Urgently seeking the structure of entomology

Entomology has 10 volume, each volume contains several chapters, and each chapter describes the life of one or several insects in detail and profoundly: spiders, bees, mantis, scorpions, cicadas, beetles, crickets and so on. Showed people a wonderful and beautiful insect world.

Why does an ugly and slow caterpillar become a beautiful flying and jumping butterfly? Why do soft white grubs become colored beetles in armor? Why does a dirty and dull aquatic creature become a lovely dragonfly after molting? Some insects are maggot-like larvae when they crawl out of eggs, while others look like their parents?

It turns out that insects go through many changes from eggs to adults. These remarkable, strange and amazing changes are called metamorphosis. Insect metamorphosis can be divided into complete metamorphosis and incomplete metamorphosis.

Anyone who has raised silkworms knows that when they hatch from eggs, they are maggot-like larvae called silkworms. Silkworms feed on mulberry leaves. After molting several times, they spin silk to make cocoons, where they become pupae. After a while, the pupa bites the cocoon shell and flies out to become a moth. It can be seen that the life of silkworm goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. This kind of abnormal condition is called complete abnormal condition.

Female migratory locusts are laying eggs. Locusts and grasshoppers have different life spans from silkworms. When they come out of eggs, they are similar in shape to adults, but smaller in size. This small locust is called locust, or nymph. The grasshopper molts several times and grows into an adult (locust). So the life of locusts only goes through three periods: eggs, nymphs and adults. It's called incomplete metamorphosis.

It can be seen that no matter what kind of metamorphosis, insects must molt, and larvae can grow up after molting several times. Therefore, molting is very important in the growth and development of insects. So, how do insects molt?

The molting larvae don't eat or move. Due to the violent proliferation of epidermal cells, many wrinkles are produced under the skin. At the same time, it secretes molting fluid to melt the epidermis, which separates the old epidermis from dermal cells and gradually forms a thin new skin. At this time, insects contract abdominal muscles to raise blood pressure in the chest and arch their backs to rupture the old epidermis. Some aquatic insects rely on swallowing air and water to increase the strength of squeezing old skin. When the old epidermis breaks, the larvae gradually shed their skin through peristalsis. There are many insects hanging upside down on trees when molting, and molting their old skins by gravity. After the insect molts, the new epidermis is elastic, and it increases its volume by absorbing quite a lot of air (or water). At this time, the muscles of the larvae still keep contracting, which is convenient for all parts of the body to expand to the maximum with the help of blood pressure. Therefore, every time an insect molts, its body will obviously increase and its shape will change. Every time you molt, you will increase by one year. Therefore, the age (age) of insect larvae and nymphs is calculated by molting times.

The life span of wasp insects is very short. Generally, two or three generations can be completed in one year, and some can complete many generations. For example, aphids can complete twenty or thirty generations a year. But some only complete one generation a year, such as some scarabs. Some longicorn beetles take two or three years to complete a generation.

In Fabres's works, every kind of insect is very spiritual, lifelike and lifelike. He also focuses on the introduction according to the different characteristics of insects, just like introducing cute people in a certain industry.

Insects can make many kinds of sounds. To choose a singer, we must first choose from those insects that are equipped with "musical instruments" and can fiddle with "strings" in different forms and methods, which makes people feel elegant and pleasant.

Cricket is a member of insects and can be called a "star". Cricket, commonly known as cricket, is the general name of an insect group, with dozens of species, which can be said to be a large-scale field chorus. Because of their euphemistic songs, people gave them many wonderful "stage names" according to their different shapes and colors, such as Green Hemp Head, Red Hemp Head, Guan Gong Face, Crab Shell Green, Marshal, Black Li Kui jy, Golden Pipa, Long Tail Plum and Flower Wing. In fact, they have their own ownership and real names in entomology, and all belong to ORTHOPTERA Cricket Family in Insecta. Crickets are not only good at singing, but also good at fighting, so the story of cock hitting crickets has been passed down to this day.

Spider cricket is a good variety in the cricket family. Their songs are changeable and loud. Under suitable climatic conditions, whenever night falls, they will "chirp" non-stop, which can be regarded as the lead singer in the chorus.

Tapeworms in Song insects belong to Orthoptera Tettigonidae. This choir is also quite famous, with many members and a famous singer Guo Guo as the pillar. People not only love to listen to its songs, but also catch it in a small cage made of sorghum, hang it under the balcony or grape trellis, and watch it wear green clothes and comb your hair and wash your face with your front feet.

Weavers, commonly known as weavers, as the name implies, often make a "squeaky, squeaky" sound when weaving on old wooden looms. The pronunciation of the woven cricket seems to match the tone of the weaver girl intentionally, making a shuttle sound of "woven, woven". Grass owls, tree owls and green owls emit various tones of "cheep, cheep" and "click, click". Although there are few individuals in nature, the oriole, which belongs to Orthoptera, often beat about the bush with its bell-like singing to accompany the cicada chorus.

Ladybug cicada, commonly known as cicada. In Insecta, it belongs to Homoptera Cicadellidae, and there are about 100 species recorded in China. Cicada always likes to climb high branches and is pretentious. Only in the tree-lined "theater" will they appear and sing enthusiastically. Cicada Choir often rotates actors on the stage with the change of seasons, and at the same time, it also conveys the signal of seasonal change to people.

Fu was the first singer to enter the stage. At the end of spring and the beginning of summer, the ears of wheat are slightly Huang Shi, making a sharp "squeaking, chirping" sound, like the rubbing sound of the bearing bush of a wheat cart. Maybe it's because these actors are short and weak, and they always like to sing on low trunks for a short time. The whole concert lasted only half a month.

Black grasshoppers are loud and deafening, but they like to go on stage at the same time. When cicadas sing together, it often makes people feel annoyed. But they can play the role of weather forecast. As the saying goes, "If you sing together, it will be sunny" and "If you sleep on a sunny day, it will be cloudy". In the cicada population, the black grasshopper can be called a big black grasshopper, and its voice keeps squeaking.

Cicada is lonely, and only in the middle of the mountain can you hear their "whine", as if they were kicked out of the chorus. The musical instrument decoration of cicada is better than that of black cicada. The pink-green body is mixed with some black stripes, and the surface is unevenly coated with a layer of wax powder secreted by itself for protection.

Every summer, colorful butterflies subdue cicadas and perform on stage from the solstice. They seem a little unpredictable. As soon as the dog days arrive, they will "lie down" and keep barking. They also seem to tell people that the climate will get cold after the dog days, so it is necessary to prepare cotton-padded clothes in advance to keep out the cold. The cicada is slightly smaller than the cicada, and its posture is dignified. The yellow-green coat is dotted with stars and black spots. Because of their large vocal organs, their abdomen is always fluctuating when they sing, and it also plays a role in adjusting the volume and frequency.

Cicada and cicada are always the finale of the concert. They begin to sing in autumn, and their voices seem so sad and impatient, as if they are singing a sad tune that winter is coming and life is hard to survive. The red lady cicada has the lowest voice, but because she wears bright red, she has become a leader on the stage.

In nature, insects that can make sounds from vocal organs are all male.

In addition to the above-mentioned insect species with loud voice, long duration and special vocal organ structure, they belong to Cerambycidae, Scarabaeidae and shovel. Moth, dead leaf moth, reed moth, etc. They belong to LEPIDOPTERA, and when their adults or larvae are caught or disturbed, they can also make a sharp "squeak" through the squeezing and friction between the body segments. In Orthoptera, there are many kinds of insects in Acridoidea that can make sounds. Bees in Hymenoptera, flies, mosquitoes, flies and other insects in Diptera will also make a "buzzing" sound due to the interaction between their wings and the air in flight, but they have no special "musical instrument" pronunciation organs and are undoubtedly not qualified to perform on stage.

It is a miracle that a person spends his whole life observing and studying bugs. It is a miracle that a person has written 10 books for bugs in his life. Fabres, who was called an "unparalleled observer" by Darwin, lived in seclusion in a barren but beloved land of Hymenoptera for 35 years with unusual scientific spirit and wrote more than 4 million words of works. Fables was the first scientist to study insects in the wild. He devoted his whole life to the insect world, observed the life of insects and the struggle for survival and reproduction in detail, recorded the instinct and habits of insects, and wrote the great book Entomology. Fabres's life is an insect's life.

In the process of loving, getting close to and understanding insects, Fabres always abides by the principle of "fact first". He never takes easy shortcuts to the south, nor does he easily believe in authoritative theories. He believes in science, pays attention to observation and respects truth. His greatest interest lies in exploring the true face of the life world and discovering the scientific truth contained in nature. When he wrote Insects, he always "accurately described the observed facts, neither adding anything nor ignoring anything". Pursuing the truth, exploring the truth, revealing and grasping natural science have become the highest ideal and lofty labor of his life. In this spirit, he gathered all his qualities and talents and made his own unique contribution to mankind. It is with this spirit of seeking truth that he became the best guide in the insect world and showed this vivid and interesting insect world to everyone. People can't refuse his sincere guidance and gain knowledge, interest, beauty and thoughts in the insect world. Without this spirit, there would be no entomology, and a fruit of wisdom would be missing from the tree of human spirit.

Although the ten-volume edition of Entomology of Red Ants is a rigorous scientific work, it does not pretend to be profound, dry and pedantic, and the usual academic works are obscure, boring and serious. It is not only a scientific work, but also an excellent literary work. What the famous dramatist Rothstein said can be summarized as the style characteristics of this book: "Think like a philosopher, examine like an artist, write and express like a writer." It can even be said that what Fabres wrote through the insect world is a poem about life. He chose to write in the form of prose and reproduce the beauty of life with real and simple words. Entomology is beyond the reach of ordinary writers, because it has a rigorous scientific foundation, and no writer can have such extensive and profound entomological attainments. The Insect Story is beyond the reach of ordinary scientists, because it has the image and vividness that make writers stunned, and no entomologist has such brilliant literary expression ability.

This masterpiece expresses the wonderful and amazing spirituality of insects in struggle for existence. Fabres's heart is full of love for life and admiration for all things in nature. It is this respect and love for life that injects the soul into this ordinary scientific work. He led the complex evidence of natural science with humanistic spirit and observed the nature of insects with human nature, making the insect world a literary form for human beings to acquire knowledge, interest, beauty and thoughts. The instinct, habit, labor, marriage, reproduction and death of insects are permeated with humanistic care. Between the lines is full of the author's own respect and love for life. In his works, every insect is as spiritual as a human being, and can talk and sing. After careful observation by Fabres, seemingly insignificant and even annoying insects such as wasps, flies, dung beetles, ants and cicadas showed beautiful nature. Therefore, it is also regarded as the cornerstone of animal psychology.

In Fabres's simple pen, Butterfly Specimen is a serious academic work, such as beautiful prose, from which people can not only gain knowledge and ideas, but also read it as a unique aesthetic process. This kind of work is unprecedented in the world and occupies a considerable position in the history of French natural science and literature. This book about tiny insects has become a masterpiece for human beings to acquire knowledge, interest, beauty and thoughts.

Fabres is known as "Homer of Entomology" and "Virgil of Entomology", both of which are to praise his beautiful and great works, so The Story of Entomology is called "the epic of insects". Romain rolland said: "In the observation of these geniuses, the combination of enthusiasm and perseverance is simply a masterpiece of art, which is touching."

In his later years, Fabres published the last volumes of Insect Tales, which won him many readers not only in France, but also in European countries and all over the world. The Insect Story has been translated into more than 50 languages. In China, various abridged versions of insect stories were published in the 1920s and 1930s, which aroused great interest of readers at that time. Lu Xun once regarded Insect Tales as a model of "telling insect stories and life", hoping that "scientists should lower their eyes and read literary books again". Zhou Zuoren is full of praise for this book. He said that reading this book about insect life is "more interesting and meaningful than reading those boring novels and plays".

To read this book, you need a quiet heart to enter the wonderful insect world in quiet time. You are greeted by scarabs, spiders, butterflies, fireflies, nut elephants, caterpillars, cochineal insects, cabbage caterpillars, cicadas, ants, mantis, crickets and many other members of the insect family. The Story of Insects is not only a scientific masterpiece to study insects, but also a magnificent poem to eulogize life. After reading Insects, you will be deeply moved by Fabres's reverence for life. You will unconsciously ask and think about life, learn to respect life, and discover and feel the beauty of life.