How to grow and eat bergamot?

(a) the origin and distribution of bergamot, also known as pear, palm melon, fist melon, etc. Native to Mexico and Central America. 65438+ was introduced to China in the early 9th century, and widely cultivated in southern China. It was successfully planted in Yantai, Shandong Province in the early 1980s, and was planted in a large area in Shandong Province in the mid-1980s, and spread to all parts of North China. Bergamot has high nutritional value, and the fruit shape is like the palm of your hand folded together, which means the blessing of Buddhism and is deeply loved by people. Papaya can be stored for a whole winter, just in the off-season of winter when fruits and vegetables are scarce. Therefore, it is of special significance to grow papaya in northern China, which likes to eat fruits and vegetables. Papaya is a vine vegetable, which needs a lot of scaffolds in the middle and late growth period. In Shandong, most of them are cultivated in greenhouses. In summer, these protective facilities were removed from the greenhouse membrane and their skeletons were used as the support of bergamot, which made full use of greenhouses and greenhouses and improved the utilization rate of facilities. There are many ways to eat bergamot, which is delicious and storable. It can be stored for more than 5 months at room temperature and has become one of the newly developed fruits and vegetables in many areas.

(2) Nutritional value and use: bergamot is crisp and juicy, delicious and nutritious. Each kilogram of fresh melon contains 5 grams of protein, fat 1 g, 30 grams of cellulose, 77 grams of carbohydrate, 220 mg of vitamin C, 0. 1 mg of riboflavin, 500 mg of calcium, 320 mg of phosphorus and 40 mg of iron.

There are many ways to eat bergamot, such as shredding and slicing, eating raw, cooked food, cooking and frying, cold salad, meat, soup and salty sauce. Because pesticides are rarely used in planting, they are pollution-free vegetables, and their buds and roots can also be eaten.

Papaya is on the market in late autumn, which is very resistant to storage. It can be stored from 10 at room temperature to March-April of the following year, and the flavor is basically unchanged, which is of great significance to solve the off-season of vegetables in winter. In addition, there are few fruits and vegetables in winter, and people in northern China have a preference for fruits and vegetables, so bergamot is exactly what people need. Papaya is shaped like palms together, especially like chanting prayers. They have good wishes and are more loved by people. They are often used as China New Year gifts. Therefore, the market demand is increasing.

Papaya can be cultivated not only in the field, but also in courtyard greening. Garden planting can integrate viewing, shading, greening and eating.

The seedling stage of bergamot is very long, and it is usually raised in greenhouses. During the vigorous growth period, vines were climbed by using the skeleton of the greenhouse, and the greenhouse was empty in summer. After the bergamot is harvested, you can plant overwintering vegetables in the greenhouse. Therefore, the greenhouse cultivation of bergamot plays a great role in making full use of greenhouse facilities and implementing three-dimensional cultivation.

It can be seen from the above situation that the cultivation of bergamot in North China is of great significance. In recent years, the market in Shandong Province has gradually increased its supply, and the bergamot produced in Yantai has been exported to the northeast by sea. Papaya is developing from a rare vegetable to a roadside vegetable.

(3) Characteristics

1. Botanical characteristics Papaya is a perennial climbing herb of Cucurbitaceae. The root is a linear fibrous root, which gradually thickens and elongates with the growth of the plant, forming a semi-lignified lateral root with irregular radial lateral roots. The lateral roots are thick and long. Under normal circumstances, the annual lateral roots are more than 2 meters long. The root system has a wide distribution range, strong ability to absorb water and fertilizer and drought tolerance. Perennial bergamot can form big roots after entering the second year. Stems are tendrils, which are 10 meters long. Strong branching, almost every node has branches. There are two and three branches on the branch Leaves and tendrils are attached to nodes, which is climbing. Leaves alternate, leaves opposite tendrils. The leaves are palmately pentagonal, entire, green or dark green. Chaenomeles are monoecious flowers. Male flowers are mostly born on vines and bloom early; Most female flowers are born on the sun vine and bloom later than male flowers. Cross-pollination, insect-borne flowers. The fruit is pear-shaped, with five obvious longitudinal grooves and a suture at the top of the melon. The fruit color is green to milky white, and the weight of a single melon is 250 ~ 500 grams. The flesh is white and there is a seed in the fruit. The seeds are flat and spindle-shaped. Seeds have no dormancy period. If they are not harvested in time after maturity, they will germinate in the fruit, which is called "embryo germination".

2. Required environmental conditions

(1) Chaenomeles sinensis is native to tropical areas, and it is warm, heat-resistant and not cold-resistant. The initial germination temperature is 65438 02℃, and the suitable temperature is 65438 08 ~ 25℃. The suitable temperature for seedling growth is 20 ~ 30℃, and when it is higher than 30℃, the plant growth is obviously inhibited. But it can endure the high temperature above 40℃ and spend the summer safely. When the temperature is lower than 5℃, plants are damaged and die. The suitable storage temperature of seed melon is 8 ~ 65438 00℃.

(2) Light and air humidity Chaenomeles is suitable for growth under moderate light intensity, strong light can inhibit plant growth, and it is shade-tolerant and needs air humidity. The growth of bergamot in Shandong coastal and mountainous areas is better than that in the mainland, which is related to the mild climate and humid air in coastal and mountainous areas.

(3) The root system of soil and nutritional bergamot is developed, and it has strong adaptability to soil, and the selection of soil is not strict. The soil with rich soil, strong fertility and water retention is more conducive to the growth of bergamot. Papaya grows luxuriantly and needs a lot of water and fertilizer, so we should pay attention to fattening. More watering in hot summer can not only meet the needs of plant growth, but also help to moisten the air and spend the summer safely.

(4) Types and varieties of papaya can be divided into green skin and white skin according to skin color:

1. Green tangerine peel has strong growth potential, long and thick vines, many branches, many fruits and high yield, and can produce tuberous roots. Melon is big and long, with hard thorns, green or dark green skin, and the weight of a single melon is 0.5 kg. This kind tastes a little bad. Common cultivated varieties are Hezhang Gua in Guling, Fuzhou, and Fingered Citron in Yunnan.

2. White-skinned species have weak growth potential, thin and short vines, few melons, round and small melons, smooth and spineless, white and green skins, dense tissues and good taste. Common cultivated varieties such as Zhejiang Linhai papaya, Fuzhou white papaya, Yunnan white papaya, etc.

(5) Cultivation techniques

1. Seedling cultivation In the temperate zone of Shandong Province, bergamot is generally cultivated as an annual plant.

65438 began to raise seedlings from late February to early October of the following year, and 1 1 early October accelerated germination. The melons planted in the middle and late of 10/0 were harvested, and the selected fruits were large in shape and neat in appearance. Fruits without damage and residue should be wrapped in plastic film or waste newspaper, and the air humidity should be kept high to prevent the melon buds from drying out or the peel from shrinking. After being wrapped with plastic film, open the film for ventilation every 1 ~ 2 days, otherwise the seeds will suffocate and turn yellow and die due to insufficient oxygen in the film. The seeds were placed in the sunlight greenhouse, and the temperature was kept at 10 ~ 15℃ to accelerate germination. 1.5 ~ February, the bud of Chaenomeles can be extended by 2 ~ 3 cm, and the fibrous roots of 4 ~ 5 cm will be emitted at the base of the bud, so the seeds can be planted at this time.

Shandong province planted seeds in solar greenhouse from late February to early October of the following year 10. Generally, seeds are planted in ceramic flowerpots or plastic nutrition bowls with a diameter of 15 ~ 20cm. Fill the nutrient bowl with nutrient soil, water it until it is wet, then put the germinated seed melon with the handle end facing down and the melon bud facing up, or lay it flat in the bowl and cover it with soil for 2-3 cm.

When raising seedlings, the seedbed temperature should be kept at 20 ~ 25℃, and the lowest temperature at night should not be lower than 10℃ to promote its rooting and germination. Always see the light after budding to prevent the seedlings from yellowing and growing white. The lateral branches of bergamot have strong meristematic ability, and the roots germinate more. At seedling stage, redundant lateral branches and sprouting strips should be removed in time, leaving only 1 main branch. If the seedlings are white and long, they can be inhibited by pinching when the main vine has 4 ~ 5 leaves. Keep 2 ~ 3 strong ones after the buds come out, and remove all the others. Before planting, choose the strongest one, leave one as the main vine, and remove the rest.

The soil should be kept moist at seedling stage. Because improper watering will lead to seed rot and affect the growth of seedlings, so water as little as possible. Therefore, it is best to cover the nursery nutrition bowl with plastic film to keep the soil moisture. If it is necessary to water, you can use a kettle to water some small water around the mother melon. Don't pour water into the gap where the mother melon germinates. You can also pour a small amount of water on the ground to let the water penetrate into the upper nutrient soil. If there are rotten melons, as long as the root system of the seedlings is normal, you can gently hold the seedlings with your hands, take out the rotten melons, and fill the soil to cover them, which still does not affect the seedlings.

Sowing the whole bergamot requires a lot of melons, and the cost is high. In order to reduce the cost and expand the propagation coefficient, the stems and vines can be cut off to raise seedlings. The method is to cut off the stems and vines of the seedlings cultivated by planting melons from late February to early March, and each cut contains 2-3 knots. Remove the lower leaves, soak the base in 500mg/L aqueous solution of wormwood acetic acid or tea acetic acid for 5- 10 min, and then insert it into nursery nutrient soil or vermiculite, perlite and other substrates for heat preservation and moisture retention to promote rooting. In the later stage, water the nutrient solution to ensure adequate nutrition.

In order to save seeds, in recent years, some places have adopted the light embryo seedling raising method, also called naked embryo seedling raising method, taking seeds with seed coat removed as materials. The key point of seedling raising is that the seeds germinate first. When the radicle, embryo and cotyledon in the melon develop and swell to a certain extent, the seeds leave the embryo seat, the suture line of the melon splits, the small mouth opens, and the embryo rests on the base of the cotyledon, stretching out the fruit. When the bud grows to 3 ~ 5cm, gently sow the suture on the top of papaya with both hands. When the suture gap increases to about 1cm, gently pull the cotyledon, and all embryos can be taken out when the whole cotyledon moves. There is no need to break the melon in half when taking the embryo, so the damage to the melon is small, and it can be sold on the market or kept. When you take the naked embryo, it will not damage the embryo, even if it is slightly damaged, it will have little effect on seedling raising. Seeding the radicle of bare embryo downward in a plastic bag with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 18 cm, covering it with a plastic film about 1.5 cm, and keeping the ground temperature at 15 ~ 25℃ to make the soil dry and wet. Using this method to raise seedlings, the emergence rate is high, and the seedling rate is also high, which can generally reach 100%. At the same time, due to its small size, it is convenient to sow, store and exchange seeds. These melons are still edible. The disadvantage is that it is unsafe to overwinter, so it can only be sown in spring, not in autumn.

Before planting, the fingered citron mother melon should be green or white, fresh and tender, not rotten, with a height of 40-60 cm, short internodes, strong vines, green leaves, thick leaves and complete roots. Such a seedling is a strong seedling.

2. Planting bergamot likes temperature and is afraid of frost. Only when the temperature is stable above 3℃ can it be planted. The planting period of sunlight greenhouse in Shandong province is in the middle and late February, plastic greenhouse in the middle and early March and open field in the middle and early April. In order to prevent the harm of low temperature, plastic film should be used to cover the small arch shed after planting.

The bergamot is luxuriant in branches and leaves, and each plant has a large area, generally 20 ~ 50 square meters. 225 ~ 450 plants can be planted per hectare. The row spacing of seed melon seedling is 3 ~ 4m×6m；; The growth of cutting seedlings is small, and the planting should be close, with the spacing of 2 meters ×6 meters. In order to facilitate the climbing of melon vines, it is best to dig the planting pit on the south side of the greenhouse. The length, width and depth of the pit are 1m, respectively, and decomposed organic fertilizer 150 ~ 200kg is applied to each pit, and the excavated surface soil is buried under the pit, and the deep raw soil is put on the pit.

When planting, remove the nutrition bowl and plant it in a pit with soil. The mound is flush with the ground, and then it is filled with water.

3. Field management Field management is divided into three stages: slow seedling stage, growth stage and fruiting stage.

After (1) slow-growing seedlings were planted, the greenhouse temperature was kept at 20 ~ 25℃ during the day and at 15 ~ 20℃ at night, which promoted the rapid growth of slow-growing seedlings. As the outside temperature rises gradually, increase the ventilation volume, and let the air cool down when the shed temperature exceeds 25℃. Do not lower the temperature below 10℃ at night. The key of temperature management in this period is not to make the greenhouse temperature too high to avoid excessive growth, nor to make the greenhouse temperature too low to cause plant chilling injury. When the outdoor minimum temperature is stable above 1 1℃, all the covers can be removed one after another to make them in the open air.

Proper watering in the slow seedling stage, keeping the soil dry and wet, and more intertillage to loosen the soil and raise the ground temperature.

(2) Papaya began to grow vigorously after the growth period was delayed. Water Qin Ying in summer to keep the soil moist and increase the air humidity. Combined with watering, topdressing compound fertilizer once every 10 ~ 15 days, with 0.5 kg per plant each time. When conditions permit, 20 ~ 30 kg of decomposed human excrement can be applied to each plant. The rainy season came in July, the air was humid, and the growth of bergamot was extremely vigorous, which lasted until the beginning of September. During this period, we should storm the fertilizer and water according to the weather conditions to keep the soil moist but not dry. In case of heavy rain, drainage should be done in time to prevent waterlogging. Apply compound fertilizer once every 15 days, each plant 1 kg each time. For example, 50-80 kg of decomposed human manure and urine are topdressing, and ditches with a depth of 40 cm and a width of 20 cm can be dug around the plants at 1 m.

Weeds are overgrown in rainy season, so we should often use intertillage to weed and loosen the soil. If aphids and mites occur, 40% dimethoate 1000 times solution can be sprayed for control.

The lateral branch meristem of bergamot is strong, and each leaf axil can germinate a lateral branch, which should be pruned. The new buds at the base of the stem should be erased in time to prevent the main vines from forming too many balls. Generally, there are 2 ~ 3 main stems per plant at most, and no side branches are left at the base of the main stem 1 m above the ground. During the elongation period of the main stem, vines should be artificially guided to climb the shed (greenhouse) frame from which the plastic film has been removed in time. After being put on the shelf, it will not hit the side branches again, and it will grow quickly. In order to make the lateral branches evenly distributed and ventilated transparently, attention should be paid to adjusting the lateral branches to reduce cross and overlap.

(3) Fruiting period: Around the middle of September in Shandong, the weather is getting colder, the sunshine is getting shorter, and bergamot enters the flowering and fruiting period. At this time, the vegetative growth is still very strong, and the flowering and fruiting period of Chaenomeles is very concentrated. It only takes more than a month from flowering to seedling drawing, so it needs a lot of water. Generally, water is poured once every two days to keep the soil moist, and compound fertilizer is applied once every 15 days, and once per plant 1 ~ 1.5 kg. Wipe the roots in time to avoid wasting nutrients and concentrate on supplying flowers and fruits.

4. The fruit of papaya harvested and stored can grow to 200 ~ 300g within 15 ~ 20 days after flowering, so it should be harvested in time and put on the market. As a vegetable, bergamot should be harvested as soon as possible to prevent the fruit from swelling after nutrient supply. If the harvest is too late, the fiber in the peel will increase and the quality of the product will be reduced. Before the first frost comes, all fruits should be picked to prevent freezing injury. After harvesting, select the tender and small fruits and put them on the market immediately. Choose a single melon weighing 0.25 ~ 0.5 kg, which is harmless and straight, and put it in the basket. Room temperature is 5 ~ 8℃, relative humidity is about 80%, and it can be stored for 4 ~ 6 months.

For mature fruits that bear fruit more than 30 days after flowering, seeds should be harvested. However, over-ripe cracked fruits and fruits with premature germination of seeds are not suitable for planting.

At present, 200 ~ 600 bergamot plants can be harvested in Shandong province 1 bergamot, with a yield of 45,000 ~ 75,000 kg per hectare.

(6) Perennial cultivation techniques of papaya. Papaya is a perennial herb in its origin, but its rhizome can't overwinter when cultivated in the open field in northern China, and it can only be cultivated as an annual plant. According to the harvest from the general sowing season to the first frost period (65438+1late October in Shandong Province), the normal mature melons are less than 1/3, and the yield is reduced by more than half. In order to solve this problem, the winter cultivation experiment of papaya was carried out in sunlight greenhouse in Shandong Province from 65438 to 0994, and it was successful. Not only did all the melons mature in that year, but the roots were safe for the winter, and a season of papaya could be harvested in the next spring, with high economic benefits.

1. The suitable seedling season for papaya cultivation in greenhouse is165438+1October. Before seedling raising, the fully mature seed melon with large head, smooth and moist surface, sallow color, inconspicuous fuzz, slightly prominent bud eyes and no scar damage was selected, and put into a plastic bag to accelerate germination at 15 ~ 20℃. After about 20 days, the top of the seed melon cracked, and gradually grew buds and roots. Then, the well-grown melon was selected, with the germination end facing up and the pedicle facing down, and planted in a plastic bag with a diameter of 20-30 cm and a height of 20-30 cm. Then spread nutrient soil around the melon, cover the top of the melon with 5 cm of soil and discharge it into the vegetable greenhouse. All seedlings can be produced in about 20 days. Water once after emergence, and then keep the soil moist, so that the seedlings will not wilt and prevent excessive watering from causing excessive growth and rotten melons.

2. Planting is generally carried out in the first half of March of the following year. In the greenhouse, 0.8m away from the front, east-west planting 1 row, with a distance of 5m. Overwintering vegetables can be planted in other places in the shed. Planting hole length 1 m, width and depth 1/3, dug soil mixed with 200 kilograms of decomposed high-quality manure, poured into the hole, covered with 25 cm soil, and stabilized with feet. When transplanting, remove the plastic bag, take the soil into the hole, bury the soil and water the seedlings.

3. Tian Tuan management

(1) The pre-management time is from planting to pulling out other vegetables indoors in mid-June. In this period, the growth of melon seedlings is slow, and it needs less fertilizer and water, and it grows with other overwintering vegetables. While managing other vegetables, there is no need to water and fertilize separately. Management is mainly based on pruning, generally 2 ~ 3 vines are left on the shelf, and other lateral buds under the shelf are removed in time.

(2) The medium-term management time is from mid-June to mid-September. During this period, nutrition grows fast and has a large amount of growth, which requires more fertilizer and water. The key points of its management technology are as follows: first, water topdressing, keep soil moist, increase air humidity, cover grass with 10 cm after watering, and apply compound fertilizer with water when fertilizer is insufficient; The second is to set up the whole vine in time. Using iron wire or bamboo pole, set up a melon rack with low south and high north at 0.5 meters below the shed surface. Be careful not to use the shed surface as a shelf to avoid affecting the shed before frost. The main vine of bergamot can grow to more than 15 meters, with strong climbing ability. After being put on the shelf, it should be arranged at any time to make it evenly distributed, and attention should be paid to removing the new buds at the base of the fine vine and the main vine in time to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. Promote the normal growth of vines on the shelf.

(3) The late management time is from mid-September flowering to1mid-October comprehensive harvesting. During this period, the temperature gradually decreased, and the growth of bergamot changed from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. Key points of management technology: first, properly control the watering amount at flowering stage to prevent adverse effects on fruit setting; The second is to seal the shed film before the "first frost" to prevent frost; The third is timely harvesting. Generally, female flowers can be harvested and eaten 20 days after fruit setting. By the middle of June, 1 1, the bergamot can be fully matured and harvested as a whole.

(4) The overwintering management papaya entered the overwintering management period after being harvested in mid-June at 5438+065438+ 10. Management should pay attention to the following three points: First, pruning vines and removing shelves. After the bergamot is harvested, the stubble can be leveled on the spot or the main vine of about 2 meters is left, and the rest is cut off and taken out, and then the frame is moved, fertilized, and the soil is prepared to plant overwintering vegetables. The second is to leave roots properly. When turning the ground after stubble leveling, generally turn the ground 30 cm outside the main root to ensure the normal germination of bergamot in the future. Third, we should pay attention to maintaining room temperature and promoting new buds. They can bloom again in March of the following year. After artificial pollination, it can be picked and marketed in April. By the end of the year, each plant can bear more than 300 kilograms of melons.

Papaya has strong disease resistance and few pests and diseases. In the whole growth process, chemicals are generally not used for control.

(7) Cultivation techniques of edible tender stems of papaya. The planting and production of edible tender stems of papaya have a harvest period of nearly 65,438+00 months every year. February-March is the initial production period, April-65438+1October is the high-yield period, and11-65438+February is the final production period. If there is no frost, there will be a small harvest in 65438+ 10. In the greenhouse in the north, you can cultivate and harvest all the year round.

1. The culture time is 8 ~ 10 months. When the bergamot has aged buds, it can be picked and planted.

2. The cultivation method is to choose fertile land with watering conditions and apply more organic fertilizer. Bergamot is a perennial crop that likes fertilizer, and sufficient organic fertilizer can improve the yield and commercialization. The plant spacing is 70 ~ 100 cm× 70 ~100 cm. The planting hole is 30 cm deep and 30 cm in diameter. Apply organic fertilizer 10 kg. After adding organic fertilizer, fill the fertile soil with a thickness of 10 cm, and then level the seed melon. Use 2 ~ 3 seed melons for each hole. More than 2/5 of the seeds are exposed on the ground, and those with buds more than 3 cm long need not be exposed.

In order to achieve high yield and high quality of papaya young stems, and like fertilizer, temperature and humidity, organic fertilizer or available nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in time. Generally 1 month 1 ~ 2 times, apply decomposed farmyard manure or compound fertilizer in the ditch 20 cm away from the root, or 300 kg per hectare each time. Water regularly to keep the soil moist. There is no frost in winter in the south, so it can be cultivated in the open field. In the north, greenhouses should be built before frost and cultivated in protected areas. Keep the temperature between 20 ~ 30℃ in winter to prevent low temperature freezing injury.

3. When the temperature is above 20℃ and the average air humidity is above 80%, it grows rapidly. When the tender stems grow to about 40 cm, they can be cut. Leave 1 ~ 2 basal leaves when harvesting to facilitate pod germination and continuous growth.

(8) Tendrils and tender tendrils of root papaya have high edible value. After scalding with boiling water, it can be eaten in cold salad or soup. It is crispy and delicious, and has a unique flavor. It is a rare senior delicacy at a banquet. Picking tender vines in time during the vigorous growth period can not only save nutrition, improve fruit yield, but also increase economic income. After harvesting, it was wrapped with wet cloth and stored at 2 ~ 5℃ for 5 ~ 7 days.

In the annual cultivation area, after harvesting the fruits in autumn, the underground tubers can be dug out and eaten. Eat like yam.

(9) Intercropping and interplanting Chaenomeles commonly used intercropping methods are as follows:

1. The courtyard is planted in the leeward and sunny place of the courtyard, and fingered citron seedlings are planted in the middle and late April and stand in the courtyard. Until the middle and late July, the growth of other vegetables will be affected until the melons are full. From the end of July to August, in the hot and rainy season, other vegetables in the hospital are pulled over, which can be planted under the melon frame and grow fast-growing vegetables in summer. Three-dimensional planting, each bergamot can produce about 400 kg, and the income of other vegetables is also considerable.

2. Intercropping Chaenomeles in the open field, such as 370-450 Chaenomeles per hectare on the back of a spring-loaded kidney bean bed. When the beans are finally harvested, the bergamot just climbs the frame, and one frame can be used for two purposes, which not only saves the frame materials, but also makes full use of the space and time. In addition, interplanting bergamot on the back of garlic and onion beds is also a type worthy of popularization.

3. The three-dimensional cultivation of bergamot and grapes adopts a single vertical frame with a height of about 2 meters, an average row spacing of 1 .8-2.0 meters and a plant spacing of1meter, and about 5,200 plants are planted per hectare. Every five rows of grapes are planted 1 row of Chaenomeles, the row spacing is 9 9- 10/0m, and the plant spacing is 4.5m.. 225-240 plants are planted per hectare, and the shelf surface is higher than the grape trellis 1 m, which is ventilated and transparent. In early spring, two rows of cauliflower or other green leafy vegetables are planted in the middle of the grape rows, with a small row spacing of 20-40 cm and a spacing of 30 cm, and about 30,000 plants are planted per hectare. Before the bergamot built the shed, the grapes had completed the expansion of young fruits, the formation of flower buds and the harvest of berries, and the two did not interfere with each other. Intercropping bergamot and grapes, making full use of grape racks, saving labor and money, can serve two purposes.

4. The best cultivation mode of papaya in greenhouse is cucumber-papaya-lettuce. That is to say, early spring mainly focuses on early-maturing cucumber production in greenhouse, sowing around March 20th, harvesting around 10 in April, and planting green bergamot around the greenhouse in early May. The slow growth of bergamot in the early stage does not affect the normal growth of cucumber. From late June to early July, cucumber seedlings were pulled out, the shed film was removed, and the shed was used as a bergamot support. At the same time, pay close attention to soil preparation and plant lettuce in mid-July. Guateng covered the scaffolding just to cool the lettuce. Lettuce will be harvested from late August to mid-September, and bergamot will be harvested after September 20. The three crops of vegetables do not affect each other, and they can be harvested all year round.

(10) Pests and diseases control papaya diseases less, mainly gray mold. In the old vegetable areas with low management level, the general incidence rate is 5% ~ 15%, and it can reach more than 40% in some areas, which has obvious influence on yield.

1. Symptoms mainly harm young melons, but also flowers and leaves. Pathogens often invade from failed flowers, causing flowers to rot and grow gray mold layers. The pathogenic bacteria developed further and infected fruits and vegetables. At first, it was gray-white irregular spots soaked in water, on which a small amount of self-mold was produced. Soon the diseased part rotted and a dense gray-white mold layer was produced on the surface. Finally, all the tissues of the melon rotted, and the surface of the diseased melon was densely covered with gray mold. The necrotic tissue attached to the leaves will cause disease, forming large necrotic spots on the leaves, which are nearly round or irregular. A small amount of botrytis cinerea is produced on the wet surface of air, and large dry spots are formed when air is dry, which are easy to be broken. Rotten flowers, rotten fruits and rotten leaves fall on stems and vines, which can lead to the decay and fracture of stems and vines, and finally make the plants above the diseased parts die.

2. Transmission route and onset conditions: The bacterium overwinters with the sick and disabled, and spreads through airflow, fertilization and watering. Low temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the onset.

3. Prevention and control methods:

(1) Remove diseased leaves completely after seedling pulling and before planting. Strengthen cultivation management, properly control watering after the disease, and carefully remove diseased flowers, fruits, leaves and weak tissues in time.

(2) Chemical control should be carried out in time, and 50% Sukeling or 50% Nongliling wettable powder should be added with 1000 times of water at the initial stage of onset; Or 65% metronidazole wettable powder with 600 times of water; Or spray 50% doxycycline wettable powder with 700 times of water. Other pests and diseases are the same as bitter gourd.

(1 1) Storage and fresh-keeping bergamot is resistant to storage. After harvesting, it will be stored in a cellar or a shady shed at about 10℃, and it will not be bad for half a year. If radicle grows and is removed as soon as possible, it can still be preserved without affecting eating. Melons planted in winter should be stored in shallow wooden boxes, and the temperature and humidity should be kept at 65438 00℃, and some water should be sprinkled to keep them moist. You can also wrap the seed melons in paper first, and then put them into plastic bags one by one to prevent frostbite and prepare for germination.

(12) developing papaya is a road dish in Jiangnan. It is rarely cultivated north of the Yangtze River. It has been successfully cultivated in Shandong Province, and it is a veritable introduction of southern vegetables to the north. In the early 1980s, an old overseas Chinese in Yantai was successfully planted in the garden, and it was popularized in the whole province from 65438 to 0988, only ten years ago. According to the application situation in various places, it is summarized as follows for reference in the development of various places.

1. Papaya is cultivated in protected areas and in the open field. Papaya has been introduced into the lower reaches of the Yellow River from Jiangnan. Where is the northern boundary of bergamot planting? Can this popular vegetable be planted in the vast northern areas? We can analyze this problem in this way: the sowing date of Shandong bergamot is not later than the end of 65438+ 10, and it is appropriate to start at the beginning of 65438+ 10. It is suitable to plant in greenhouse in the first half of March and in the open field in the first half of April. Flowering began in the first half of September, harvesting began at 5438+ 10 in the first half of June, and seedlings were pulled out at 5438+ 10 in the second half of June. The growth period is 270 ~ 290 days. The minimum temperature during the growth period shall not be lower than 5℃. The flowering period of Mid-Autumn Festival must be shorter, and it will not blossom and bear fruit under long sunshine. From the above characteristics, it can be seen that it is not difficult to create a frost-free environment with a minimum temperature above 5℃ for 270 ~ 290 days by using protective facilities in the vast northern region of China. When cultivating bergamot, the flowering period must be arranged in the Mid-Autumn Festival, and there must be a fruit development period of 20 ~ 30 days after flowering. This condition is difficult to meet under high latitude open cultivation. The first frost period in Shandong Province is generally in the late period of 10, which just meets the needs of bergamot to blossom and bear fruit. If the first frost period is later than Shandong province, it is not a problem to develop bergamot production; In places where the first frost period is earlier than that in Shandong Province, the development of bergamot may lead to the premature freezing of fruits. In this way, it can be roughly judged that bergamot can grow and develop normally in the area where the frost came from 65438+1early October in late June, and most of the bergamot fruits can not mature normally in the area where the frost came from 65438+1early October in early June. If you want to farm, you can build a small arch shed to protect it before the first frost comes. As long as the frost period is delayed 15 ~ 20 days, the fruit can mature normally.

The above growth period was observed in hot and rainy areas in summer, but it was another matter in cold areas in summer. It is estimated that fingered citron cultivation can be developed all over North China.

2. The key to cultivation The road of developing papaya in Shandong Province was bumpy and failed repeatedly, and the success rate was less than 50% in the late 1980s. The main lessons of failure and the key to success are as follows:

(1) Germination acceleration period. The germination period must be carried out in 65438+February, which is too late and the growth period is insufficient. Keep the relative humidity of air at about 90% during germination. If the humidity is insufficient, the buds will dry up and shrink. Seed melon wrapped in plastic film can ensure humidity, but if the film is not ventilated for 3 ~ 5 days, the bud will die of hypoxia, suffocation and yellowing.

(2) Seedling raising period. Drought at seedling stage will kill buds. If you water, especially flood irrigation, the seeds will rot due to the cracks formed by water immersion in germination. This is the main reason for seedling failure. Please refer to the section on raising seedlings for prevention methods.

(3) Early planting. Early colonization is an effective measure to prolong the growth period. Care must be taken to prevent low temperature and frost after planting.

(4) growth period. We must increase the supply of water and fertilizer during the growing period.

(5) Make full use of protected cultivation and adopt perennial cultivation techniques to increase yield.

3. Measures to improve the fruit setting rate: Generally, the female flowers of bergamot bloom 4-6 days earlier than the male flowers, which leads to the unexpected flowering period. In the early stage 1-5, the female flowers could not be pollinated and set, and the yield was reduced by 30%-50%. In order to solve this problem, 200 mg/L gibberellin (GA) solution or 15 ~ 20 mg/L 2,4-D solution can generally be used. The method is: dip or spray the flowers that opened that day in the morning. When spraying, hold the flower stalk firmly with the index finger and middle finger of the left hand, and spray the medicine on the stigma with the sprayer of the right hand to avoid touching the flower. After this treatment, the flower not only improved the fruit-setting rate, but also promoted the growth of fruit, and the commercial characters of melon were better. However, it must be noted that the hormone-treated melon can not be used as a kind of preservation of melon, and the liquid medicine should be used together. It is also effective to apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the middle growth stage, and topdressing 0.2% ~ 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate outside the roots for 3 ~ 4 times when conditions permit.

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