Ma Junze's family background

[Edit this paragraph] Overall impression

[Edit this paragraph] Note

[1] Addiction: special hobby.

[2] No way: No way.

[3] writing a book: get a book, here refers to buying books.

[4] borrow: borrow. "Fake" also means borrowing.

[5] Fu's laziness: that is, Fu is lazy, does not slack off, and does not relax when copying books. "Zhi" is the object of "laziness" and refers to "recording".

[6] Go: Run.

[7] overdue: beyond the agreed time limit.

[8] Coronation: In ancient times, when a man was twenty years old, he was crowned (wearing a hat) to show his manhood. This means twenty years old.

[9] Suffering from: worry and anxiety.

[10] Master: A knowledgeable teacher. Shuo, Da.

[1 1] taste: once.

[12] trend: running towards.

[13] Xianda: a moral and learned elder.

[14] Inquiry: Ask for advice. Knock on the door and ask.

Delong Wang Zun: Noble morality and prestige. Respected.

The disciples crowded his room: the students crowded his room. Master, apprentice, student. To fill, block. It means crowded here.

[17] Word color: words and faces.

[18] aid doubts: ask questions and ask the truth. Help, leadership and advice. Quality, inquiry

[19] Bend down and slant your ears to ask: Bend down and slant your ears (to show respect and concentration) for advice.

[20] reprimand: reprimand, reprimand.

[2 1] To: Deliberate.

[22] A: This refers to defense.

[23] as long as: wait.

[24] negative basket (qiè) dragging basket (xǐ): lifting the book box and pulling the shoes (indicating that the shoes are worn out).

[25] Poor winter: severe winter.

[26] chapped skin (jūn): The skin is broken due to cold and dryness.

[27] House: This refers to the school house and school.

[28] Branch: Same as "limb".

[29] Yi: a married woman. This refers to the maid.

[30] soup: hot water.

[3 1] Lying off: water and washing. Pass "wash".

[32] Traveling against the trend: staying in a hotel. Travel backwards, hotel.

[33] Smelly capacity: sachet.

[34] Ye Ran: A radiant face.

[35] robes: worn-out clothes. Weaving, old sheep. Open and shabby.

[36] The battle of mouth and body refers to the joy of food and clothing.

[37] imperial academy: imperial academy, located in Beijing, is the highest institution of learning in China.

[38] County Decree: This refers to the imperial court. Shao Lei: Schleswig, that is, the board fee.

[39] Teacher and Doctor: Teacher imperial academy and Dr. imperial academy are both instructors.

[40] Liu Dai: The same generation.

[4 1] Chao: This means going to Beijing to see the emperor after becoming an official.

[42] Write: Same as "write". Long book: long letter. Lu: It was a gift when we first met.

[43] Yi: Peace.

[44] Prosperity of opportunity: That's good to meet. This refers to the official position.

Flexible use of parts of speech

White jade ring at the waist. (waist, noun as verb, waist. )

Manual recording. (hand, noun as verb, hand, hand)

Different meanings of ancient and modern times

People carry soup and fill it with water (soup: ancient meaning is hot water; This refers to the soup you drink. )

Send it away. (Walking means running in ancient times and walking in modern times)

polysemy

Take: 1. Come (calculate the day to pay back the money; Bend over to please)

2. Leave (the remaining books)

Step 3 use (with blanket)

4. Because (there is enough fun in it)

, 1. (each borrowed from the library)

2. Pronouns (send away)

3. Cancel sentence independence between subject and predicate (when I am a teacher)

4. No real meaning (no smell of fresh fat)

1. Still suffering from celebrities and traveling without owners (worry, worry, verb)

1. ~

2. Not afraid of cold (worry, noun)

~

1. Therefore, I am stupid (therefore, conjunction)

2. Therefore; ~

It is difficult to tell me what I have learned (intentionally, intentionally, adverb)

~

1. Ways to benefit sages (theory, noun)

3. Tao; ~

It is difficult to tell me what I have learned (say, verb)

~

1. The more respectful you are, the more polite you are (considerate, adjective)

4. Arrive; ~

2. To give up, the limbs are stiff and can't move (to, verb)

~

1. ask (ask, verb)

5. quality; ~

2. Unnatural inferiority complex (essence, qualification, noun)

[Edit this paragraph] Translation

I like reading very much since I was a child. Because my family is poor and I can't buy books to read, I often borrow books from people who have books, copy them with my own pen, and count the days to return them on schedule. It's very cold (winter), and the ink in the inkstone pool is frozen, so I can't bend and straighten my fingers and dare not relax (copy books). Return the book as soon as possible after copying, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. Because of this, many people are willing to lend me books, so I can see all kinds of books. As an adult, I admire the theory of ancient sages even more. Later, I was worried that I didn't associate with masters and celebrities. Once I went hundreds of miles away and asked for advice from the local moral and learned predecessors with scriptures. The elder is highly respected, and his room is full of students who ask him for advice, but he never softens his words and expressions. I stood by and waited, asking questions, asking truth, bending over and asking with my ears sideways; Sometimes when he scolds me, my expression is more obedient, my behavior is more considerate, and I dare not say a word; He was happy and went to consult again. So although I am stupid, I can finally gain something.

When I was a teacher studying, I carried a book box and dragged my shoes in the old valley in the mountains. In the deep winter, there was a fierce cold wind, and the snow was several feet thick, and the skin on my feet was frozen and cracked. When I arrived at the library, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The waiter brought me hot water to wash my hands and warm my feet, and covered me with the quilt. I spent a long time warming up. I live in a hotel and only eat two meals a day. There is nothing fresh and fat to enjoy. My classmates who live with me are all dressed in gorgeous clothes, wearing red tassels and hats decorated with precious stones, wearing rings made of white jade, with knives on the left and sachets on the right, all shining like immortals; I live among them in rags, but I don't envy them, because I have enough happiness in my heart and I don't feel inferior to others. This is probably the case with my diligence and hard work when I was studying.

Although I am old now, I have achieved nothing, but fortunately, I am still among the gentlemen, bearing the honor of the son of heaven, following the emperor every day, waiting for inquiries, and praising my name inappropriately under the sun, not to mention anyone who can surpass me.

Now these students are studying in imperial academy, and the court provides meals every day. Their parents send fur robes and silk clothes every year, so they don't have to worry about freezing and starving. Sitting in a big and spacious house reading poetry books, there is no fatigue of running around; With teachers and doctors as their teachers, there are no problems that cannot be solved and no requirements that cannot be met; All the books should be concentrated here, so that I don't have to copy them myself as before, and I can borrow them from others first. (If) they are (still) poor in studies and (still) lacking in virtue, (then) it is not that (he) is low in nature, but that (he) is not single-minded with me. Is it someone else's fault?

Dongyang Ma Jun studied in imperial academy for two years, and his peers praised his talent. When I went to the capital to see the emperor, Ma Sheng greeted me as a younger compatriot and wrote a long letter as a gift. He is fluent and approachable, arguing with him, gentle in speech and modest in attitude. He himself said that he was very diligent and hard-working when he was a teenager, and he can be called a good learner! He was going home to meet his parents, and I specifically told him about the difficulty of studying. If I encourage fellow villagers to study hard, that is my ambition; If you denigrate me, brag about my experience and be proud in front of my fellow villagers, do you know me?

[Edit this paragraph] Research on the problem

1. What is the center of this article? How is the article elaborated?

Clear: See blackboard design.

(Commentary: This article is mainly narrative, with appropriate rendering description, concise brushwork, flying literary talent and flowing charm. Especially in the first paragraph, ask celebrities who are masters. Narration and description of "leaning over the ear, being willing to be rude, cultivating oneself and being happy"; In the second paragraph, how can you complain about being fat by Qi embroidery? The book is full of teachers, and the comparison between the two shows that "the book is full of teachers, but they are not proficient in their careers", which leads to the conclusion that "they are not proficient in their careers, unsuccessful in virtue, and have no inferiority complex, so they are not proficient in their hearts and others are too embarrassed". This kind of writing is even more wonderful, so students must be guided to taste it carefully when studying. )

2. Fill in the omitted parts in the following paragraphs.

First, Delong looked at the statue, and his disciples crowded his room. He never takes it lightly. Around Lishi, (1) assisted the suspect, (2) leaned over to ask questions; Or meet him, () the more respectful and polite, dare not say a word; As soon as you are happy, () please.

Clear: first, more, more, more, more.

(explanation: this question can test students' understanding and perception. )

3. How did the author write about his learning experience?

The author wrote the hard scenes of his study when he was young, mainly his learning process and attitude. At the beginning, I pointed out the contradiction that is difficult to solve in my study: "Poor family" and "being addicted to learning" lead to learning difficulties: I often borrow books from people and write notes by hand, so no one cares, so I can read a lot of books. Without the guidance of a famous teacher, I trudged a hundred miles and asked the teacher questions. After the author's subjective efforts, tenacious struggle, countless hardships and countless hardships, he finally overcame the difficulties of "no books" and "no teachers" in learning, gained knowledge and became a well-read person. In particular, the author exaggerates the difficulty of studying under the teacher: in the poor winter season, walking over mountains and valleys, "I don't know if my feet are chapped" and "my limbs are stiff and can't move" Life is extremely hard, only two meals a day, wearing tattered old robes. But none of this has shaken the author's will to learn. In the hard study life, the author enjoys himself and does not envy the luxurious life of being in the same room. Spiritual wealth overcame material poverty. The accumulation of knowledge and spiritual enrichment are the necessary conditions for students to learn. Finally, the author summed up his study career with "diligence and difficulty", from which Ma Sheng can get inspiration.

4. What is the author's purpose in writing about his bitter experience?

This is to encourage Ma Sheng to concentrate on his studies and work hard. Because the text is only an excerpt, the author's intention is very obvious, referring to imperial academy's superior learning conditions and his encouragement and expectation for Ma Sheng. At the same time, the article is written from my own experience, which is more intimate and easy to read.

5. What learning secrets did you learn from the author's reading experience?

Study hard, seek advice sincerely, and constantly overcome and overcome difficulties in learning.

6. Song Lian has no books to read and is cold; Ask the teacher respectfully if you have difficulty; Life is hard and learning is interesting. What does this spirit of learning inspire you? Please talk about understanding in combination with reality.

Although our present study conditions are superior, far exceeding Song Lian's, our spirit of studying hard is not as good as his. Therefore, we should learn from him, do not compare with others in life, and concentrate on it in order to achieve something.

7. Is it advisable for a "sage" to "never say a word" to his disciples? Why? Talk about your understanding.

Whether you agree or not, it makes sense. Example 1: Not desirable. The relationship between teachers and students should be democratic and equal, and teachers should put down lofty airs, communicate with students on an equal footing, trust each other and grow together. Only in this way can we learn and grow. Example 2: desirable. I don't think that the "never break your word" of a "sage" is a disrespect for students, but a more responsible respect. Because only strict teachers can produce high-quality students. At the same time, respecting teachers and valuing morality is the traditional virtue of our Chinese nation.

[Edit this paragraph] Writing background

Since Song Lian, the founding father of Ming Dynasty, wrote "Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang" in the 11th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1378), the protagonist Ma Sheng in this paper has become famous at home and abroad. Generation after generation of students study hard and make progress diligently with the spirit of Ma Sheng.

For more than 600 years, what is Ma Sheng's real name in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province, where he came from and what he did has always been a historical mystery that everyone cares about. The author consulted all kinds of Ma genealogy in Maoling, Dongyang, and made textual research in many aspects. He believes that Ma Shengjun (Ma Junze) is the grandson of the 18th Duke Ma Datong, and has since stepped into politics.

Ma Datong (844-9 15), the political ancestor of Ma, was born in Maoling, Dongyang (now Shaoxing). In the fifth year of Tang Dynasty (864), Xian Tong was appointed as the magistrate of Dongyang County, and lived in Songshan, Dongyang after his term of office expired (suspected to be Houma, a thousand townships in Dongyang City, to Gan Tang, a town in Sanlian). The 10th Datong Gongsun (ancestor, 1084- 1 160, word) was born in Songshan, Dongyang, and moved to Doujiao Mountain (now Shang 'an Village, Nanma Town, Dongyang). Sun Zangong, Duke of Datong (10/01261), moved from Xizhai (Houjie Village, Dongyang County, Zhejiang Province, in Nanma Town, which no longer exists) to Shangzhai (Shanggantian Village). Praise the public as the ancestor of business.

Ma Jun, the eighteenth grandson of Duke Datong (the fifth grandson of Joe), has his real name and deeds in the spectrum: "Those who are afraid of politics have good words and good days." The nature is distinct and sensitive, and the product is rigid. Yuan named Wu as the commander-in-chief, and appointed Yiwu Inspection Department and Jinhua Pavilion as the county chief. At the beginning of the first year of Ming Dynasty, the holy son of heaven worshiped Confucianism and named Zheng Jiupin as the general and governor of Kaifeng Prefecture. Praise good governance, promote justice, carry out lang orders, and make Dongchang Tangyi. The performance appraisal is fulfilled and justified. "

In the "Spectrum" (the names in the spectrum are arranged alphabetically), the first two political positions of the horse are recorded: "Lianger, courtesy is reciprocal, and the word is the main one ... born in the Yuan Dynasty (1334) on October 13th and died in Hongwu Yijiu (1385) on July 8th." The next step is: "If you are in danger, don't talk about it, Ann Zhang Jun." If Weng Gong has no date of birth and death. After Ma entered politics, the written record was: "Those who are afraid of brocade are slippery." Born in the late Qing Dynasty (1343) May 17. "

Let's talk about the relationship between Song Lian and horses. Song Lian (1310-1381), whose real name is Jinglian, is from Qianxi. Originally from Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, I moved to the west. At the age of 25, I went to Yimen, Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province to apply for a teacher, so I was from Pujiang. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, he was honored as the head of the civil service. He used to be the president officer of Yuan, awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin, served as the director of etiquette department, and praised good doctors. Here is a collection of songs handed down from generation to generation in Shi Xue.

Song Lian wrote in "Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang": "Ma Shengjun from Dongyang lived in imperial academy for two years, and later he was called a saint. A fellow villager from the capital of song dynasty wrote a long book, which is very eloquent. Debate with it and make peace with it. He said that he was diligent in studying when he was young and was a good scholar. Will return to the rest, and the rest is hard to say. It is said that Yu Mian's fellow countryman is a scholar, and Yu Mian is also very arrogant. Is he praising me for meeting this rich and arrogant peasant's Yu Sheng? "

The above evaluation of Ma Jun is consistent with Ma's political life in terms of content, personality and academic quality.

According to the above spectrum, Ma Tingzhen (grandson of the 18th Datong) was born in 1334, Ma Jin (grandson of the 18th Datong) was born in 1343, and Ma was born in politics between 1334- 1343. Song Lian's Preface to Farewell to Dongyang was written on 1378, which is consistent with Ma's political age.

Why is there no date of birth and death of horses in politics in the genealogy? The author consulted a large number of genealogies in Dongyang (including Pan 'an) and found that other genealogies had similar situations. There are many reasons, such as the long interval of compilation (usually once every 30 or 40 years), the loss of military treasures, or poor preservation, and so on. Ma Zheng was born between 1334 and 1343. According to the genealogy of Shang 'an Village, the last revision was from Yuan Dynasty to Zhengshi (1347). The next revision is in the 12th year of Ming Hongzhi (1499). The interval between the two revisions is 152 years. The reason why the compilation of the score is long and poorly preserved (only a few lines are missing) may be that the date of birth and death of Zheng Ma was not written into the score. Genealogy of An Tian Ma Shi was first compiled in the first year of Longxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 163), which is one of the earliest genealogies compiled in Dongyang area and a reliable historical material.

Ma's political career has not been recorded in Dongyang county annals and local documents in past dynasties, because there were many people in Dongyang since Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as 1086 people who held positions above the county magistrate (until the Qing Dynasty). Ma's official position in politics is only seven county magistrate, so he is not qualified to be included in the roster. So for more than 600 years, no one knew that Ma Junze was a horse politically.

Horse in politics, the word is economic, economic number. In Song Lian, Ma Jun and the third runner-up have similar pronunciations. The original meaning of "average" is average, and the batches here are concentric. "Equal assistance" can be understood as that everyone is of one mind and one mind, and everyone should study hard and strive academically. "Day help" can be understood as the first day to study hard and struggle constantly at school. The meaning of Ma's political name is similar to that of Ma Junze's "boasting that he was diligent in studying when he was young, which can be described as a good talent".

As can be seen from The Preface to Dongyang, Ma Junze studied hard when he was a teenager, and his learning spirit was quite similar to that of the great writer Song Lian when he was young, which can be regarded as forgetting friends. Song Lian encouraged him to work harder and study harder. He seems to have lived up to Song Lian's painstaking efforts. Later, during his tenure, he made great achievements and was blessed by the son of heaven. Its name is borrowed from Song Lianchuan. (Ma Yunlu)

[Edit this paragraph] After reading.

The road to study is difficult and bumpy. Only if you are not afraid of difficulties, have the courage to explore, have perseverance and perseverance can you succeed in your studies. Diligent study is the foundation of success.

The key to learning success lies in subjective efforts, which has little to do with objective learning and living conditions.

In learning, we should have the thoughts and feelings of taking pleasure in suffering and enjoying pleasure, and at the same time, we should cherish our existing superior learning environment and conditions and study hard.

[Edit this paragraph] Delete part of the original text, notes and reference translations.

Today, although I am an old man, I have achieved nothing. Fortunately, I am among the gentlemen, but I am honored as the son of heaven. After being appointed as a consultant, I will wait for one day, and the four seas will call my name hypocritically. Is the rest still in time?

Today, all the students are studying in imperial academy, and the county magistrate [5] has a little support [6]. Their parents had the legacy of Qiu Ge [7] when 18 years old, so they didn't catch a cold. Sit downstairs and recite "poems" and "books" without running around; There are teachers and doctors who are teachers, some who don't ask, don't tell, and some who can't get it; There should be all the books here. There is no need to record them in other people's hands and pretend that everyone will see them later. If the industry is not refined, the morality is not successful, and the sex is not inferior, then the heart is not specialized. Is it too much for others?

Dongyang Ma Shengjun spent two years in imperial academy and was called a sage by the younger generation. [14] Yu Ducheng, born in the same town. I wrote a long book and thought it was [6]. My speech was very smooth. Discuss and argue with it and make peace with it. When you say you are young, you need to make a lot of efforts to study. He is a good scholar. He was going home to visit his parents, and I told him about the difficulties in his studies.

It is said that Yu Mian's fellow villagers are all scholars, and so is Yu. I don't know the rest of those who laugh at me, brag about the prosperity of my wealth and be arrogant to the villagers!

Note: (1) [Old people] are older. (2)[ Pre] participation. (3) [bear] bear and accept. (4) exceeding. 5][ County Decree] This refers to the court. [6] A small amount of rice is supplied every day. A granary. Slightly, eat food, food issued by the government. (7) [grid] Xiabu refers to clothes worn in summer. The official name is [teacher, doctor], imperial academy's teacher. Levies [fake people] is false to others and borrowed from others. ⑽ [Natural] talent, human intelligence. ⑾ [Humble] Humble. ⑿ [Jun Ze] Ma Sheng's exact words. [13] people of the same age. [14] [to Beijing] This refers to going to Beijing to appear before the emperor after becoming an official. ⒂ [As a fellow villager] I met this little three from my hometown. Pujiang County and Dongyang City belonged to Jinhua House in the Ming Dynasty, so they were fellow villagers. Pay a visit Write a long letter as a gift to you. Basket, a gift to show respect when meeting for the first time. ⒄ Yi is peaceful. ⒅ Yes, I hope. 9. slander, slander [arrogant countryman] shows off in front of the countryman.

Reference translation:

Nowadays, too many students are studying in imperial academy. The court provides meals every day, and parents send fur robes and clothes every year, without worrying about hunger and cold. Sitting in a high room reading poetry books, there is no hard work; Some teachers and doctors don't ask, don't tell, and they don't get guidance when they ask; All the books should be concentrated here. I don't have to copy them myself as before, so I can only lend them to others. If they are still not proficient in their studies and have not developed their moral character, it is not that they have low talent, but that their intentions are not as single-minded as mine. What's wrong with others?

Ma Junze, a scholar in Dongyang County, studied in imperial academy for two years, and his peers greatly praised his talent. I went to the capital to meet the emperor. Ma Sheng greeted me as a young compatriot and wrote a long letter as a greeting. His words are very fluent and easy to understand. Talk to him about things, with gentle words and a pleasant face. When I told myself that I was young, I studied hard and worked hard. This can be said to be good at learning. He was going back to visit his parents, and I told him about the hardships of studying in the past.

[Edit this paragraph] Preface

The preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang is a gift preface, and the preface is a style. There are two kinds of prefaces: book prefaces and gift prefaces. The preface of the book is relatively early, mostly describing the author's interest and the origin of writing, such as Yi Xu and Tai Shi Gong Xu. Song Lian was an official in Beijing Jiankang (now Nanjing), and Ma Jun, a fellow countryman and a young man from Dongyang County, Zhejiang Province, was also in Beijing and studying in imperial academy. Ma Sheng went back to his hometown to visit relatives. Song Lian wrote this article, and combined with his own practice, realized that "Tao is difficult to learn" and encouraged him to study hard. This preface is not a deadpan sermon, nor a compliment to the other side, but a statement of self-expression, which criticizes the shortcomings of the present, so it is faithful, true and reasonable, and the words are fluent, and the truth is also very enlightening to us today.

[Edit this paragraph] Analysis

Preface to Sending Dongyang (Excerpt) (Wu)

This article is intended to encourage students at that time to study hard, be reasonable, write simply and be very touching. Now let's talk about it in several paragraphs.

1 paragraph describes his experience of reading as a teenager, which has three layers. The first layer is about the hard work of studying when I was young. From the beginning, the article reveals the sharp contradiction between "studious" and "poor at home" "Addicted to learning" means that you like reading, but your family is poor and you can't buy books, so you have to borrow books from others, "take notes yourself" and copy them yourself. This has become a solution to the contradiction. The scene of "taking notes by hand" initially revealed his diligent learning attitude. Then use the scene of copying books in winter to further describe this fighting spirit. "The inkstone is hard in the ice, so your fingers can't bend and stretch." There is hard ice in the inkstone, and your hands are frozen stiff. This refers to both the weather and the poverty of the family. And "inkstone ice" and "finger" are written around the way of copying books. "Lazy" means lazy. This is the contrast between learning attitude and learning conditions, which further highlights the hard work of learning. The author begins with the most difficult winter, which is used to explain that it is the same all year round, and every day is the same, which is very general. The words "go" and "skip" of "go and send it, but don't dare to exceed the appointment slightly" are worth noting. "Walking" means running, and here it means "hurry up". "Send it away", borrow it in person, send it in person, and send it quickly. The word "slightly" emphasizes that he will stick to his promise and never delay, even if it is very difficult. Because of this, people are willing to lend him books, and it is possible for him to "read all the books". The apparent reason for the change from "I can't learn books" to "I can read a lot of books" is "I dare not be a little offside", but in fact it is "I am lazy", which is his learning spirit that is not afraid of hardship. This layer is the skill of writing and reading.

At the beginning of the second floor, the word "Du" is used to inherit the above, and "Du" means adult. Ancient men held a coronation ceremony at the age of 20, tied their hair and wore a hat to show their manhood. The previous layer is about studying hard, and this layer is about finding a teacher. It's a scene of "leaving home for a hundred miles to ask". The so-called "first to reach the countryside" refers to the local learned predecessors. "Looking up the scriptures" means asking for advice with the scriptures. "Hundred Li" means a journey of a thousand Li, which shows the urgency and determination to seek a teacher. This scene was written at three points. The first point is about the strictness of teachers. "First, Delong looked up at the statue and his disciples filled his room", that is, "Delong looked up at the statue". This is a general evaluation, and the scene of students crowding the room is further highlighted. It can be seen that this teacher is indeed knowledgeable and famous. However, even though many people came to ask for advice, the teacher didn't "lower his body a little", and his words and attitude were very serious and not casual at all. This is a contrast technique. The reason why the teacher is strict is to highlight the author's sincerity in seeking a teacher. So the next second point is to write the scene of asking the teacher at ordinary times, "standing by the waiter" and "leaning over the ear", which vividly shows his pious and respectful attitude. The third point is to ask for advice when the teacher is angry. "The more respectful and polite you are, the more you dare not say a word." His attitude is so modest that he dare not speak out. The word "Yu" here is quite vivid. "As soon as the teacher is happy, please ask again." As soon as the teacher is happy, he will continue to ask for advice. This layer is difficult to write.

The third layer is mainly about the hardships of reading. The author chose a specific scene to describe it. "I dragged my feet and walked in the mountains and valleys." "Drag", carrying a book box and dragging shoes, shows poverty; "Deep Mountain Canyon" means that the road is dangerous. Poor winter, strong wind and heavy snow focus on the characteristics of season, environment and climate respectively. "I wonder if my skin is chapped" and "my limbs are stiff and I can't move", which sets off the cold weather and the bitterness of walking. This is a writing line. At the same time, I wrote about food, clothing, housing and transportation, living in a hostel, wearing shabby cotton robes, eating only two meals a day, and having no fresh fish and meat to enjoy. All this shows a "bitter" word. Focusing on bitterness has two purposes: one is to compare "roommates", those rich children who live in the same hotel; The first is to show yourself as a "person with enough fun", that is, inner fun. The author uses verbs such as Bei, Dai, Yao, Pei and Bei to describe the splendor of rich children's costumes and outline their magnificent image. This is a metaphor. The more prominent this metaphor is, the more vivid the following contrast is. "The robe is in the clothes", with bright clothes on one side and tattered clothes on the other. This further highlights the author's shabby appearance. After such a contrast, the author's pen and ink began to turn, revealing the spiritual realm, which shows that he is not envious or ashamed at all. So, why is he like this? Because the "man who has had enough fun" has spiritual comfort and ideological sustenance, he will not compare himself with others in food and clothing. Next, the author ends this chapter with "I am hard-working", explaining that this is just an example, a specific situation, so as to illustrate the general with concrete and sum up many similar situations.

The central meaning of this article is clear, but the author does not make sense with a straight face, but adopts the method of narration and discussion. The use of this narrative and discussion technique, through self-presentation, contains one's own personal experience and feelings, which makes people feel cordial and sincere. From the narration, the article seems to be off topic on the surface, but in fact it is very closely related internally. I wrote about my childhood experience of reading, being a teacher and reading, and chose something related to the topic, so I have a vague discussion intention in the narrative. Writing about one's own hard experiences is positive education, while writing about the situation of rich children studying is negative teaching material. All this is to encourage Ma Sheng. Therefore, the full text structure is tight, and the final topic is natural.

Song Lian was diligent and studious when he was young. In the Yuan Dynasty, he was educated by Wu Lai, Liu Guanhe and others and received a salary. Read everything in the book; I have never published a book since I was a child, so my knowledge and literary talent are at the peak. In Ming Taizu's affairs, all the national sacrifices, imperial edicts, seals and articles are more than his hands. According to legend, Liu Ji, a civil servant, was asked, and Liu Ji said to him: "Today's article comes first, and public opinion belongs to Hanlin's bachelor, and Chinese and foreign countries are silent. Secondly, Chen Ji, I dare not let him listen. " (Preface to Alina Zhang's Postscript) At that time, Japanese and Korean envoys went to Beijing to pay tribute, and every time they asked "How is Mr. Song", they came back with a large sum of money to buy their anthology. He is the author of Song Shi Xue Ji and The Complete Works of Song Wenxian. Song Lian's writing style is elegant, mellow and changeable. "Summary of the General Contents of Sikuquanshu" said: "Prose is graceful and muddy, such as the days are idle and horses are good, fish is elegant and elegant, and the economy is moderate." Liu quoted Ouyang Xuan's praise in the preface to Song Jinglian's bachelor's anthology: "Mr. Wang is extremely talented, and all the books in the world are inexhaustible;" By implication, it is arrogance. Its charm is heroic, such as Huaiyin, winning every battle and winning many successes; His thoughts are elegant, like the wind of Liezi, floating and not touching the dust; Its sound is elegant, such as Yin and Zhouyi, and the dragon pattern disappears, leaving the ancient meaning alone. Its attitude is changeable, such as sunny days ending in the south, and many people are eager for the past and are overwhelmed. They don't last long, they can learn from it! " In literature, he advocated promoting practical books, "there must be facts, and then the text will follow"; Emphasize "the shape of things", "those who can nourish qi are deeply civilized, and those who are full of qi can" (Wen Yuan). Famous articles include Qin Shilu, Biography of Wang Mian, Biography of Hu, Biography of Li Yi, Biography of Huancui Pavilion, Biography of Seeing An Sok Temple, etc. Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang is also one of his representative works.

Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang is a style. There are two kinds of prefaces: book prefaces and gift prefaces. The preface of the book is relatively early, mostly describing the author's interest and the origin of writing, such as Yi Xu and Tai Shi Gong Xu. Prefaces were written in the early Tang Dynasty and used as parting messages, such as Han Yu's Preface to Meng Dongye and Liu Zongyuan's Preface to Xue Cunyi. Song Lian was an official in Beijing Jiankang (now Nanjing), and Ma Jun, a fellow countryman and a young man from Dongyang County, Zhejiang Province, was also in Beijing and studying in imperial academy. Ma Sheng went back to his hometown to visit relatives. Song Lian wrote this article, and combined with his own practice, realized that "Tao is difficult to learn" and encouraged him to study hard. This preface is not a deadpan sermon, nor a compliment to the other side, but a statement of self-expression, which criticizes the shortcomings of the present, so it is faithful, true and reasonable, and the words are fluent, and the truth is also very enlightening to us today.