Tokyo is very hot.

2. Geographical location: archipelagic countries in the Pacific Ocean in eastern Asia; It is located between 20 and 46 degrees north latitude and between 122 and 149 degrees east longitude.

3. Area: 378,000 square kilometers

4. Population: 6,543.8+27.4 million, ranking ninth in the world (statistics of Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications on March 654.38+05, 2003).

5. Resident foreign population: In 2000, the number of resident foreigners in Japan was 13 1545, which was 14.9% higher than 1995. In terms of nationality, South Korea and North Korea ranked first, reaching 528,904 (40.4%); China ranks second with 252,680 people (19.3%); Brazil ranks third with 1808 190 people (14.4%); The Philippines ranked fourth with 93,352 people (7. 1%).

6. Climate: maritime temperate monsoon climate, with great differences between north and south; Annual average temperature 10 to 20 degrees, rainfall 1000 to 2500mm.

7. Capital: Tokyo

8. Regime: Constitutional monarchy

9. Constitution: 1947 was promulgated on May 3rd.

10, National Day: Emperor's birthday-65438+February 23rd (1933).

1 1. Administration: the Prime Minister and ministries and bureaus (equivalent to ministries).

12, legislation: parliament (bicameral system consisting of Senate and House of Representatives)

13, Head of State: The head of state is Emperor Akihito, with the year number Heihei (1989 in the first year of Heihei);

The Prime Minister is Junichiro Koizumi, Prime Minister of the Cabinet.

14, the main political parties: the ruling party is the liberal democratic party, the Komeito party and the conservative new party (joint ruling); The opposition parties mainly include the Democratic Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Liberal Party and the Japanese Producers' Party.

15. Voting rights: over 20 years old.

16, national flag: sun flag

17, national anthem: Junzhidai

18, National Defense: Ground Self-Defense Force, Maritime Self-Defense Force and Air Self-Defense Force.

19, national flower: cherry blossom

20. National skill: sumo.

2 1, national ball: baseball

Language: Japanese

Religion: Most Japanese believe in both Shinto and Buddhism, and some people believe in multiple religions. Among the believers, 96% believe in Shinto, 76% believe in Buddhism, 1.4% believe in Christianity, and 12% believe in others.

24. Education: The length of compulsory education is 6 to 15 years old, and the literacy rate over 15 years old is 99%.

25. Fiscal year: April 1 day to March 3 1 day of the following year.

26. Economy: The world's second largest economic power, second only to the United States, has a gross domestic product (GDP) of about 500 trillion yen.

27. Currency: Japanese yen (according to the exchange rate announced by Japan External Trade Organization in February 2003: 1 USD: 1 19.3 yen).

28. Foreign direct investment: 200 1 year, with 1753 projects, amounting to 395.48 million yen (according to the statistics of the Japanese Ministry of Finance).

29. Overseas net assets: at the end of 2000, it was 654.38+0.79 trillion yen (up 34.7% year-on-year).

30, the most geographical: the highest peak is Mount Fuji, with an altitude of 3,776 meters; The longest river is Shinagawa, with a total length of 367 kilometers; The largest lake is Lake Biwa, with an area of 670 square kilometers; The largest island is Honshu Island, covering an area of 228,000 square kilometers.

3 1. Deforestation rate: 0% per year.

32. Natural disasters: typhoons are frequent in summer, and heavy rains may bring floods; There are many volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. There are about 1500 earthquakes every year, most of which are small earthquakes. Strong earthquakes may be accompanied by tsunamis.

33. Territorial disputes: with the northern territory of Russia (South Kuril Islands of Russia), with Zhudao of South Korea (Dokdo of South Korea), and with Diaoyu Island of China.

Land and industry in Japan

I. Japanese territory

1, geographical location

Japan, located at the eastern end of the Eurasian continent, is an archipelago country surrounded by the sea, extending in an arc from northeast to southwest. The east and south are the endless Pacific Ocean, bordering the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea in the west, the Sea of Okhotsk in the north, and facing North Korea, South Korea, China, Russian and other countries across the sea. In addition, there are several small islands in the western Pacific far from home.

2. Region and regional division

Including the disputed areas such as the four northern islands (Tooth Dance Islands, Sedan Island, Guohou Island and Chouo Island) and Zhudao, Japan's total land area is 377,887.25 square kilometers, equivalent to145 in Russia and125 in China and the United States, but larger than most European countries such as Germany, Britain and Italy.

Japan's territory consists of Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, four major islands and 6,848 small islands, with a width of 300 kilometers from east to west and a length of 3,500 kilometers from north to south.

Japanese territory is customarily divided into eight regions from north to south, including Hokkaido, Northeast China, Kanto, Central China, Feng Jingen, China, Shikoku and Kyushu.

3. Mountains

There are many mountains in Japan, and the mountains are ridged in the center of Japan, which divides Japan's territory into one side of the Pacific Ocean and one side of the Sea of Japan.

Japan is located in the Pacific volcanic earthquake zone, with frequent volcanic activities, which has brought great troubles to the lives of local people. However, in the volcanic distribution area, with beautiful scenery and rich hot spring resources, it has become a famous tourist attraction.

4. Rivers and plains

Most rivers in Japan originate in the central mountainous areas and flow eastward and westward into the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Because Japan is long and narrow from east to west, the mountains are steep and the rivers are short and urgent. In rainy season and typhoon season, the amount of water increases, which is easy to form floods. To this end, Japan has built a large number of flood control dams and reservoirs. River water is widely used for domestic water, agricultural and industrial water and hydropower generation.

The plains in Japan are mainly distributed in the downstream coastal areas of rivers, mostly alluvial plains, with a small scale. The larger plains include Kanto Plain, Shikai Plain, Yuehou Plain, Houwei Plain and Shi Sheng Plain.

5. Coastline and Ocean

Japan's coastline is 33,889 kilometers long. As Japan is an island country, its coastline is very complicated. There are many cliffs in the Sea of Japan in the west, few ports, and many estuaries in the Pacific Ocean in the east, forming many natural ports.

In the East Pacific Ocean, it is surrounded by the Japanese warm current (Kuroshio) from south to north, and the Kuroshio cold current (pro-tide) forms in the northeast. In the West Sea of Japan, there are warm currents and Riemann cold currents flowing to Malaysia. At the intersection of cold current and warm current, there are abundant fish resources and become natural fishing grounds.

In recent years, El Nino, which has caused the sea water to warm, has also had an impact on Japan, mainly because the duration of plum rains is prolonged, and it is easy to form Leng Xia and warm winter.

Two. Climate and natural disasters

1, climate of Japan

Japan has a long and narrow territory, which runs through three climatic zones: tropical zone, temperate zone and frigid zone. Coupled with the dual influence of continental and maritime climate, the climate changes greatly and the four seasons are distinct. In summer, the temperature in the whole country is generally high and the precipitation is abundant. In winter, the sea of Japan is snowy and cloudy, while the Pacific Ocean is dry and sunny. The temperature difference between north and south is large in winter. In the month of 65438+ 10, the average temperature in Sapporo in the north was below zero, and that in Naha in the south was above 15 degrees.

Sakura is the national flower of Japan. It blooms first in South Kyushu in March every year, and blooms one by one from south to north. It is called "Cherry Blossom Front Line", and the cherry blossom opening time in Hokkaido is generally around mid-May every year.

Japan's climate zone can be divided into Hokkaido climate zone (cool in summer, cold in winter, less precipitation, less affected by plum rains and typhoons), Japan Sea coastal climate zone (snowy in winter, sunny in summer), inland climate zone (less precipitation due to monsoon, large temperature difference between day and night in Xia Dong), and Pacific coastal climate zone (influenced by ocean, rainy in summer, hot and foggy, warm in winter, mostly affected by typhoons).

2. Natural disasters

Because Japan is in a place where typhoons must pass, there are many active volcanoes, and affected by forest development and urban development, natural disasters in Japan are frequent, mainly including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, typhoons and heavy rains. In order to prevent natural disasters, Japan has taken many measures, such as building reservoirs and regulating dikes, and carrying out seismic treatment on buildings. Recently, Japan is still studying the establishment of a crisis management system to quickly carry out disaster relief by accurately transmitting information.

Three. Resources and land use

1, Japan's resources

Japan is poor in resources, with little oil, coal and natural gas, almost no uranium, and a lot of resources are imported from overseas.

Oil is the most important energy source in Japan, accounting for 52.3% of the primary energy supply, but Japan's crude oil production is very small, and 99.7% depends on imports. 199 Japan's crude oil output was 730,000 KL, and the main producing areas were Niigata and Akita. Imported crude oil is 25043KL, mainly from UAE, Saudi Arabia and Iran.

1999, Japan produced 2.28 billion cubic meters of natural gas and imported 5 154 million tons of liquefied natural gas, mainly from Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia.

Japan is not rich in mineral resources, and many resources depend on imports due to factors such as resource protection and rising mining costs. The import dependence of main resources is iron ore 100%, bauxite 100%, copper 99.9%, zinc 89.8% and salt 85.9% respectively. Japan not only imports mineral resources from overseas, but also directly invests in countries rich in mineral resources and uses excellent mining technology to develop resources.

New energy sources being developed in Japan include nuclear energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, fuel cells and tidal energy. At present, Japan has become a nuclear power in the world. By the end of 1999, Japan had 52 nuclear power units, ranking third in the world after the United States and France. Nuclear power generation accounts for 36% of the total power supply, ranking eighth in the world. Geothermal power generation has also made some progress.

2. Land use

There are mountains in Japan, with forest area accounting for 66.7%, agricultural land accounting for 13.2%, construction land accounting for 4.9%, rivers and lakes accounting for 3.6%, roads accounting for 3.6%, gardening accounting for 0.6% and others accounting for 7.4%. In agricultural land, paddy fields are mainly planted in plains and basins, and dry fields are mainly planted in terraces and hillsides, with few pastures and grasslands.

After World War II, Japan carried out a lot of land development to develop its economy, forming a relatively concentrated technology industry cluster. Although it has promoted economic development, it has also caused public hazards, destruction of the natural environment, overpopulation and other problems. Since the 1980s, Japan's population has tended to concentrate in the capital Tokyo. Although it eased in the 1990s, the population of Tokyo still accounts for about 10% of the whole country. 2 1 century, Japan's land policy began to emphasize land protection and management, comprehensive planning and decentralized development from simple development.

Four. Population distribution and industry

1, population distribution

In 2003, the population of Japan was 6.5438+27.4 million, which is a country with high population density in the world.

Japan is one of the longest-lived countries in the world, and the average life expectancy of Japanese people ranks first in the world. However, in recent years, the number of newborn babies has been decreasing year by year, and the aging population has become increasingly serious, resulting in a decrease in the working population and the phenomenon of "aging fewer children". In 2000, the natural population growth rate in Japan dropped to 1. 1%, which was lower than the average level of 1.4% in developed countries. The proportion of people over 65 years old in the national population was 7. 1% in 1970, and reached 17.3% in 2000.

According to the Japanese government's calculation, the population of Japan will reach a peak of about 654.38+0.2778 million in 2007, and then the total population will gradually decrease with the decrease of newborns. In 20 15 years, the proportion of people over 65 will exceed 25%, and there will be 1 elderly in every four people.

The population distribution in Japan is quite different in different regions. In 2000, there were 9 prefectures and counties with a population of over 5 million. Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya are called the three metropolitan areas, and the population within 50 kilometers of the three metropolitan areas accounts for 43.9% of the total population.

2. Industrial population

In terms of industrial population, in 2000, the primary industry accounted for 5. 1%, the secondary industry accounted for 30.7% and the tertiary industry accounted for 63.7%.

Japan's tertiary industry accounts for more than 60% of all employment and national income, and it is an important industry in Japan. The reason for the gradual expansion of the tertiary industry is that with the mechanization of social production, many people begin to turn to the service industry, and people need various services in order to live in a complex society.

Major city

The main cities in Japan are Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kyoto, Kobe, Kitakyushu, Sapporo, Kawasaki, Fukuoka and so on.

1. Tokyo

Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the political, economic and cultural center, and one of the largest cities in the world. Located at the southern tip of Kanto Plain in Honshu, bordering Tokyo Bay in the southeast, it is connected with the Pacific Ocean, with an area of 2 187 square kilometers and a population of10/9057 12(2003). The terrace in the west of Tokyo is called "Yamanote" and the lowland part in the east is called "Xiamachi".

Tokyo is the largest industrial city in Japan, and its industrial output value ranks first in the country. The main industries are steel, shipbuilding, machine building, chemical industry, leather, automobile, fiber, petroleum, publishing, printing and precision instruments.

Tokyo is the commercial and financial center of Japan. Almost all major banks have headquarters in Tokyo. Tokyo's stock market and various commodity exchanges are also world-famous. Ginza is the main bustling street in Tokyo. In recent years, the center of downtown has gradually shifted from Ginza to Shinjuku, Ikebukuro and Shibuya.

Tokyo is the cultural center of Japan, with more than 190 universities, accounting for 50% of the national universities. Famous Tokyo University, Waseda University, Keio University, Rikkyo University, Meiji University, Hosei University, etc. Concentrated here, there are also the National Museum, the Western Art Museum and the National Library. Publishing houses account for 80% of the country.

The center of Tokyo is the Imperial Palace, and there is Tokyo Station nearby. Xiaguan, nagatacho and its surrounding areas are the official streets of the central government, and there are organs such as the National Assembly Hall and the Supreme Court in one corner.

The traffic between Tokyo and its surrounding areas mainly depends on high-speed trains (Japanese people call them "trams"), followed by subways, expressways and ordinary roads. The high-speed train not only runs fast (more than 200 kilometers per hour), but also arrives on time (on time), which is convenient (trains every 3 minutes) and comfortable.

1979 March 14 Tokyo and Beijing became twin cities.

Osaka city

Osaka is the capital of Osaka Prefecture, located on the bank of Osaka Bay in the southwest of Honshu Island. With an area of 22 1 km2 and a population of 2,484,326 (in 2003), this city is the third most populous city in Japan (after Tokyo and Yokohama). Osaka's economic strength is strong, second only to Tokyo, ranking second in the country. Osaka is also a national land and water transportation center.

Osaka is a comprehensive modern industrial city, with steel, machinery manufacturing, shipbuilding, chemical industry, textile and paper making as its main industries. Sumitomo Metal, Hitachi Shipbuilding, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and other large enterprises have set up factories in this city. The industrial output value ranks second in the country. Along the coast of Osaka Bay, starting from Wakayama in the south and reaching Himeji in the west, including Kobe and Kyoto, it is a famous Hanshin Industrial Zone, surrounded by about 30 satellite towns.

Osaka is also a cultural and educational center in western Japan, with more than 40 universities, government libraries and Asahi Shimbun all concentrated here.

On April 1974, Osaka and Shanghai became sister cities.

3. Hengbang City

Yokohama is the third largest industrial city after Tokyo and Osaka, and the largest seaport in China. It is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture and the center of politics, economy, culture and transportation, with an area of 437.00 square kilometers and a population of 34336 12(2003).

Hengbang City is one of the centers of Jingbang Industrial Zone, and its industrial output value ranks third in the country after Tokyo and Osaka. Transportation machinery (automobiles, ships), electrical appliances and food processing are the three major industrial sectors, accounting for more than half of the city's industrial output value. Other industries include steel, oil refining and chemical industry.

Hengbang Port is the largest seaport in China, and its trade volume ranks first in China for a long time. Hengbang is 25 kilometers away from Tokyo, and the transportation facilities between the two cities are complete, and the time distance is only about 20 minutes.

1973165438+1October Hengbang and Shanghai became sister cities.

4. Nagoya City

Nagoya is the capital of Aichi Prefecture and the fourth largest industrial city after Tokyo, Osaka and Yokohama. Located in the west of central Honshu, near Ise Bay. It covers an area of 326 square kilometers and has a population of 2109,681(2003).

Nagoya is a comprehensive industrial city and the core of China-Beijing industrial belt (referring to the industrial zone along Ise Bay). Wood processing, wool spinning and ceramics industries rank first in the country, and industries such as automobiles, steel, general machinery, metal processing, precision instruments and chemicals are also very developed. There are more than 65,438+8,000 factories in the city, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Sumitomo Light Metal Industry Company set up factories here.

Nagoya is also a developed commercial center and one of the three wholesale commercial centers in China. Toyota Motor Sales Company and Matsuzaka Department Store in Aichi Prefecture of this city are well-known large-scale commercial enterprises in China.

197865438+In February, Nagoya and Nanjing became sister cities.

Japanese customs and habits

Japan is known as "the country of etiquette", and it is a Japanese custom to pay attention to etiquette. When people meet, they usually bow to each other and say "hello", "goodbye" and "please take care of me".

Japanese people attach great importance to exchanging business cards when they meet for the first time. Not only is it impolite to meet for the first time without a business card, but the other party will think you are unsociable. When handing business cards to each other, you should bow first and hand them in both hands. After receiving the other party's business card, read it carefully to see the identity, position and company of the other party, and nod your head to show that you know the other party's identity. Japanese people think that business cards represent a person, and treat them as if they were themselves. If you take a business card and put it in your pocket without reading it, it is considered rude. If you want to participate in business negotiations, you must send business cards to everyone in the room and accept their business cards. You can't leave out anyone. Although it takes a lot of time, it is a way to express mutual friendship and respect.

When visiting a Japanese home, you should make an appointment with the host in advance and ring the doorbell to announce your name before entering the door. If there is no doorbell in this house, don't knock, but open the sliding door on the door and ask, "Excuse me, is there anyone inside?" After entering the door, you should take the initiative to take off your clothes and hat, take off your scarf (but be careful not to wear vest or barefoot even in hot weather, otherwise it will be impolite), put on spare slippers and give your own gifts to your host. When you sit in a room, it is polite to sit with your back to the door. Only under the persuasion of the owner can we move to a distinguished position (referring to the seat with various works of art and decorations in front of the niche, which is specially prepared for VIPs). Japanese people are not used to letting guests visit their houses, so don't ask to look around. Japan is particularly taboo for men to break into the kitchen. You have to ask the owner's permission to go to the toilet. When eating, if you don't know how to eat a certain meal, you should ask the owner's advice and turn your chopsticks around when you are holding vegetables. When saying goodbye, let the guests ask first and thank the host. When you return to your residence, you should call the other party and tell them that you have returned safely. Thank you again. Don't forget to express your gratitude when you see your host again after a while.

When the Japanese hold a banquet, the traditional way of toasting is to put a bowl full of clear water in the middle of the table and put a clean white gauze in front of everyone. Before pouring wine, the host will wash his glass with clear water, press the cup mouth down on the gauze, let the water droplets be sucked up by the gauze, and then hand it to the guests with both hands. After drinking, guests do the same to show the friendship and intimacy between the host and the guests.

Whether visiting relatives and friends or attending banquets, Japanese people always bring gifts, and a family spends 7.5% of its income on gifts every month. When visiting Japanese families, you must bring gifts. Japanese people think that giving gifts is much more meaningful than saying "thank you", because it is to express gratitude with practical actions. When giving gifts to Japanese people, we should master the "sense of value", and the gifts should not be too heavy or too light. If it is too heavy, he will think what you want from him, and thus infer that your goods or services are not good; If it is too light, it will be considered that you look down on him. Generally, it is more appropriate to take some packaged food when visiting Japanese families, but don't send flowers, because some flowers are used for courtship or funeral. Japanese people pay attention to the packaging of gifts. Gifts should be wrapped in several layers and tied with beautiful ribbons or paper ropes. The Japanese believe that there is a soul in their hearts, which shows their sincerity in sending people to Zagreb. People who receive gifts usually give them back. Japanese people don't open gifts in front of guests, mainly to avoid embarrassment because of the discomfort of gifts. Japanese people don't mind giving gifts they don't need to others. Japanese people generally don't use even numbers to give gifts. This is because "four" in even numbers is the same as "death" in Japanese. In order to avoid bad luck, "four" is not used in many occasions. Over time, even the second, fourth and sixth figures are simply not given. They like to pronounce singular numbers, especially the three singular numbers of three, five and seven. But "nine" should also be avoided, because "nine" and "bitter" have the same pronunciation in Japanese.

Japan's flower path

In Japan with four distinct seasons, there are flowers in different seasons. People are not simply picking flowers for decoration, but trying to express an artistic concept, which produces the art of flower arrangement. This kind of art reproduces the natural scenery, or combines the material structure of flowers with the forms of heaven, earth and people. There are many schools that hold the concept of this flower pattern.

According to the needs of the times, the art of flower arrangement has produced various forms, and today, it still maintains a strong vitality: vertical flower, raw flower, flower arrangement and flowering. There are 2,000-3,000 schools, the largest of which is Chifang. It is said that there are 65,438+0,000 disciples. Followed by small original flow, grass flow and so on.

The decorative flowers in the niche of Ewha Academy were created by Chifang in Muromachi era. Pine, peach, bamboo, willow, red leaves, cypress, etc. They are all used, and the form of directly inserting water into the bottle mouth is called vertical flower.

In the middle of the Edo period, flowers for entertaining guests were born, mainly in niches. Different from the investment method and the flower holding method, the instruments of flower arrangement symbolize the earth, mainly not expressing the beauty of grass and flowers, but the vitality of vegetation extension.

The method of keeping the natural shape of flowers in a deep flowerpot is like throwing flowers at will, hence the name. There are three forms: hanging on a niche, hanging on a column, and placed under a niche.

A water tray or basket for holding flowers and filling these containers with flowers, hence the name. At the end of Meiji, due to the planting of western flowers and the increase of western architecture, this flower arrangement method was not limited to niche decoration. There are also some schools, such as Liu Xiaoyuan and Anda. Blooming flowers can be said to be the mainstream of modern flower arrangement art ..

Japanese tea ceremony

Tea originated in India and was introduced to China at the same time as Buddhism. Japanese tea ceremony tea was first introduced to Japan in Nara era and brought to the Tang Dynasty by envoys. Tea, which once declined, rose widely again in Kamakura era. In the Muromachi era, under the leadership of General Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Zhuguang Murata began to make tea on a couch with four and a half beds, which became a tea ceremony. In gardens or temples, temporary teahouses can be set up, and of course there can be outdoor tea ceremony, but for tea ceremony, tea room is essential. Ordering tea is called "before ordering". Its order is to put tea powder in a tea bowl, pour boiling water, and then stir it with a small round bamboo brush to make it foam. When drinking, pick up the tea bowl in your right hand, put it in the palm of your left hand, and then turn the tea bowl from the opposite side to the front. Wipe it with your fingers after drinking. You wipe your fingers with the white paper at hand. However, the tea ceremony is more than just drinking tea. Its fundamental significance lies in appreciating tea ceremony utensils, tea room decoration, chayuan and the spiritual communication between the host and the guest.

Tea ceremony rules are interpreted as "four rules and seven rules". The so-called "four rules", that is, peace and respect are the rules between the host and the guest at the tea party; Quiet refers to the clean and leisurely atmosphere of teahouse and chayuan. The "Seven Laws" are used to prepare for receiving guests. "Make tea taste good; Charcoal fire is suitable, and it should be burned until the water boils; Tea is warm in winter and cool in summer; Flowers should be placed as in the wild; Early is the best time; Even if it doesn't rain, prepare rain gear; All for the guests "7 secrets.

After Lu Yu wrote the Book of Tea in the Tang Dynasty, tea tasting went from temples to folk, and literati appeared to drink tea. "Tuancha", which was popular in Nara era, heian period and Japan, was a kind of tea used by literati in the Tang Dynasty.

The method of making "Tuancha" is not difficult, as long as the tea leaves are dried, pounded into powder with a tea mortar, kneaded into balls with a little water, dried and stored for later use.

In the middle period of Heian (the end of the ninth century), Japan abolished its diplomatic envoys in Tang Dynasty, and "group tea" gradually disappeared and was replaced by "matcha" which prevailed in Song Dynasty.

The method of making "matcha" is to pound refined tea leaves into powder with a mortar, put water into the tea powder when drinking, and mix it evenly with a tea basket (bamboo brush) for drinking, which is nutritious and delicious.

In the early Kamakura period (13rd century), the famous monk Master Rong Xi came to China for the second time. After returning to Japan, he opened a tea garden and wrote "Drinking Tea for Health", arguing that drinking tea can prolong life and promote the popularization of "matcha".

The Song Dynasty initiated the "Tea Fight", which first appeared among literati in the form of entertainment. The teahouse of the Tea Party is usually a two-story building, which was called "Tea Pavilion" at that time. The guests wait in the living room downstairs until the owner of the tea kiosk invites them, and then go to Taige on the second floor for tea. "Taige" has windows on all sides, overlooking the outdoor scenery. Famous paintings are hung on the indoor screen, and the table in front of the screen is covered with brocade with incense burners, vases and candlesticks. There are a pair of decorative cabinets in the west wing room, which are filled with luxurious prizes, and the winners can become the owners of the prizes.

"Fighting tea" adopts the method of "four kinds and ten clothes". Each contestant drinks ten servings of four kinds of matcha, and then tells the "origin" and "water quality" of the tea, and decides the winner according to the score. The "origin" of tea refers to local tea and non-local tea, and "water quality" refers to the water quality used in tea making, that is, water source.

From the Southern and Northern Dynasties (1336) to the mid-Muromachi period (1mid-5th century), the method of "fighting tea" and tea kiosks almost completely imitated China. However, after the mid-Muromachi period, Chinese tea kiosks were abolished and used as clubs to hold songs and concerts. The taste of "fighting tea" has gradually become Japanese, and people no longer pay attention to luxury, but pay more attention to elegant taste.

Thus, the aristocratic tea ware and the popular way of tea tasting appeared. Zhuguang formulated the first tea tasting method, so he was called "the ancestor of tea tasting" by later generations. Zhuguang changed tea tasting from entertainment to tea ceremony.

Zhu Guangliu's tea ceremony has experienced several generations. At the end of Muromachi, there appeared a master of tea ceremony, Rifu Morino. Mori no Rikyū founded Li Xiuliu's grass bank wind tea method, which was popular all over the world for a while and pushed the development of tea ceremony to the peak. Mori no Rikyū is known as "the first person in the world's tea ceremony" and has become the absolute authority of the tea ceremony industry. Senoriki's popularity among the people threatens the authority of those in power. General Toyotomi Hideyoshi established a name for himself and promulgated it.

He ordered Sen Noriky to commit suicide by caesarean section on trumped-up charges.

After Morino's death, his successor took over his mantle, and there appeared thousands of schools, such as "expressing thousands of schools", "thousands of schools among thousands of schools" and "thousands of schools in the way of samurai".

All schools of tea ceremony basically adopt matcha method, but as early as the Edo period (1the end of the 6th century), the upsurge of tea frying initiated by China in the Ming Dynasty began among scholars. The tea frying method does not require much for tea. Simply dry ordinary tea leaves, then steam them, rub them open by hand, put them in a teapot and brew them with boiling water, and then pour them into a tea bowl for drinking. In fact, people called this method "making tea" at that time, but the real method of "frying tea" was different. Pour boiling water into the tea bowl first, and then put the tea in it to drink. Modern people collectively call it fried tea. Because frying tea is convenient and not limited by the venue, it is widely used in modern families. Of course, the traditional matcha method is still the main method in formal tea parties or reception of important people.

Japanese tea ceremony pays attention to elegant etiquette, and the tools used are also carefully selected, with tea and dessert. Tea ceremony has gone beyond the category of tea tasting, and the Japanese regard it as a way to cultivate sentiment. Japanese tea ceremony originated in China, but now if you want to see the elegance of China tea ceremony, I'm afraid you have to go to Japan.

Japanese judo

"Judo aims to make effective use of physical and mental strength, understand the doubts of life through mental and physical training during attack and defense, and make yourself a person."

1882 Mr Jana Jgoroh founded judo on the basis of ancient Japanese jujitsu through improvement and development. Because the ancient Japanese jujitsu moves were vicious and complicated, he deleted and modified some of them to improve the efficiency, achieve victory and avoid the injury of opponents. Men's judo and women's judo became official Olympic events in 1964 and 1992 respectively.

"Softness" means using the strength of your opponent to become your own advantage. One of the key points is "using mild steel", which uses less force than the opponent and uses the mechanical principle to take the opponent's strength for its own use. It's like China's Tai Chi to knock your opponent down. "Tao" refers not only to methods, but also to spiritual cultivation and the cultivation of good character.

Judo is basically divided into nage-waza, Ne-waza and Atemi Waza.

Since the popularity of judo in Japan, foreigners have studied judo in Japan, and after returning home, they have taught their skills and actively promoted it. After years of hard work, judo has developed rapidly in the world. After the Second World War, the number of people participating in judo in European countries increased continuously, which set off a "judo craze". Many countries have established judo leagues. At the initiative of judo lovers in Britain and France, a judo league with 203 countries was established in Europe. A competition is held every year. in France

In July, 2006, 12 countries including Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Australia, Netherlands, Canada, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Cuba and Japan established the International Judo Federation. Mr. Zheng Lu of Ghana (son of Mr. Yana Jgoroh), then director of Kodokan and president of the All-Japan Judo Federation, was the first president. Since then, judo with Japanese national characteristics has truly become an international sport. 1956 in may, the first world judo competition was held in Japan, the birthplace of judo. In the future, the competition will be held every other year, which has become an international competition with more participants and relatively sound competition organization. Judo was listed as an official event in the18th Olympic Games held in Tokyo from 65438 to 0964. The second president of the International Judo Federation is Mr. Paalmann of Britain, and the current president is Mr. Shigeji Matsumae, President of Donghai University. At present, Japan's judo level ranks first in the world, and other countries such as the Soviet Union, France, West Germany and the Netherlands also have considerable strength.

Judo is still a new sport in China. 1979 In April, China held the first judo training course, invited friends from Japanese judo circles to give lectures, and trained a number of judo athletes and coaches for various places, which made judo develop rapidly in many provinces and cities in China and some sports institutes.

1979, 165438+ 10, China established its first judo team. After just four months of training,1March, 980, it met the visiting Judo Team of Japan Seiki University. In two friendly matches, our youth training team has achieved good results. 1980 On September 6th, the first national judo championship was held in Qinhuangdao. It can be seen from this competition that the athletes' technical level has improved rapidly, and they have been able to master and use judo stunts such as holding pressure, necking and anti-joint in wrestling and control techniques. 198 1 In April, our young judo players participated in the international competition for the first time and made two gratifying achievements in the Yugoslav Cup invitational tournament. Young judo athletes and coaches in China, while humbly learning judo skills from Japanese friends, will certainly make positive contributions to the development of judo if they can apply the unique skills of Chinese wrestling to judo. At the recent Sydney Olympic Games, China athletes also made gratifying achievements.

Judo in Japan