Know little about the world climate.

1. Contents of global climate geography manuscript

Global climate refers to the global distribution of climatic elements (temperature, pressure, wind and precipitation, etc.). ) and its seasonal changes.

For example, the global temperature distribution is characterized by the decrease of temperature with the increase of latitude. The lowest temperature in winter in the northern hemisphere is below -40℃, the highest temperature is 25℃, and the temperature difference between north and south is 65℃. The lowest temperature in summer is about 0℃ (Sahara desert).

The temperature difference between north and south is only 40℃. In winter, the continental temperature is lower than the average temperature at the same latitude, but in the ocean, it is the opposite, and in summer, it is the opposite. The basic characteristics of sea level pressure distribution are: high latitude is low pressure area, subtropical zone is high pressure area, middle latitude is strong meridional pressure gradient area, and isobars are dense.

There are three zonal wind zones in the northern and southern hemispheres, namely tropical trade winds (easterly winds), mid-latitude westerly winds and polar easterly winds. The place with the most precipitation distribution is near the equator, and the annual rainfall in many places is as high as 2000mm or more; The precipitation in mid-latitude area is more than that in subtropical area, especially in cyclone active area, and the annual precipitation can reach1000 mm.

1. Formation of Climate Types Due to the difference of heat and water combination, or the difference of seasonal distribution of water, or the existence of huge mountains and plateaus, some internal climates in the same climate zone are still different, and several climate types can be further divided. For example, the atmospheric circulation conditions are different, and they all belong to subtropical climate zone. The east coast of Eurasia is monsoon climate type, and the west coast is Mediterranean climate type.

2. Main climate types 1) Tropical climate (1) The equatorial (tropical) rainforest climate is roughly distributed between north latitude 10, mainly distributed in the Amazon River basin in South America, the Congo River basin in Africa, the Gulf of Guinea, the southwest coast of the Indian Peninsula in Asia, the Malay Peninsula, the west coast of Indochina Peninsula, the Philippine Islands and New Guinea (also known as Irian) The annual temperature difference is very small, and the annual precipitation generally exceeds 2000 mm, which is evenly distributed.

Natural vegetation is a tropical rainforest plant. (2) The climate of the savanna is generally distributed between latitude 10 and the Tropic of Cancer, with most parts of Central Africa and South America and northern and eastern Brazil and Australia as typical examples.

This kind of distribution area is located in the alternating control area of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area. The annual temperature is high, with an average annual temperature of about 25℃.

During the control period of equatorial low pressure zone, equatorial air mass prevailed and precipitation was concentrated; During the trade wind control period, it is controlled by tropical continental air mass, with little rain and distinct dry and wet seasons. The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000 mm, and the dry season is obvious and long.

Natural vegetation is tropical sparse grassland. (3) Tropical desert (arid and semi-arid) climate (1) Tropical arid climate is generally distributed on the mainland and the west coast under the control of the north-south regression high pressure zone, with North Africa, Asian Peninsula and Australian desert areas as typical examples.

Controlled by subtropical high pressure area or trade wind area, controlled by tropical continental air mass all the year round, prevailing downward flow, drought and little rain. The annual precipitation is about 100 mm, and in some places it is only tens of millimeters or even less, with plenty of sunshine and high temperature. The average temperature in the hottest month can reach about 30℃. The contradiction between heat and water is prominent.

The distribution and formation of the world's great deserts are closely related to the tropical dry climate. The natural vegetation is desert.

(2) Tropical semi-arid climate, distributed at the outer edge of tropical arid climate zone, with its main characteristics: first, the rainy season is short, and the annual precipitation can be increased to 500mm；; Second, the temperature on the high latitude side is not as high as that on the low latitude side. (4) The tropical monsoon climate is generally distributed on the east coast of the mainland between the north and south latitudes 10 and the Tropic of Cancer, and Indo-China Peninsula and India Peninsula in Asia are typical areas affected by the southwest monsoon.

Most parts of Yunnan, southeast corner of China and other places also belong to tropical monsoon climate. The annual temperature is high, and the annual average temperature exceeds 20℃.

The seasonal variation of prevailing wind direction is significant. The summer half year is controlled by equatorial air mass, with abundant precipitation, forming rainy season, and the climate characteristics are similar to those of tropical rain forest; In the winter half year, under the control of tropical continental air mass, precipitation in some places decreased obviously, forming a dry season.

The annual precipitation is 1500-2000mm, and the rainy season accounts for more than 80-90% of the annual total, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The natural vegetation is tropical monsoon forest.

2) Subtropical Climate (5) Subtropical Monsoon Climate and Subtropical Monsoon Humid Climate (1) Subtropical Monsoon Climate is mainly distributed on the east coast of subtropical continent, with the eastern part of Asian continent, such as the south of Qinling-Huaihe River in China, the southeast of North America, the eastern part of South America, the southeast of Australia and the southeast corner of Africa as typical examples. The prevailing wind direction varies greatly with the seasons.

In winter, affected by the polar continental air mass, the temperature is low and the precipitation is less; In summer, affected by tropical ocean air mass, it is hot and rainy, and the water distribution in four seasons is uneven. The natural vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (the obvious reason of East Asia: backed by the largest continent and facing the largest ocean, the thermal properties of land and ocean are significantly different).

(2) The subtropical monsoon humid climate is distributed in southeastern North America, eastern Argentina in South America and southeastern Australia. These areas are called subtropical monsoon humid climate because there is a considerable amount of precipitation in winter, and there is little difference between winter and summer.

The climatic cause is also the difference of thermal properties between land and sea, but the difference of thermal properties between land and sea in this climate distribution area is not as strong as the former, and the precipitation is more than the former. (6) The subtropical Mediterranean climate is mainly distributed on the west coast of subtropical continent, such as the Mediterranean coast, the west coast of the continent with latitude of 30-40 in North and South America, the southwest corner of Australia and Africa. The Mediterranean coast is the most extensive and typical.

For example, in the northern hemisphere, the subtropical high zone moves northward in summer and is controlled by high pressure. Affected by the tropical continental air mass, the weather is sunny, dry, hot and rainy. In winter, the subtropical high zone moves southward, which is warm and rainy due to the influence of the westerly belt (Mediterranean front belt). Natural vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen shrub.

(VII) Subtropical desert (arid and semi-arid) climate (1) Subtropical arid climate is mainly distributed in the western mainland and inland areas of 25 ~ 35 south latitude. Its basic characteristics are similar to the tropical desert climate, which is dry all year round and hot in summer, but the temperature in winter is lower than that in tropical desert climate because of its slightly higher latitude. (2) The subtropical semi-arid climate is distributed at the outer edge of the sub-tropical arid climate zone, with little rain all year round.

The main difference from subtropical arid climate is that the summer temperature is lower, and the average temperature in the hottest month is lower than 30℃; The annual precipitation exceeds.

2. World climate information in the first year of geography.

Rainforest climate: savanna climate: high temperature and rainy all year round (Indonesia, Brazil): high temperature all year round, with great difference in precipitation, mainly divided into tropical monsoon climate with obvious dry and wet seasons (Africa, Australia): high temperature all year round, with great difference in precipitation. Mainly divided into obvious dry and rainy seasons (Indochina Peninsula, South Asia), tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain all year round (Australia, * * * Peninsula), subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate: high temperature and rainy summer, warm and little rain in winter, Mediterranean climate: mild and rainy winter, hot and dry summer (Mediterranean coast), temperate monsoon climate: high temperature and rainy summer, cold and dry winter (30 ~ 40 N/s on the east coast). Temperate maritime climate: mild in winter, cool in summer and humid in precipitation season (30 ~ 40 N/s on the west coast). Temperate continental climate: Leng Xia is hot in winter, and precipitation is mainly concentrated in summer (Central Asia-continental Europe, USA). Plateau Mountain Climate: The vertical difference is obvious (where there are mountains). Cold climate: it is cold all year round.

(South Pole).

3. What is the climate in the world?

Low latitude climate type equatorial rainy climate tropical maritime climate tropical dry and wet season climate tropical monsoon climate tropical arid and semi-arid climate

Mid-latitude climate type subtropical arid and semi-arid climate subtropical monsoon climate subtropical humid climate subtropical summer dry climate (Mediterranean climate) temperate maritime climate temperate monsoon climate temperate continental humid climate temperate arid and semi-arid climate

High latitude climate type sub-polar continental climate polar tundra climate polar ice sheet climate plateau climate

4. Relevant knowledge of important climate types in the world

Tropical rain forest climate: annual temperature > 15, annual precipitation >; 2000mm, high temperature and rainy all the year round, distributed near the equator.

tropical savanna climate

tropical desert climate

Subtropical monsoon: > 0, annual precipitation > 1000, hot and rainy in summer, mild and rainy in winter, distributed on the east coast of the mainland at 30 north and south latitude.

Mediterranean climate: ..., with annual precipitation of 300- 1000, high temperature and little rain in summer, mild and rainy in winter, distributed on the west coast of the mainland at 30-40 north latitude.

Temperate maritime climate: ..., the annual precipitation is 700- 1000, and the annual precipitation is moderate and uniform, distributed on the west coast of the mainland at 40-60 north latitude.

Temperate monsoon climate: warm mainland in winter: plateau and mountain in winter: -20- 15, with low temperature, little precipitation and high altitude all year round.

5. All kinds of climate in the world

Characteristics and genetic distribution of climate names

Tropical rain forest climate-high temperature and rainy all year round

Affected by equatorial low all the year round.

Close to the equator, between north and south latitudes 10 degrees.

Tropical grassland climate-divided into dry season and rainy season

It is alternately controlled by equatorial low pressure zone and subtropical high.

North and South Latitude 10-20 degrees, west coast of Chinese mainland.

Tropical desert climate-high temperature and dryness all year round

Affected by subtropical high all the year round

20-30 degrees north and south latitude, west coast of Chinese mainland.

Mediterranean climate-hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

It is alternately controlled by westerly belt and subtropical high.

30-40 degrees north and south latitude, west coast of Chinese mainland.

Temperate maritime climate-mild and rainy all year round

Influenced by westerlies all the year round (warming and humidifying effect of warm current)

40-60 degrees north and south latitude, west coast of Chinese mainland.

Tropical monsoon climate-hot and rainy in summer and hot and rainy in winter, divided into rainy season and dry season.

Differences in thermal properties between land and ocean, (causes and seasonal movements of south subtropical monsoon, pressure zone and wind zone)

North and South Latitude 15-25 degrees, east coast of the mainland.

Subtropical monsoon climate-hot and rainy in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

Difference of thermal characteristics between land and sea

25-35 degrees north and south latitude, the east coast of the mainland.

Temperate monsoon climate-hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter.

The difference of thermal properties between land and sea (southwest monsoon, plus the influence of topography)

35-55 degrees north and south latitude, the east coast of the mainland.

Temperate continental climate-mild summer with little rain and cold and dry winter.

Temperate inland far from the ocean.

Polar climate-low temperature all year round, less precipitation.

Tundra zone and the ice belt. Tundra zone is mainly on the coast of the Arctic Ocean; The ice sheet belt is located in the Antarctic continent and Greenland.

Mountain climate-with the elevation rising, the temperature drops and the precipitation changes.

Judgment method

According to the temperature, according to the water.

Steps:

1. judging the northern and southern hemispheres

Look at the month with the highest temperature ... this should go without saying, if the annual temperature difference does not represent the climate type near the equator.

2. Set the area according to the temperature (mainly depending on the lowest temperature)

0, 15 degrees as the boundary,

The annual minimum temperature is higher than 15 degrees, which belongs to the tropics;

The lowest temperature in the whole year is between 0- 15 degrees, which is subtropical;

The lowest temperature in the whole year is below 0 degrees, which belongs to temperate zone;

The highest temperature in the whole year is around 0 degrees, which is a cold zone.

3. Shape and water (see annual precipitation distribution)

There are four types of precipitation.

Summer rain type: all monsoon climates (tropical, subtropical and temperate) and tropical grasslands.

Winter rain type: Mediterranean climate

Annual rain type: tropical rain forest, temperate ocean

Less rain type: tropical desert climate, temperate continental climate and polar climate.

There are only ten commonly used climate types, and you can determine them by the intersection of the second and third steps.

There are two more points to note:

1. Tropical monsoon and savanna-in the temperature zone, both belong to tropical climate and precipitation belongs to summer rain type. The way to distinguish them is that the precipitation in tropical monsoon is more concentrated. It is obvious to compare the columnar statistics with the precipitation. Moreover, the tropical monsoon is divided into two seasons: rain and drought, and the tropical grassland is wet and dry.

2. Temperate maritime climate-although it is a temperate climate type, the lowest temperature in the whole year is higher than 0 degrees, but in terms of precipitation, it should not be difficult to distinguish it from tropical rain forests.

I don't think this method needs to remember the precipitation heat, the temperature is only 0, 15, so it should be more practical when doing the problem.

6. Climate knowledge

Climate is the general state of the atmosphere in a certain region of the earth for many years, and it is the comprehensive expression of various weather processes in this period. Various statistics (mean, extreme, probability, etc. Meteorological elements (temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.). ) is the basic basis for expressing climate. Climate is closely related to human society, and many countries have recorded climate phenomena for a long time. In China, during the Spring and Autumn Period, the sun shadow was measured with a standard table to determine the season. There were 24 solar terms and 72 climaxes in Qin and Han Dynasties. The word climate comes from ancient Greek, which means inclination, meaning that the climate in different places is related to the inclination of the sun's rays. Due to the different distribution of solar radiation on the earth's surface and the different physical processes produced by different underlying surfaces such as oceans, land, mountains and forests under the action of solar radiation reaching the surface, the climate not only has the temperature characteristics of roughly latitude distribution, but also has obvious regional characteristics. According to the horizontal scale, climate can be divided into macro climate, meso climate and micro climate. Macro-climate refers to global and large-scale climate, such as tropical rain forest climate, Mediterranean climate, polar climate and plateau climate. Moderate climate refers to the climate of smaller natural areas, such as forest climate, urban climate, mountain climate and lake climate; Microclimate refers to the climate in a small range, such as the atmosphere close to the ground and the climate under a small range of special terrain (such as hills or valleys). Under the influence of latitude, land and sea distribution, atmospheric circulation, topography, ocean currents and other factors, the world climate can be roughly divided into the following types: tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and rainy, constant throughout the year; Tropical grassland climate: high temperature all year round, divided into dry and wet seasons; Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain all year round; Tropical monsoon climate: high temperature all year round, divided into dry season and rainy season. Subtropical monsoon climate and monsoon humid climate: high temperature and rainy in summer, low temperature and little rain in winter; Mediterranean climate: mild and rainy in winter and hot and rainy in summer; Temperate maritime climate: warm in winter and cool in summer, with small annual temperature difference and even seasonal distribution of annual precipitation; Temperate continental climate: less precipitation, severe cold in winter, extremely hot in summer and large annual temperature difference; Temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter; Mountain climate: vertical change from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain; Polar tundra climate: winter is long and cold, and summer is short and cool; Polar ice sheet climate: it is extremely cold all year round. Climate change has an important impact on human beings and natural systems. Because ecosystems and human society have adapted to the climate and climate resources of today and the recent past, it will be difficult for people to cope with these changes if they adapt too quickly. For many developing countries, this may have a very harmful impact on the basic living standards of human beings (housing, food, drinking water and health). For all countries,

7. Little is known about meteorology

1) Look at the proverb 1, the morning clouds disperse and the dog dies at noon. 2. Be afraid of the south cloud early and the north cloud late. Clouds will rise from the southeast, but the rain will not last. At sunrise, the red clouds will rise, so it is recommended not to go far away. When the red clouds rise at sunset, it will be sunny. 5. Dark clouds will be high and there will be rain tomorrow; Dark clouds are low after sunset, and it rains at night. 6. Oolong hits the dam, and it rains if it is not cloudy. 7. The clouds are in the east, and the rain is not fierce; The clouds are in the south and the river rises. 8. There are clouds hanging in the sky and rain dripping on the ground; Broom clouds in the sky, three days of rain; Cotton clouds in the morning will rain in the afternoon; Tower clouds in the sky, thunder and rain in the ground. 9. Northwest Huang Yun, hail ahead. 10, fish scales in the sky, no rain and wind. 1 1, there is no good goods in the northwest, either wind disaster or hail 1 1, dark clouds are the limelight, and white clouds are the omen of rain. Clouds get married, and the rain is more fierce. 13. Clouds cover the fog in the morning, and there is no rain and wind. 14. Clouds eat under fog, and fog eats clear clouds. 15. Clouds are heading east and gusts are blowing; The clouds are heading west, covered with hemp fiber. 16, sunny in the morning and sunny at night. 17, there are pod clouds in the sky, and it will rain soon; There is an anvil cloud in the sky, and it will rain heavily soon. 18, dark clouds see the sun, and it rains in the middle of the night; Dark clouds have white feet, and there must be heavy rain; The clouds don't go away, and it will rain soon. 19, dark clouds began to smoke, and hail was on the same day. (2) Observing the wind and measuring the sky proverb 1, under the easterly winds of the four seasons, I am afraid that the easterly winds will not blow much. 2. It will rain continuously in spring and intermittently in summer; The east wind doesn't match in autumn, and it snows for a long time in winter. Open the door to the wind and close the door to the rain. The east wind will rain and clear up, but it won't. 5. The south wind blows to the end, and the north wind reciprocates. 6. The east wind is urgent, the rain hits the wall, the south wind is hard at the waist, and the north wind is pointed at the head. 7. The east wind does not rain in the drought, the west wind does not clear up after the rain, and the southwest wind does not fall for three days. In September and May, there will be heavy rain in the south wind. In June, the bottom of the south wind will be very dry. 10, and the southerly wind will be cloudy if it doesn't rain for three days. 1 1, the east wind will be wet, the west wind will be dry, the north wind will be cold and the south wind will be warm. 12, no rain, cloudy against the wind. The south wind is afraid of sunset, and the north wind is afraid of dawn. 16, fog dew in the south wind, frost in the north wind. 17, the wind blows every night, and the rain and snow don't meet; It will be cloudy if the south wind exceeds level 3. 18, there will be sails in the wind, and the rain will clear up. 19, the east wind rang before noon. 20, the east wind is strong after the rain, and it will rain again tomorrow. 2 1, hail comes and goes with the wind, and the headwind will turn around. It will be windy in spring. It rained heavily when lightning struck the clouds. The thunderstorm is not fierce, and the pit is full of muffled thunder. 4. The sudden thunder quickly dispersed, but the muffled thunder was hard to clear. Thunder is like grinding, and the wind is mixed with hail. 6. Spring thunder 10 is cloudy and winter thunder 10 is cold. 7. The sky flashes in the east, the rain flashes in the west, the fire door opens in the south, and it flashes all night in the north. 8. The southeast flash is clear, and the northwest flash is clear. The weather will clear up soon. The bird landed on the boat, and the rainy day passed. 4. Magpies crow, and it is sunny to go out. Crickets are chirping in the house and crops are blistered. 6. The weather will get worse because of mosquito bites. 7. Dragonflies go round and round, and it will rain a day before. 8. Bees are busy picking flowers, and it will rain soon. 9. Back pain and itchy scars. It rained for three or five days. 12, swallows fly low, ants move, fish come to the water to catch their breath, and heavy rain is coming soon. 13, cats wash their faces, frogs call it rain. 14, mantis flying around, with showers. Spiders weave webs, and it will clear up after a heavy rain. 46638.8866868666 1

8. Little is known about meteorology

1. Cool down

According to statistics, the month with the strongest cold air in China is 1 1. From June to February in 5438, the average temperature in most parts of the north was between–5℃ and–20℃, and frost sometimes appeared after the strong cold air in the south.

2. heavy snow

Strong cold air can often form large-scale snowfall or local blizzard. Snowfall has many benefits, especially for relieving winter drought and freezing farm diseases and insect pests. However, the snowy road is slippery and icy, which easily leads to civil aviation flight delays, road traffic accidents and lane congestion; In some areas, snow storms and road closures will also pose a threat to the safety of people and animals in pastoral areas.

3. freezing rain

Freezing rain is snow falling from the upper cold layer, sometimes it melts into rain in the middle layer, and becomes supercooled water with raindrops at a temperature below 0℃ in the lower cold layer. The supercooled water drops fall from the air, reach the ground and touch anything on the ground, and immediately freeze to form freezing rain. When freezing rain occurs, uneven ice shells appear on the ground and objects, which will have a great impact on traffic, electricity and communication, and will also cause damage to fruit trees.

4. Frost

Rime is the milky white ice crystal precipitation formed on objects by direct condensation of water vapor in the air at low temperature or direct freezing of supercooled water droplets. There are many foggy days in winter in China: Heilongjiang, Jilin, northern Xinjiang and northern Shaanxi. Rime is a kind of natural beauty that people generally appreciate, but sometimes it will become a natural disaster, which will seriously break wires and trees and affect traffic, power supply and communication.

5. Heavy rain

The formation process of rainstorm is quite complicated. Generally speaking, sufficient and continuous water vapor, strong and lasting upward movement of airflow and instability of atmospheric structure are the main physical conditions for heavy rain.

The favorable combination of various scales of weather system and underlying surface, especially topography, can produce heavy rain. The main weather systems that cause large-scale rainstorm in China are fronts, cyclones, shear lines, eddies, troughs, typhoons, easterly waves and intertropical convergence zone. In addition, thermal thunderstorms will also cause short-term and small-scale heavy rains in arid and semi-arid areas.

Extended data:

1. The dew in the morning is usually clear.

Why is it usually sunny when there is dew? This is because on a clear and cloudless night, the ground dissipates heat quickly, the field temperature drops rapidly, and the tolerance for water vapor in the air weakens, so that water vapor condenses on grass leaves and stones one after another. On a cloudy night, the ground seems to be covered with a big quilt, so the heat is not easy to dissipate, the temperature does not drop, and the water vapor stored in the cold is not easy to condense into dew.

There is always a rainbow after the rain.

In the air after a heavy rain, there are many small water droplets floating in the air. They are like prisms hanging in the air. When sunlight passes through them, it is first decomposed into seven bands: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple, and then reflected back. At this time, if someone stands between the "rain curtain" formed by the sun and raindrops, they will see colorful rainbows.

It usually snows in winter.

Winter is coming, why does it snow? This is because the temperature is low in winter, the ground temperature is below zero, and the temperature of high-altitude clouds is even lower. Water vapor in the cloud condenses directly into small ice crystals and snowflakes. When these snowflakes increase to a certain extent, the airflow can't hold, and falling from the clouds to the ground means snow. If there is a strong updraft, the air temperature will be higher, just like a big hand holding snowflakes. Snowflakes grow up in the clouds for a longer time and fall more.

See the lightning before you hear the thunder

The reason why you see lightning first and then hear thunder is because in the air, light travels fast and can reach the ground soon, while sound travels slowly in the air and will reach the earth in a short time. So you will hear lightning first, and then thunder. In fact, lightning and thunder appear at the same time.

The reason why the time to reach the ground is so different is that the speed of light is 3,000,000 kilometers per second, while sound can only travel 0.34 kilometers in the air for 65,438+0 seconds. The speed of sound is only one-ninth of the speed of light.

Lightning is long and short, loud and quiet. You can roughly judge the height from the clouds to the ground according to the time when the sound reaches the ground. It doesn't take much time for light to reach the ground, which can be considered as 0. The interval between seeing lightning and hearing thunder is how many seconds times 340 meters, which is the distance from lightning to you.

Lightning will reflect when it meets clouds or tall buildings, so it usually takes some time for lightning to disappear after lightning.