Review materials of junior high school geography last semester

Review Points for Grade Seven (Hunan Education Edition) Chapter 1 Section 2 How do we study geography?

I. Classification of maps:

1. Natural map (including topographic map, climate map, hydrological map, natural vegetation map, etc.). )

2, social and economic map (industrial map, agricultural map, business map, traffic map, population distribution map, etc.). )

Two, the three elements of the map: direction, scale, legend and notes.

1. Direction: When judging the direction on the map, first look at whether there are pointing signs and longitude and latitude lines. If there is a pointer, press the pointer to determine the direction (the arrow points to the north); If there are longitude and latitude lines, determine the direction according to the longitude and latitude lines (longitude indicates the north-south direction and latitude indicates the east-west direction); If there is no beacon or longitude and latitude lines, press "up north and down south, left west and right east" to determine the direction.

2. Scale: Formula: Scale = distance on the map/distance on the spot.

(Note: In this formula, the distance on the map and the distance on the spot are in centimeters. A scale is a ratio and has no units. )

Methods to judge the scale: 1. Hua Song number. Then, think of them as "fractions". Finally, look at the imaginary "score", which has a large scale; The smaller the score, the smaller the scale.

Same map: large scale, small scope and detailed content.

If the scale is small, the scope is large and the content is short.

3. Legends and notes: Remember the common legends on the map. Chapter II The Surface of the Earth

Section 1 Understanding the Earth

1, the shape of the earth: Gaitian theory → Huntian theory → Zhelun's global voyage → Earth satellite photos.

The true shape of the earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator.

2, the size of the earth data:

Average radius: about 637 1 km equatorial circumference: about 40,000 km surface area: about 5 1 100 million square kilometers.

3. Analyze the length of the semicircle representing the latitude and longitude direction; The equator is the longest, and it gets shorter as it goes to the poles. The scale range is 0-90 0- 180. Determination of zero line. The variation law of equatorial prime meridian degree is that the equator becomes larger towards the poles, and the prime meridian becomes larger eastward and westward. The boundary line dividing the hemisphere (divided into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere) is 20 W, 160.

Standing in the south pole has only one direction: surrounded by the north.

Standing in the North Pole has only one direction: surrounded by the south.

Section II: Distribution of Land and Sea in the World

1. Near the North Pole is the ocean (Arctic Ocean); Near the South Pole is land (Antarctica).

The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by Asia, Europe and North America.

Antarctica is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

The ocean with the longest longitude span is the Arctic Ocean (spanning all longitudes).

The continent with the longest longitude span is Antarctica (spanning all longitudes).

The continent with the widest latitude is Asia.

2. All continents in the northern hemisphere are: North America and Europe.

The continent in the southern hemisphere is Antarctica.

All the continents in the old hemisphere are: Africa.

All the continents in the western hemisphere are: South America.

The continents crossed by the equator are Africa and South America.

The continents crossed by the equator are Africa, Asia, Oceania and North America.

The continents that span the four hemispheres of southeast, northwest and northwest are Asia and Oceania.

3. Seven continents: Formula: Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and Europe (from big to small)

Asia: the terrain is complex, high in the middle and low around.

Africa: Plateau-dominated, known as "plateau continent" and "tropical continent".

North America and South America: The terrain is divided into three parts: east, middle and west.

Low mountains and plateaus in the east; The middle is a plain; There are high mountains in the west.

Antarctica: The highest average altitude, known as the "ice and snow plateau".

Europe: The average elevation is the lowest, mainly in plain areas.

Oceania: the mountains are in the east; The central part is great artesian basin; The west is a low plateau. 4, four oceans: formula: too big to print the north (from large to small by area)

5, the dividing line of the continents:

The dividing line between Asia and Europe: Urals, ural river, Caucasus and Turkish Strait.

The dividing line between Asia and Africa: Suez Canal.

The dividing line between Asia and North America: Bering Strait.

The dividing line between Europe and Africa: the Strait of Gibraltar

The dividing line between Europe and North America: Danish Strait

The boundary between Antarctica and South America: Drake Strait

The dividing line between South America and North America: Panama Canal

Part III: The topography of the world.

1. land topography: There are differences and similarities in topographic names. The elevation of the plain is low, generally less than 200 meters. Plateau is relatively dominant at altitude, with steep edges. The mountain is relatively high, above 500m above sea level, with steep slopes and deep valleys. The rugged hills on the ground are relatively low, and the relative elevation is generally less than meters. The basin is surrounded by mountains or plateaus, and the middle is relatively low. 2. There are two mountain systems in the world: one is the Cordillera mountain system (generally north-south);

The other is the Alps-Himalayas system (generally east-west).

3. The best of several simple worlds:

The largest plain in the world: Amazon Plain

The largest plateau in the world: Brazil Plateau The highest plateau in the world: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The highest and largest mountain range in the world: Himalayas; The longest mountain range in the world: the Andes.

The world's largest basin: Congo Basin The world's deepest trench: Mariana Trench.

4. Submarine topography: continental shelf, continental slope, trench, basin and mid-ocean ridge.

The continental shelf is the most important of the five kinds of seabed topography. It is a natural extension of the land to the ocean, with a gentle slope and a water depth of less than 200 meters. There are abundant mineral resources, such as oil, coal and natural gas.

4. Learn to read topographic maps:

Topographic maps are divided into: aerial view, plan view, contour topographic map, contour layered color topographic map,

Topographic profile.

One of the most important is the contour topographic map, so what about the contour topographic map?

1. On the contour topographic map, there are five topographic names: peak, saddle, valley, ridge and steep cliff.

Identification method: the contour line is closed and the altitude rises to the top of the mountain;

Between the two peaks is a saddle;

The contour line is convex to the height, which is a valley; The contour line protrudes downward, which is the ridge;

Where contour lines overlap is a steep cliff.

2. Methods of judging steep slopes: dense contour lines and steep slopes; The contour lines are sparse and the slope is gentle.

Section IV: Changes in Land and Sea

1. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the continental drift hypothesis in 19 12.

2. Plate tectonics theory

There are six major plates in the world: Asia-Europe plate, America plate, Africa plate, Antarctica plate, Indian Ocean plate and Pacific plate.

Among them, the Pacific plate is almost entirely ocean, and other plates have both land and ocean.

3. The interior of the plate is relatively stable. At the junction of plates, there are some stretches, some collisions and compressions, and the crust is relatively stable.

4, the world's two major volcanic earthquake zone:

The mountain belt around the Pacific Ocean and the mountain belt across southern Eurasia and northwest Africa. Chapter III Residents of the World

Section 1: World Population

1. Birth rate = (number of births/total population) x 100%

Mortality rate = (number of deaths/total population) x 100%

Natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate = [(number of births-number of deaths)/total population] x 100%

2. Population density = population/area unit: people/per square kilometer.

(Note: Population density has nothing to do with birth rate, mortality rate and natural growth rate)

World densely populated areas: East and South Asia, Western Europe, Eastern North America and South America.

3. Too fast or too slow population growth is not good;

The rapid growth of population will put great pressure on social and economic development, and it is difficult to solve the problems of employment, housing, education and medical care for residents.

Too slow population growth will cause problems such as labor shortage, aging population and insufficient national defense forces.

Section 2: The distribution of ethnic characteristics in the world. Yellow people have yellow or tan skin, brown eyes, straight black hair, wide and flat face, medium height nose and figure. East Asia

Caucasians have white or light brown skin, light eyes and hair color, wavy hair, thin nose, thin lips and relatively tall figure. Black people in Europe, North America, North Africa, West Asia, South Asia and Oceania have dark brown skin and eyes, curly hair, flat nose, thick upturned lips, low chin and long limbs. Note: Indians and Inuit (also called Eskimos) belong to the yellow race.

Part III: Languages and religions in the world.

1. The six working languages of the United Nations

Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic

Chinese is the most widely used language in the world. English is the most widely used language in the world.

2. The three major religions in the world

Christianity is the religion with the largest number of followers and the widest spread in the world. Mainly distributed in Europe, North America, South America and Oceania. Classic works such as the Bible.

Islam, the second largest religion in the world. Mainly distributed in western and southeastern Asia and northern and eastern Africa. Christians are called Muslims.

Buddhism, the third largest religion in the world. Mainly distributed in Sri Lanka in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia. Chapter IV World Climate

Section 1 Weather and Climate

1. Weather: refers to the specific situation of the near-surface atmosphere in a short time. (variable)

2. Climate: refers to the average weather conditions in a place for many years. (relatively stable)

3. Satellite cloud image: green indicates land; Blue represents the ocean; White indicates cloudy and rainy areas; Yellow stands for sandstorm.

4. Remember the weather conditions represented by simple weather symbols.

Section 2: Temperature and Precipitation

1. annual average temperature distribution in the world;

① The temperature gradually decreases from the equator to the poles. (It can also be said that the temperature gradually decreases from low latitude to high latitude.)

(2) In the same latitude range, the temperature of ocean and land is different.

(3) On the land at the same latitude, the temperature at altitude is lower than that around it.

2. In a day, the highest temperature on land generally appears after noon (about 14).

In a day, the lowest temperature on land usually appears around sunrise.

In a year, the highest land temperature in the northern hemisphere appears in July, and the lowest temperature appears in 65438+ 10.

In a year, the highest temperature in the northern hemisphere ocean appears in August and the lowest temperature in February.

In a year, the highest land temperature in the southern hemisphere appears in June 5438+ 10, and the lowest temperature appears in July.

In a year, the highest temperature in the southern hemisphere ocean appears in February and the lowest temperature in August.

3. Distribution law of annual average precipitation in the world:

① There is more precipitation in equatorial regions and less precipitation in polar regions.

② There is more precipitation in mid-latitude coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas.

③ Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland.

4. Main precipitation types in the world:

① Convective rain: When the air near the ground is strongly heated, it will cause thermal convection. In the process of hot and humid air rising, as the temperature drops, water vapor cools to form precipitation. (e.g. near the equator)

(2) Topographic precipitation: Warm and humid air is forced to climb along the windward slope due to terrain obstruction, and water vapor in the air cools and condenses to form precipitation. (e.g. begging for help, burning fire)

③ Frontal rain: the precipitation formed by the cooling and condensation of water vapor during the rising of warm and humid air when the air flows with different cold and warm properties meet. (e.g. southeastern China)

(4) Typhoon storm: Warm and humid air rises around the typhoon center, and water vapor cools and condenses in it to form precipitation. (such as the southeast coast of China)

Section III: Main Factors Affecting Climate

1, the shape of the earth (it can also be said that it is a latitude factor)

Solar radiation gradually weakens from low latitude to high latitude.

2. The direction of the earth's movement, rotation and revolution from west to east, daily and mid-year phenomena from west to east, seasonal changes and changes in the length of day and night, and the division of five zones: (according to the amount of sunlight and heat obtained by various places)

Tropical, North Temperate, South Temperate, North Cold Zone, South Cold Zone

3. Land and sea distribution

Affected by the distribution of land and sea, the summer temperature in the same latitude area is high on land and low on ocean.

In winter, the land is low and the sea is high.

Affected by land and sea distribution, precipitation in the same latitude area: there is more precipitation on the windward slope and less precipitation on the leeward slope.

There is little water, and there are few areas far from the ocean.

4. Topography

Influence on temperature: the temperature in mountainous area is low and the temperature in mountainous area is high; The shady slope of the mountain is low and the sunny slope is high.

Impact on precipitation: rainy on windward slope and rainy on leeward slope.

(For every increase of 100m, the temperature will drop by about 0.6 degrees Celsius. )

5. Human activities

Section IV: Names of main climate types and distribution laws of climate characteristics in the world. The tropical rain forest climate is hot and rainy all year round. The tropical grassland climate near the equator is hot all year round, and the tropical monsoon climate on both sides of the tropical rain forest climate is hot all year round. The tropical desert climate of Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula is hot and rainy all year round. The inland areas where the Tropic of Cancer passes are amazing. The subtropical monsoon climate on the west coast of the mainland is hot and rainy in summer and mild and rainy in winter. China, the United States, southeast Brazil, Argentina and other coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate, which is hot and dry in summer. The temperate maritime climate on the west coast of the mainland is between 30 and 40 degrees north and south latitude, and it is mild and rainy in winter. The temperate monsoon climate on the west coast of the mainland in the mid-latitude region is hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. The temperate continental climate in China and southeastern Russia is hot in Leng Xia in winter and dry and rainy all year round. In the mainland between 30-60 latitude, there is a lot of monthly precipitation near the equator, such as Singapore;

There is no rain all year round: there is little monthly precipitation in inland areas and polar regions, such as Cairo, Egypt;

Rainy areas in summer: the east coast of the mainland near 30 ~ 40 north latitude, rainy in summer and rainy in winter, such as Beijing, China;

Rainy areas in winter: the west coast of the mainland near 30 ~ 40 north latitude, rainy in winter and less rainy in summer, such as Rome, Italy;

Perennial humid area: on the west coast of the mainland at 40 ~ 60 north latitude, this area is affected by the westerly wind from the ocean all the year round.

A wet month with moderate rainfall, such as Britain.

The determination method of annual temperature change curve and monthly precipitation chart;

1. If it is above 20 degrees Celsius every month of the year, it is tropical. Then it is enough to judge the climate name according to the monthly precipitation.

2. If it is not a tropical climate, then it is necessary to judge whether it is the southern hemisphere or the northern hemisphere (according to the temperature curve: if the temperature curve is convex, it is the northern hemisphere; If it is convex downward, it is the southern hemisphere).

Note: subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate are very similar, so we should distinguish them carefully.

The northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere have different descriptions of the Mediterranean climate.

Chapter 5: World development differences.

1. The top ten countries in the world are:

① Russian (Europe) ② Canadian (North America) ③ China (Asia) ④ United States (North America).

(5) Brazil (South America) (6) Australia (Oceania) (7) India (Asia) (8) Argentina (South America)

(9) Kazakhstan (Asia) and (10) Sudan (Africa)

The smallest country in the world is: Vatican (Europe)

2. The top ten countries in the world are: ① China (Asia), ② India (Asia), ③ USA (North America), ④ Indonesia (Asia), ⑤ Brazil (South America), ⑤ Pakistan (Asia), ⑧ Russia (Europe), ⑨ Bangladesh (Asia) and ⑨ Japan (Asia).

The country with the least population in the world is Nauru (Oceania).