What technical services do some transportation technology companies provide when building expressway? Please list the specific types, such as test, detection, etc.

Pavement exploration and measurement, soil quality evaluation and analysis, landslide prevention report, suggested construction route, materials and scheme. Stage construction budget, total cost, etc.

definition

There is no uniform standard for expressway in all countries of the world, and its name is different. The United States, Canada and Australia named expressway as freeway, the American Interstate and Defense expressway Network, German autobahn, French autoroute and British autoroute. Although these countries have different names for expressway, they all refer to expressway with more than four lanes, two-way separation, complete control of entrances and exits and all intercommunication. In addition, in many countries, the direct trunk lines that partially control the entrances and exits, but not all adopt interchanges, are also called expressway. In the annual statistical reports over the years, the International Road Federation has listed the direct trunk lines in the category of expressway.

According to the Technical Standard for Highway Engineering of China's Ministry of Communications, expressway refers to a highway that can adapt to the annual average day and night passenger car traffic of more than 25,000 vehicles and is specially designed for cars to drive at high speed in a single lane and completely control their traffic. Generally, it can adapt to the speed above 65,438+0.20 km/h, and requires a flat route, a gentle longitudinal slope and a pavement width greater than 4 lanes. There is an isolation belt in the middle, using asphalt concrete or cement concrete advanced pavement, and equipped with complete signs, markings, signals and lighting devices to ensure driving safety; Pedestrians and non-motor vehicles are prohibited from walking on the road, and other lines are crossed by interchanges, footbridges, bridges or tunnels.

As can be seen from the definition, generally speaking, expressway must meet the following four conditions: (1) only for cars; (2) There is a central isolation belt to completely isolate the round-trip traffic; (3) There are planes intersecting; (4) The whole line is closed to control access. At some designated intersections, only cars are allowed to enter and leave expressway.

[Edit this paragraph] Classification

According to its function, it can be divided into expressway (or remote expressway) connecting cities and expressway (or urban expressway) inside cities. According to its layout, it can be divided into: plane interchange expressway, embankment expressway, cutting expressway, elevated expressway and tunnel expressway. In 1930s, some western countries began to build. Since 1960s, expressway has developed rapidly.

[Edit this paragraph] function

According to the different terrain, the design driving speed of expressway is divided into four grades: 80, 100, 120, 140 km/h; Two grades, 60 km/h and 80 km/h, are used for crossing cities. The plane alignment of expressway is mainly circular curve and transition curve, emphasizing the three-dimensional spatial alignment design in the horizontal, vertical and horizontal directions.

Expressway has four or six lanes in the suburbs, and six or eight lanes or more in the urban and suburban areas. Hard materials with high polishing value (such as modified asphalt) are often used in pavement to reduce the phenomenon of surface floating and water injection. The road is paved with materials different in color from the road surface. Hard shoulders are used for temporary parking and also need to be paved with higher-grade materials. On steep slopes and long uphill sections, when there are many heavy vehicles, another climbing lane should be set outside the roadway. If necessary, add a special temporary parking zone with a width of 3m and a length of 10 ~ 20m outside the roadway every 2 ~ 5km.

When expressway intersects with railways or other secondary roads, a separated interchange can be built; When it intersects with other important expressway and there is a lot of turning traffic, an interchange should be built. At appropriate locations on both sides of expressway, shunting roads and acceleration and deceleration lanes should be built to control vehicles entering and leaving expressway.

When expressway passes through the city, it mostly goes around the city. If necessary, it passes through the busy urban traffic area. In order to reduce traffic congestion, waste gas and noise pollution, it is often built as an elevated, cutting or tunnel type, and sometimes multi-storey interchanges or overpasses are built to form a three-dimensional traffic network.

If the median of expressway is narrow, it is necessary to set anti-glare boards or fences on it. Expressway should set up traffic signs that can shine or reflect light at night. Reflectors should be embedded in the edges of the median and channelized islands, as well as road markings, and large-scale lighting equipment should be installed in bridges, tunnels, interchanges and urban areas. Expressway should set up toll stations, gas stations, public telephones, parking lots, restaurants and hotels at regular intervals. In the busy traffic area of expressway, a traffic monitoring center can be set up, and the running situation of vehicles in the whole area can be transmitted to the screen to direct traffic through TV cameras, and the information can also be transmitted to car drivers through broadcasting. When there is a traffic accident on the road, the monitoring center can send a patrol car or helicopter to the scene to deal with it.

[Edit this paragraph] Function and economic benefits

Road transportation has the flexibility of door-to-door direct transportation, which is especially suitable for passenger transportation and less-than-carload transportation of fresh goods and containers. This role is even more prominent in expressway. In some developed countries, highways have higher efficiency, larger capacity and lower cost than railways in long-distance transportation. According to statistics, 1970 ~ 1972, there are 19 in developed countries, and the annual average passenger and freight transport ratios of roads and railways are 9.2: 1 and 2.9: 1 respectively.

Expressway has greatly improved the transportation speed. For example, after the completion of the famous Japanese god expressway, the travel time was shortened by about 75% compared with the original expressway. The accident rate and death rate in expressway are much lower than those in other highways.

Generally, the mileage of expressway in various countries only accounts for 1 ~ 2% of the total highway mileage, but its transportation volume accounts for 20 ~ 25% of the total highway transportation volume. Expressway has high cost and much land; But the driving speed is high, the traffic capacity is large, and the traffic accident rate is low. Therefore, the investment cost can generally be recovered within 7 ~ 10 years due to the saving of driving expenses (including fuel consumption, tire wear, automobile repair and road maintenance expenses, etc.). ) and running time and reduced driving accidents.

Therefore, when the traffic volume reaches a certain level, as long as the financial resources permit, many countries will build expressway. Expressway is usually built by stages to avoid the backlog of funds. The source of funds, in addition to state investment or funding, is also private fund-raising. Toll fees are collected regularly for several years and returned to the state management after the expiration.

[Edit this paragraph] Design

Expressway design has its own characteristics, which is different from ordinary highway design. Includes the following contents:

1. Basic design basis: Speed, traffic volume and capacity are the basic design basis of expressway, and they are mutually causal.

2. Geometric design standards: The geometric design standards and requirements of expressway are quite different from those of ordinary highways. There are also differences in design standards among countries.

3. Overall design: ① The shortest distance of the line. (2) When crossing the Grand Canyon, a bridge should be built. (3) Cross the mountainside of the mountain line and cross the tunnel. (4) When passing through towns, elevated roads are often used. ⑤ On steep slopes, viaducts are often set at the side of the mountain. ⑥ Considering the long-term development, we should reserve a larger scope of land acquisition.

4. Alignment and profile design: ① Coordination of horizontal curve and vertical curve. ② the roadway. ③ Sight distance and visual field. 4 super high. ⑤ Central divider. ⑥ interchange.

[Edit this paragraph] National construction

At present, more than 80 countries and regions in the world have expressway with a total mileage of over 230,000 kilometers.

The first one is the United States, and 1937 began to build the Pennsylvania Tax expressway, with a total length of 257 kilometers. At present, expressway is about 6,543,800 kilometers, ranking first in the world. The expressway network with interstate as the core has been built, and its total mileage accounts for about half of the total mileage of expressway in the world, connecting all towns with more than 50,000 people.

Expressway construction in the United States has a set of mechanisms for evaluation, planning, project establishment, investment and financing, and maintenance management, and the certification of each project takes at least two years. The proportion of construction funds invested by expressway is state government 19.6%, local counties and cities 77.4% and federal government 3%. The state government is mainly responsible for the usual maintenance costs.

The second place is China. By the end of 2007, the mileage reached about 53,000 kilometers. China Taiwan Province Province/KLOC-0 was completed at the end of 978, and the total length of Zhongshan Expressway from Keelung to Kaohsiung is 373 kilometers. 1988 65438+1October 3 1, expressway, 18.5 km from Shanghai to Jiading, completed and opened to traffic, to expressway, Chinese mainland. Since then, the construction of expressway in China has advanced by leaps and bounds: at the end of August 2004, it exceeded 30,000 kilometers, nearly twice that of Canada, the third largest country in the world.

At present, China's funds for the construction of expressway mainly come from various special taxes and fees, financial funds (such as car purchase tax, road maintenance fees, national debt, local finance, etc. ), transfer of management rights, direct utilization of foreign capital, toll income, self-raised funds of enterprises and bank loans at home and abroad. Among them, bank loans account for a large proportion.

The third place is Canada. * * * expressway, with a kilometer of 1.65, is built, and no vehicle tolls are levied, so there are no toll stations and checkpoints on the road.

The fourth place is expressway 1. 1 1,000 km. Bonn-Cologne expressway, built in 1 ~ 1, 942, is the first expressway in the world.

The German highway system consists of federal long-distance highways, state highways, county highways and township highways, with a total mileage of about 650,000 kilometers, accounting for 4.8% of the land area, of which expressway is about 1.8%, and expressway's total mileage exceeds1.000 kilometers.

The fifth place is France, which currently owns 1 10,000 kilometers of expressway. As a result of adopting a large number of methods to absorb private investment, expressway has effectively promoted the construction speed and has the most developed public transport system in the world.

According to the task, function and traffic volume, highways are divided into five grades: expressway, Class I Highway, Class II Highway, Class III Highway and Class IV Highway. Expressway is a trunk road dedicated for cars to travel in different directions and lanes, and all access is controlled. Four-lane expressway can generally adapt to the long-term design life of various cars converted into passenger cars, with an average annual day and night traffic volume of 25,000 ~ 55,000 vehicles; Six-lane expressway can generally adapt to the long-term design life of converting cars into buses, with an average annual day-and-night traffic volume of 45,000-80,000 vehicles; Eight-lane expressway can generally adapt to the long-term design life of various cars converted into adult buses, with an average annual day and night traffic volume of 60,000 ~100,000 vehicles. Other roads except expressway are trunk roads, distribution roads and local roads, which are divided into four grades.

[Edit this paragraph] The earliest expressway

The earliest expressway in the world can be said to be the Qin Straight Road. The Road of Qin Dynasty starts from Yunyang Guanglin Palace (now Liang Wudi Village, Chunhua County), a military stronghold in Xianyang, Kyoto, to Jiuyuan County (now Mengjiawan Village, southwest of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia), passing through 14 County, with a total length of more than 700 kilometers. The widest part of the road is about 60 meters, generally 20 meters. According to Historical Records, "It is 1,800 miles from Jiuyuan to Ganquan." Hanshu said, "The road is fifty feet wide and the trees are three feet high. The outside is thick, hidden in the golden vertebra, and the tree is loose. " It can be seen that the project is arduous and magnificent.

Qin Zhi Highway can indeed be regarded as a miracle of highway engineering in the world. It runs through the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, and the east side of Ziwuling runs north along the coast 1.600 meters. In Yan 'an, it passes through Huangling, Fuxian, Ganquan and Zhidan counties, and then extends northeast to Baotou, Inner Mongolia. After 2000, most roads are still well preserved. There are only weeds on many hard roadbed, but no trees have grown, especially the remains of Qin Zhi Road in Fangjiahe, Ganquan County. The piers of the river-crossing bridge still exist, and the rammed soil layer is very clear. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, the literature records: "There are Ruofu and Lintong in the south, Qingyang in the north, and horses and chariots are in an endless stream, leaving with the crown ..." This shows that the waste of Qin Zhi Road is only in recent hundreds of years.

[Edit this paragraph] expressway Safe Driving Instructions

[Edit this paragraph] 1. Check before the highway.

Be sure to check the vehicle in detail:

First, check the fuel quantity. When the car is driving at high speed, the fuel consumption is more than expected. Take a car with fuel consumption per 100 kilometers 10 liter as an example. Driving at a speed of 50 kilometers per hour will consume 10 liter, and driving at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour in expressway will consume about 16 liter. The fuel consumption increases obviously at high speed, so when driving at high speed, the fuel should be fully prepared.

Second, check the tire pressure. When a car is running, the tire will compress and expand, which is called tire deformation, especially when the tire pressure is low and the speed is high. At this time, the abnormal high temperature inside the tire will cause the rubber layer to separate from the covering layer, or the rubber on the outer surface of the tire will break and fly away, resulting in tire puncture and vehicle accidents. So before driving at high speed, the tire pressure is higher than usual.

Third, check the braking effect. The braking effect of automobile plays an important role in driving safety. When driving on expressway, more attention should be paid to the braking effect. Before you leave, you should check the braking effect at low speed. If there is any abnormality, it must be repaired, otherwise it is very likely to cause a major accident.

In addition, the inspection of engine oil, coolant, fan belt, steering, transmission, lights, signals and other parts can not be ignored.

[Edit this paragraph] 2. drive at a high speed

After the inspection, we can go to expressway. At this time, we should also pay attention to the following driving tips:

First, enter the driveway correctly. When vehicles enter expressway from the ramp entrance, they must increase their speed in the acceleration lane and turn on the left turn signal. Under the condition of not affecting the normal driving of vehicles in the lane, enter the lane from the acceleration lane, and then turn off the turn signal.

Second, keep a safe distance. When the vehicle is driving at high speed, the rear vehicle in the same lane must keep a sufficient safe distance from the front vehicle. The experience is that the safe distance is approximately equal to the vehicle speed. When the vehicle speed is 100km/h, the safety distance is 100m, and when the vehicle speed is 70 km/h, the safety distance is 70 m. In case of bad weather such as rain, snow and fog, it is necessary to increase the driving clearance and reduce the vehicle speed appropriately.

Third, be careful to overtake. When overtaking, you should first observe the state of the front and rear cars and turn on the left turn signal at the same time. After confirming safety, slowly turn the steering wheel to the left to let the vehicle enter the overtaking lane smoothly. Turn on the right turn signal after overtaking the overtaken vehicle. After all the overtaking vehicles enter the rearview mirror, operate the steering wheel smoothly, enter the right lane and turn off the turn signal. It is forbidden to make sharp turns when overtaking.

Fourth, use the brakes correctly. When driving in expressway, it is very dangerous to use emergency braking, because with the increase of vehicle speed, the adhesion ability of tires to the road surface decreases, and the probability of braking deviation and sideslip increases, which makes it difficult to control the direction of the car. At the same time, if the car behind can't take measures, there will be a multi-car collision. When braking while driving, first release the accelerator pedal, and then lightly step on the brake pedal several times in a short stroke. In this way, the brake light can flash quickly, which is beneficial to attract the attention of the following car.

Characteristics of expressway

The birth and development of everything has certain particularity and its own limitations to varying degrees. The development of highway and social economy are interactive. Social development and economic take-off must be based on complete transportation, and the further development of transportation depends on the support and promotion of economy. Expressway is more obvious in this respect. According to the investigation of 46/kloc-0 manufacturers in five industries, such as automation devices, measuring components, numerical control equipment, electronic computers and integrated circuits, in the Japanese century 1983, 92% of its raw materials and parts were transported by cars, and 94% of its finished products were transported by cars. The rapid development of expressway in the world has its own reasons. Highway transportation itself has the characteristics of flexibility, strong adaptability, "door-to-door" service, large volume and wide range, but ordinary highways also have some shortcomings, such as low line standard, low pavement quality, slow speed, great interference between mixed traffic, interference between pedestrians and non-motor vehicles caused by open management, many accidents and poor safety. Compared with ordinary highways, expressway has both equal differences in design indexes and qualitative differences in management.

1. expressway has restricted traffic, not only for cars, but also for some motor vehicles (such as agricultural vehicles and vehicles carrying dangerous goods);

2. According to the objective phenomenon that there is no median in the middle of ordinary highways, expressway not only has a wide median in the middle of opposite lanes, but also strictly divides the lanes in the same direction, so as to really drive in separate lanes and provide a spacious sports environment.

3. expressway is fully enclosed and fully interconnected, with forbidden guardrails on both sides of the road section and fully interconnected intersections, avoiding transverse crossing and ensuring the improvement of speed and safety.

4. Apart from the good quality of road facilities, there are many ancillary facilities in expressway, such as safety facilities (crash barriers, reflective signs, etc.). ), monitoring facilities, emergency telephone and service area. These high-quality facilities, on the one hand, fully guarantee the fast, safe and comfortable driving of vehicles, on the other hand, make the transportation distance suitable for expressway become longer and longer.

It is precisely because of the above characteristics that vehicle drivers have a certain degree of mental relaxation, driving too fast, can not handle emergencies well, and are prone to traffic accidents.

[Edit this paragraph] Construction and development of expressway, China

In the past decade, China has made remarkable achievements in economic growth and poverty reduction, among which the most important achievement is the development of infrastructure, especially transportation infrastructure.

During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, China built 24,700 kilometers of expressway, which is 1.5 times of the sum of expressway built in the Eighth Five-Year Plan and the Ninth Five-Year Plan. By the end of 2005, the total mileage of expressway in China had reached 465,438+10,000 kilometers, ranking second in the world after the United States. At the end of 2006, the mileage of expressway in China reached 45,000 kilometers, and reached 53,600 kilometers at the end of 2007, creating a miracle of the development of expressway in the world. More than 20 years ago, expressway and China didn't even have a meter.

The construction and development of expressway is the vane of national economic development level. There is still a certain gap between the development of expressway in China and the world, and the system of construction and management is not perfect. Accelerating the construction of expressway is the need of China's economic and social development. With the rapid development of national economy, logistics, people flow and goods flow have greatly increased, so it is increasingly urgent to improve transportation efficiency and reduce transportation costs. So far, the built expressway only meets more than 30% of the required expressway. It should be said that the demand in expressway is still outstanding. In the relatively developed Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions in China, the construction and development of expressway is the fastest, and the economic benefits brought by expressway to these regions are also very remarkable. In the future economic development, these areas will remain the key demand areas of expressway.

According to the "National expressway Network Planning" published by the Ministry of Communications, there is a big funding gap in the future construction of expressway. It is unrealistic and unfeasible to rely solely on state investment to develop expressway. The establishment of expressway companies to issue stocks and corporate bonds is an important measure for the reform of investment and financing system in expressway. At present, there are a lot of foreign capital and social idle funds in the capital market. Effective utilization of these foreign capitals and private capitals will play a positive role in the development of expressway's construction.

Expressway's industry in China is in the period of industrial expansion, and expressway's industry is facing the opportunity of sustained prosperity. The support of national policies is the primary factor of expressway's development, and the stable industry background provides a stable investment return for expressway's investment.

In the context of the increasingly severe world financial crisis, in order to resist the adverse impact of the international economic environment on China, the the State Council Executive Meeting 165438+ held on October 5, 2008 put forward a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately loose monetary policy, and introduced ten more powerful measures to expand domestic demand. Of the ten measures, three are closely related to traffic. First, rural highway construction; Second, major infrastructure construction, including railways, highways and airports; The third is the post-disaster reconstruction work in the earthquake-stricken areas. According to the preliminary budget, in the fourth quarter of 2008, of the 654.38 billion yuan investment arranged by the central government, the investment in transportation infrastructure construction was 654.38 billion yuan, exceeding the original normal plan. Regarding the investment direction of 654.38 billion yuan, the Ministry of Transport initially plans to spend 654.38 billion yuan on the projects under construction of the National expressway Network and rural road construction, and this part of the funds will give priority to the western region and underdeveloped areas. The task of the second phase of the Ministry of Transport is to maintain the infrastructure construction in 2009 and 20 10, especially to increase the road construction in expressway and rural areas, so as to ensure the steady economic growth. Strive to achieve an average annual investment scale of 65,438+0 trillion yuan in transportation fixed assets in 2009 and 2065,438+00.

Judging from the key points of construction in 2009 and 20 10, highway construction will be divided into three aspects: expressway construction; Rural highway construction; Expand the transformation of national and provincial roads.