Summary of three compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior two.

People who refuse to study hard will not ask questions; People who lack breakthroughs in their careers will not innovate. Work hard, greet the flowers and applause at the end with your indomitable will, and believe that success belongs to you. The following is a summary of the three knowledge points I have compiled for you. I hope I can help you!

Summary of Three Required Knowledge Points of Geography in Senior High School 1

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Agricultural production conditions:

Advantages:

① The summer temperature is high and there is much precipitation. The high temperature period is consistent with the rainy period, and the water and heat are well coordinated. Northeast China has thick snow in winter and long sunshine in summer; There are many sunny days in autumn in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the groundwater in the North China Plain is rich.

② The plain is vast and the soil layer is deep. The black soil in Northeast China is fertile, with more arable land per capita, more wasteland suitable for agriculture and rich forest resources.

③ Agricultural production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River has a long history.

Disadvantages:

① Northeast China has a short growth period and insufficient heat, which is greatly affected by the cold wave; Sandstorms in the west are a great threat.

② Drought in spring and waterlogging in summer are prominent in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River; Soil erosion and soil salinization are serious.

Characteristics of agricultural activities: important agricultural areas, mainly dry farming. Harvest one crop a year to the north of the Great Wall and three crops every two years to the south of the Great Wall. The agricultural area is dominated by animal husbandry. Northeast China has a vast forest area.

The position of agriculture in China;

① Northeast Plain is a commodity grain base and forestry base in China, with a high degree of agricultural mechanization; The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are cotton and wheat producing areas in China. The Yellow River Flooding Area is a national fruit belt.

② Commodity grain bases: Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain and Huanghuaihai Plain; Cotton base: south-central Hebei, northwest Shandong and north Henan.

Main agricultural products:

Planting-wheat (spring wheat in Northeast China), corn, sorghum (Northeast China and Loess Plateau), millet (Loess Plateau), soybean, beet and flax (Northeast China); Cotton, peanuts and flue-cured tobacco (North China)

Forestry-timber forest: Korean pine and larch (northeast); Economic forests: apples, pears, persimmons, peaches, dates and chestnuts (middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River).

Animal husbandry-cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, sheep and chickens.

Aquaculture-mariculture and marine fishing: kelp, prawns and shellfish.

Southern region

Agricultural production conditions:

Advantages:

① The high temperature period is consistent with the rainy period, with abundant water and heat resources and good coordination (Taiwan Province Province, Hainan and Xishuangbanna in southern Yunnan are areas with good water and heat conditions in China). Plum rains in Jianghuai area are timely and suitable, which is beneficial to rice growth.

② The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta are low-lying, with fertile soil and criss-crossing rivers, which is not only convenient for irrigation, but also conducive to the development of freshwater aquaculture; Purple soil in Sichuan basin is fertile; The Hengduan mountain area is rich in forest resources, with many tree species and little human influence, which is beneficial to the development of forestry production.

③ Agricultural production in the Yangtze River basin has a long history and a high level of production.

Disadvantages:

① During the summer drought in Jianghuai area, the temperature is high, the precipitation is reduced, and evaporation is vigorous, which easily affects rice production, and typhoons in summer and autumn in the southern coastal areas have a greater impact.

(2) The area south of the Yangtze River is a red soil distribution area with strong acidity and heavy soil, which is not conducive to the development of planting.

③ The karst landform in Yunnan-Guizhou area is developed, with rugged surface, thin soil layer and lack of surface water, which is not conducive to agricultural development.

Characteristics of agricultural activities: one of the important agricultural areas, mainly paddy fields. Crops are harvested twice a year in the north of the Yangtze River and three times a year in the south of the Yangtze River. The agricultural area is dominated by animal husbandry. Freshwater aquaculture has developed rapidly. South China (Hainan, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, etc. ) Develop the production of tropical cash crops. Marine fishery is developed, Zhoushan Fishing Ground is the fishing ground of China, and Shenjiamen Port is the fishing port of China.

The position of agriculture in China;

Important commodity grain, sericulture, sugar, oil, cotton, jute, subtropical tropical crops and freshwater fishery producing areas; The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta are "land of abundance", and the Sichuan Basin is called "land of abundance".

② Commodity grain bases: Chengdu Plain, Jianghan Plain, Dongting Lake Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Taihu Lake Plain, Pearl River Delta and Jianghuai Region. Cotton base: Jianghan Plain and Yangtze River Delta. Tropical cash crop bases: Hainan Island and Xishuangbanna. Sugar crop bases: Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and Sichuan. Export agricultural products bases: Taihu Plain and Pearl River Delta. Freshwater fishery base: the plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta. Silkworm egg bases: Taihu Plain, Pearl River Delta and Chengdu Plain. Timber forest base: Hengduan mountain area and southeast forest area.

Main agricultural products:

Planting-rice (producing area), wheat, cotton, rape (Yangtze River valley) and sugarcane.

Forestry-timber forest: Chinese fir, Pinus massoniana and bamboo. Economic forests: tea, camellia oleifera, tung tree, rubber, sisal, citrus, banana, litchi, longan, pineapple, sericulture.

Animal husbandry-buffalo, goat, pig, duck, goose, chicken.

Aquaculture-mariculture and marine fishing: hairtail, large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, squid and shellfish. Talk about aquaculture: green grass, silver carp, bighead carp, crab, shrimp, etc.

Summary of three compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior two.

1. Business in China:

<1> commodities and trade: commodities are products produced for exchange, and commerce refers to the activities of buying and selling commodities, also known as trade.

< 2 > Commercial center and its formation: The formation of a commercial center should meet two main conditions: first, there should be a relatively stable commodity source area and sales area around it, that is, a service area; Second, there must be convenient transportation conditions to facilitate the distribution of goods. Therefore, most commercial centers in China are located in the eastern region with developed economy, dense population and convenient transportation. Shanghai is the commercial center of China, followed by Beijing.

< 3 > Changes and development of foreign trade: Since the founding of New China, China's total foreign trade has grown rapidly, and the structure of export commodities has undergone great changes. Commodities are mainly primary products such as agriculture and mines, and now the proportion of finished products has risen to more than 80%. Export commodities are mainly steel, mechanical and electrical products, vehicles, fertilizers, wood, wool, iron ore, wheat and so on. At present, the main targets of China's foreign trade are the United States, Japan, South Korea, Western Europe and Southeast Asian countries. The main foreign trade ports are coastal Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Dalian and border towns.

2. Tourism: Tourism is a comprehensive service industry with the characteristics of less investment, quick results and high profits.

< 1 > Natural scenery: Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, Guilin landscape, Huangshan Mountain in Anhui, Jiuzhaigou in Sichuan, Zhangjiajie in Hunan, Sun Moon Lake in Taiwan, West Lake in Hangzhou, Baitou Mountain in Jilin and Wuyishan in Fujian.

< 2 > Ancient cultural and artistic treasures: Wan Li Great Wall, Xi 'an Terracotta Warriors and Horses, Beijing Forbidden City, German Summer Resort, Luoyang Longmen Grottoes, Dunhuang Ancient Grottoes Murals, Lhasa Potala Palace, etc.

Revolutionary Memorial Sites: Shaoshan _ Former Residence of Hunan, Jinggangshan, Yan 'an, etc.

〈4〉 Ethnic customs: torch festival of Zhuang nationality, water splashing festival of Dai nationality, etc.

Summary of three compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior two 3

The process of human understanding of the universe: the theory of heaven and earth, geocentric theory, Heliocentrism, Big Bang cosmology.

The basic characteristics of the universe are composed of various forms of matter, which are constantly moving, developing and changing.

Classification of celestial bodies: nebulae, stars, planets, satellites, comets, meteoroids and interstellar matter.

The cause of the celestial system is that celestial bodies attract each other and revolve around each other, forming a celestial system.

Celestial System-Earth-Moon System-Solar System-Galaxies (Extragalactic Galaxies)-Hierarchy of Total Galaxies.

The average distance between the sun and the earth is 654.38+49.6 million kilometers.

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The positions of the eight stars in the solar system are water, earth, fire (small) and earth, sky and sea.

The eight planets are divided into terrestrial planets (water, gold and fire), giant planets (wood) and distant planets (sky and sea) according to their structural characteristics.

The reasons for the emergence and evolution of life on earth are lighting conditions, stable cosmic environment, suitable atmospheric temperature and liquid water.

The main components of the sun are hydrogen and helium.

Source of solar radiation energy: nuclear fusion reaction

The influence of solar radiation on the earth and human beings maintains the power of surface temperature, water circulation and atmospheric movement, and is the main energy of human beings.

Sunspots (signs) and flares (strongest).

The distribution of solar energy in China is the lowest in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Sichuan Basin.

The external structure of the sun and its corresponding solar active photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).

The change period of sunspots is 1 1 year.

The influence of solar activity on the earth ① influences the climate ② influences short-wave communication ③ produces magnetic storms.

Moon phases: new moon, moth-eyebrow moon, first quarter moon, full moon, second quarter moon and waning moon.

The moon phase changes from the upper west (first quarter moon) to the lower east (second quarter moon).

The origin of the week lies in two strings and four phases.

At the beginning of the space exploration phase 1957 10, the first artificial earth satellite of the former Soviet Union was launched into the sky.

At the beginning of the space development stage, the first space shuttle was successfully tested in 198 1 year.

The development of China's space industry 1970 Dongfanghong-1 and 1999 Shenzhou manned space test spacecraft. Shenzhou 5 in 2003.

Classification of natural resources in the universe: space resources (high vacuum, strong radiation and weightlessness), solar energy resources and mineral resources.

Protect the cosmic environment, remove space junk and strengthen international cooperation.

The average radius of the earth is 637 1 km.

The equatorial circumference of the earth is 40000 kilometers.

Weft and weft, low weft, middle weft and high weft, connect the east and west lines. Every 1 latitude is11.1km;

A line connecting north and south by longitude and latitude. Two opposite warp yarns form a warp yarn loop.

The eastern and western hemispheres are divided into warp coils of 20 degrees west longitude and 0/60 degrees east longitude. ..

The northern and southern hemispheres are bounded by the equator, with the northern hemisphere in the north and the southern hemisphere in the south.

The latitudes of the Tropic of Cancer and the South Arctic Circle are 23 26' and 66 34'.

The prime meridian 0 meridian passes through the original site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England.

The judgment of the north-south direction is limited, with the North Pole being the northernmost and the South Pole being the southernmost.

The judgment of the east-west direction is infinite, east along the rotation direction and west against the rotation direction.

The judgment of east-west longitude increases along the rotation direction and decreases along the west longitude direction.

The judgment degree of north and south latitude is increased to north latitude and south latitude.

The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.

The earth's rotation period is sidereal day, 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds (real period); Sunny day, 24 hours.

Angular velocity (per hour 15) and linear velocity (decreasing from equator to poles) of the earth's rotation.

The orbit of the earth's revolution, elliptical orbit. Early January (perihelion) and early July (apohelion).

The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.

The period of revolution of the Earth is a sidereal year (365 days, 6: 9: 10 second), and the tropic year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds.

The revolution speed of the earth is fast at perihelion and slow at apohelion.

The included angle between the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane is currently 23 26'.

The motion law of the sun's direct point is to move back and forth between the tropic of cancer with a period of one year.

The terminator line is judged along the direction of rotation, with the transition from night to day as the morning line and the transition from day to night as the faint line.

The calculation of local time is increased by 4 minutes every eastward 1.

Divide the longitude by 15, and then round off to get the number of time zones.

Time zone calculation increases by 1 hour every eastward 1 time zone.

Beijing time takes Dongba District (local time 120) as the standard time.

Universal time is based on prime meridian time.

The international international date line longitude 180 (theoretically) does not pass through land (practically).

Geographical significance of the earth's rotation: alternation of day and night, time in different places, deviation of horizontally moving objects (north right south left)

The judgment of the direct point of the sun is perpendicular to the tangent direction of the point, and the local time is 12.

At the vernal equinox (2 1 March), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and its termination line coincides with the meridian.

On the summer solstice (June 22nd), the direct point of the sun is on the Tropic of Cancer, and the terminating line intersects the meridian.

At the autumnal equinox (September 23rd), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and the termination line coincides with the meridian.

On the winter solstice (65438+February 22nd), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of Capricorn, and the terminal line intersects the meridian.

The concept of summer is half a year from March 2 1 to September 23.

The concept of1from September 23rd to March 2nd in winter half year.

The interpretation of the earth's side view is that it goes up north and down south, left west and right east.

Interpretation of the top view of the earth rotates counterclockwise, with the north pole as the center; Rotate clockwise, and the center is the South Pole.

The calculation of the length of day and night is based on the length of the solar arc, and every 15 degrees is 1 hour.

The time of sunrise and sunset is calculated according to the length of a day, with the standard sunrise (6 o'clock) and standard sunset (18 o'clock) as the center.

Judging the length of day and night in summer, the longer the day in the north, the longer the day in winter and the longer the day in Vietnam.

The height of the sun at noon is calculated as 90 degrees (the latitude interval between the direct point and the search point).

Astronomical four seasons: the day is the longest in a year, and the season of the sun is summer.

The traditional four seasons in China are divided into four seasons starting from beginning of spring (February 4th), Changchun, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter.

The traditional four seasons in Europe and America begin with vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice.

Twenty-four solar terms spring rain shocks spring, clear valley, full mountain in summer and hot in summer, dew in autumn and cold in autumn, snow in winter, early frost and slight cold in winter.

Name and scope of five zones: tropical zone, north temperate zone, south temperate zone, north frigid zone and south frigid zone.

The geographical significance of the earth's revolution: the change of the height of the sun at noon, the change of the length of day and night, and the change of seasons.

The significance of the atmosphere to the earth protects the survival of living things, affects the natural environment of the earth and maintains life activities.

The composition of the lower atmosphere is dry, without air, water vapor and solid impurities.

Dry and clean air consists of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ozone.

The role of oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor and dust; Constitute an organism; Absorb ultraviolet rays; Photosynthesis and heat preservation; Clouds cause rain.

Greenhouse effect of air pollution Carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer.

The vertical stratification of the atmosphere is troposphere, stratosphere (ozone layer) and upper atmosphere (ionosphere).

The main characteristics of the troposphere are cold in the upper part and hot in the lower part, with obvious convection and complicated weather phenomena. Have the closest relationship with human beings

The main characteristic of stratospheric ozone is to absorb ultraviolet rays. Advection is beneficial to high-altitude flight,

The upper boundary of the atmosphere is about 2000-3000 kilometers from the ground.

The most important factor affecting the intensity of solar radiation is the solar altitude angle.

Weakening effect of atmosphere on absorption, reflection and scattering of solar radiation.

Law of Radiation The higher the temperature of a substance, the shorter the wavelength of some radiation; On the contrary, the longer the time.

Ground radiation is the main direct heat source of troposphere atmosphere.

Atmospheric inverse radiation: Clouds are warmer at night and cool at night.

Atmospheric heat preservation: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the troposphere have a strong absorption capacity for long-wave radiation on the ground.

Global thermal balance The average income of the earth for many years is equal to the expenditure of heat.

The fundamental reason of atmospheric movement is the uneven heat and cold between latitudes.

Thermal circulation air circulation caused by uneven cold and heat.

The direct cause of wind is the horizontal pressure gradient force.

Direction and magnitude of horizontal pressure gradient force; High pressure points vertically to low pressure. The greater the air pressure difference per unit distance, the greater the wind force.

The direction of geostrophic deviation is right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.

The influence of friction on wind direction Because of friction, the wind direction is not parallel to the isobar, but has an intersection angle.

Steps of judging wind direction according to isobar ① High pressure points vertically to low pressure ② Right deviation in the northern hemisphere and left deviation in the southern hemisphere.

Microclimate, urban wind, land-sea wind and mountain-valley wind

Isobar under sea level and wind: low pressure center and high pressure center. The denser the isobar, the stronger the wind.

The significance of atmospheric circulation regulates the global distribution of water and heat, which is an important factor of weather change and climate formation in various places.

Distribution of pressure belts and wind belts on the earth: northeast trade winds, subtropical high, mid-latitude westerly winds, subtropical low, polar easterly winds and polar high.

Typical seasonal phenomenon

Geographical phenomena, time and season

Northern Hemisphere Summer Half Year Northern Hemisphere Winter Half Year

At the beginning of July, near perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the slowest, and at the beginning of 1 month, near perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the fastest.

At noon, the sun's height is around June 22nd, reaching the north of the Tropic of Cancer, reaching the minimum at the equator and southern hemisphere around February 22nd, reaching the south of the Tropic of Cancer, and reaching the minimum at the equator and northern hemisphere.

Days and nights are long, but short. Extreme days and nights appear in the Arctic Circle, and extreme nights appear in the Arctic Circle.

Isotope land isotherms all protrude to the north, land isotherms all protrude to the south, and the ocean is the opposite.

The pressure zone and wind zone move northward with the direct point and southward with the direct point.

Snow line, snow line up, snow line down.

The current in the North Indian Ocean is influenced by the southwest monsoon and flows clockwise and counterclockwise, and is influenced by the northeast monsoon.

The precipitation in China is influenced by plum wind in summer and less in winter.

In China, many rivers melt ice and snow due to high temperature, while the outflow rivers are affected by summer monsoon, and most rivers enter the flood season. Most rivers in Northeast China enter the dry season in spring and summer, while some rivers in the north of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains have glacial periods, and some rivers are cut off.

China Monsoon Most parts of the country are affected by the summer monsoon from the ocean, and most areas are affected by the winter monsoon from the mainland, which is cold and rainy.

China's agricultural production is generally high in the country, and crops enter the growing period. The crop maturity system has gradually changed from three crops a year from south to north to three crops a year and then to one crop a year. Most crops in the north are in the wintering period, and the tropical areas in the south are rich in water and heat, which can produce anti-season vegetables and fruits.

Drought and flood (spring drought in North China, summer drought in Yangtze River), rainstorm, typhoon (strong wind, rainstorm, storm surge), cold wave, sandstorm, drought, blizzard and other meteorological disasters.

There are many landslides and mudslides in geological disasters.

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