawater from high latitude to low latitude; Warm current is the flow of seawater from low latitude to high latitude.

Distribution law of ocean current: see figure 2-40 in textbook 6 1 page.

Effects of ocean currents on geographical environment: coastal climate, offshore fishing, offshore navigation and marine pollution.

The influence of ocean currents on climate; Cold current; Cooling and dehumidification; Warm current: heating and humidifying

The reasons for the formation of the four major fishing grounds are the confluence of cold and warm air currents, except that Peru is formed by upwelling.

Newfoundland Fishing Ground, North Sea Fishing Ground-Atlantic Ocean; Hokkaido Fishing Ground, Peru Fishing Ground-Pacific Ocean.

Ocean voyage: saving time along the ocean current is the so-called smooth sailing.

Marine pollution: ocean currents have a diffusion effect on marine pollution, and pollution spreads along ocean currents.

Summary of knowledge points of Unit 3 and Unit 4

In the long evolution history, the elements of natural geographical environment have formed a complex relationship of interdependence and mutual restriction.

Before life appeared, it was a process of chemical evolution. After the emergence of life, organic evolution (biological evolution) began.

Archaean: chemical evolution

Proterozoic: (biological evolution and organic evolution) animals, the initial stage of animal gestation, germination and development; Plants, ④ Age of algae

Paleozoic: animals, ③ marine invertebrates; ② Age of fish (vertebrate); All landowners amphibians.

Plants, ① the era of terrestrial spore plants (ferns)

Mesozoic: animals, ① reptiles (dinosaurs); Plants, ③ gymnosperms

Cenozoic era: animals, ⑤ mammalian era ⑤ human era; Plant, ② angiosperm age

After the industrial revolution, environmental problems began to stand out.

As the product of natural geographical environment, human beings can consciously adapt to and transform nature, and this influence is increasing.

Air pollution, ecological destruction, ozone hole, deforestation, acid rain, water shortage and so on.

The natural geographical environment is an organic whole composed of lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, PEDOSPHERE, biosphere and human circle (wisdom circle). The change of one factor will lead to the change of other factors and even the whole environment.

The integrity of natural geographical environment-the formation of soil (parent material, climate, biology, topography, human activities)

Soil-forming parent material is the original state of soil, the material basis of soil formation and the original source of plant nutrients.

Climate: Low temperature and humid environment, high content of soil organic matter. High temperature and dry environment, low organic matter content.

Black soil > red soil > desert soil

Biology is the source of soil organic matter and the most active (dominant) factor in soil formation, which affects soil fertility.

The content of organic matter in forest soil is generally lower than that in grassland.

Terrain: Steep hillside: loose materials on the surface migrate quickly, making it difficult to develop deep soil.

Flat terrain: the loose material on the surface erodes slowly, and the stable climate and biological conditions develop deep soil.

Sunny slope: the temperature condition is good, but the evaporation is strong, and the moisture is poor, but the shade slope is the opposite.

Human activities: positive impact: cultivate fertile and high-yield cultivated land, such as paddy soil.

Negative effects: Overutilization leads to soil degradation, such as salinization, desertification and soil erosion.

Regional differentiation shows certain orderliness and universality, which is called the law of regional differentiation.

Examples of the basic formation of differentiation law and the performance characteristics of the distribution law of influencing factors

North-South Alternation of Solar Radiation with Different Heat in Latitude Zone

The east-west extension of high and low latitudes obviously extends from the equator to the poles, and the eastern part of China extends from south to north.

East-west alternation of different water and land distribution in longitude zone

The mid-latitude region extending from north to south is obviously from the coast to the inland and from the east to the west.

Vertical regional differentiation of hydrothermal conditions in mountainous areas,

Kilimanjaro Mountain changes obviously with altitude in low latitude mountainous areas.

The Himalayas

Distribution characteristics of vertical zonality;

1, the mountain baseband is consistent with the local natural belt.

2. The higher the latitude, the simpler the vertical band spectrum in mountainous areas; On the contrary, it is complicated.

3. The vertical band spectrum of windward slope and leeward slope of the same mountain is also different, and the windward slope band spectrum is more complicated.

4. If the mountains are at the same latitude, the higher the altitude, the richer the vertical band spectrum.

Non-zonal difference factors: topography, land and sea distribution, rock properties, ocean currents and other factors.

For example, the southern hemisphere lacks the coniferous forest belt in the sub-cold zone, and tundra zone-the southern hemisphere lacks the land in the middle and high latitudes.

Oasis in Desert —— Changes of Water Source Conditions

At the southern tip of South America, there are forests to the west and deserts to the east-the Andes block the west wind.

Wet and semi-humid areas-forest belt; Semi-humid and semi-arid area-grassland; Arid area-desert

Green plants are producers, and tropical rainforests have the highest yield.

In short, the integrity of land environment is relative, the difference is absolute, and the regional differentiation is regular.

According to the nature and scale of settlements, they are divided into two types: urban and rural.

Regional topography, scale distribution and population characteristics

The northern plain area is flat and vast, with a large area in general, and there are more people living together in a reunion and chessboard pattern.

The hilly and mountainous areas in the south of China are characterized by complex terrain, generally narrow, and relatively scattered and concentrated population.

Places with flat and open terrain, good water source conditions, concentrated population, developed economy and convenient transportation have large settlement scale and high density.

A form of cost density that restricts freedom of choice.

The jagged mountains are big, small and high.

Small, large and low density networks in plain areas

With the progress of science and technology, the restrictions of natural factors on traffic routes are weakening.

Factors affecting the distribution of traffic lines: natural factors, socio-economic factors and ecological factors; Climate-natural conditions in geological period; Climate in the historical period-human activities began to have an impact on the climate.

Modern climate-human influence intensifies.

The division of climate change and the characteristics of time range change

Before the geological period of 10000, the temperature fluctuated, and cold, warm, dry and wet changed alternately. There were three ice ages (Sinian, Twelfth and Quaternary).

The temperature fluctuation in the historical period of nearly 65438+100000 years is 5000 ~ 1500 years BC and 550 ~1850 years AD.

In recent 100 -200 years, the temperature fluctuated and rose.

The impact of global climate change on human beings

1. Global climate change itself is a change in resource conditions. Water resources and heat resources.

2. Global climate change has aggravated natural disasters. Heavy rain and drought.

3. Global climate change will lead to changes in the original ecosystem. The climate change is too drastic for living things to adapt quickly.

4. Global climate change has a significant impact on major industrial sectors. Such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

5. Climate change has expanded the epidemic of some diseases through extreme weather and climate events, which is harmful to human health.

Natural resources have two basic conditions: they come directly from nature and can be used by human beings;

Attribute: finiteness, wholeness, regionality, versatility and sociality.

Classification: according to natural attributes-climate resources, water resources, marine resources, land resources, biological resources and mineral resources; According to renewability-non-renewability: various mineral resources; Renewable: land, water, living things and other surface resources and some marine resources (which can become non-renewable if not developed properly).

Pre-coal age, coal age and post-coal age

Time 65438+before the middle of the 8th century, in the early 1960s and after 1960s.

The use of steam engines with underdeveloped productivity level The use of internal combustion engines

The main energy sources are firewood, water power, coal, oil and natural gas, and the energy structure is diversified.

Energy age, firewood age, coal age and oil age.

Social and historical development stage

The stage of agricultural society is greatly restricted by natural conditions.

In the stage of industrial society, that is, the early and middle stages of industrialization, mineral resources have a decisive influence on resource industries and industrial layout.

In the post-industrialization stage, the influence of natural resources on economic development and industrial layout is weakening day by day.

Natural disasters refer to natural events that occur in the earth's surface system and can cause people's lives and property losses.

Classification: according to the cause and process, geological disasters (earthquake, volcano, landslide, debris flow); Meteorological disasters (flood, drought, rainstorm, cold wave, typhoon); Biological disasters (insect disasters); Marine disasters (tsunamis), etc.

Features: complexity, potential, periodicity, mass-sending, suddenness and multifactoriness.

Common natural disasters in China: floods, droughts, earthquakes, cold waves, typhoons, sandstorms, etc.

Flood disaster includes two types: flood and waterlogging, which often occur at the same time.

The regularity of frontal rain in eastern China (normal year);

(e) In April and May, the southern coast entered the rainy season; June (d), "Meiyu" in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River;

In July and August (c), it was rainy in North China and Northeast China; In September, the rain belt moved south rapidly;

In October, the rainy season is over.

Causes of frequent floods in China

1, climatic reasons: rainstorm, seasonality,

High frequency and high intensity

Other reasons: (man-made reasons) environmental deterioration in the source area: serious vegetation destruction in the upper reaches, soil erosion; The storage capacity of the middle and lower reaches decreased: sediment deposition, river deposition and lake shrinkage; Reclaim land around the lake.