Paleolithic China

After more than half a century's work, China has discovered many Paleolithic sites, accumulated abundant Paleolithic archaeological data, and initially established the framework for the development of Paleolithic culture in China. The distribution of early Paleolithic culture in China has been very common. Paleolithic cultures dating back 6.5438+0 million years include Western Houdu culture, Yuanmou stone tools, Shihe culture, Lantian culture and Donggutuo culture (see Donggutuo site). 1 10,000 years ago and later, there are many sites, represented by Zhoukoudian 1 Peking man culture in the north and Guanyindong culture in Qianxi, Guizhou in the south. On the whole, the early Paleolithic culture in China is basically similar to that of Oduwe, but there seems to be no Ashleigh axe culture in the West. However, some scholars believe that during this period, there may be exchanges between China Paleolithic culture and western acheulian.

The middle Paleolithic culture in China can be represented by the Ding Cun culture discovered in Xiangfen, Shanxi (see Ding Cun Site). In addition, there are more important Zhoukoudian 15 site culture and Xu Jiayao people culture in Yanggao. The middle Paleolithic culture in China basically maintained the types and processing techniques of the early culture. Even if the type changes slightly and the technology improves slightly, it will be very slow. An obvious feature is that the technology of repairing stone cores (such as Levarova technology) has not yet developed.

In the late Paleolithic period, the number of sites increased, cultural relics were richer, technological progress was remarkable, and cultural types were more diverse. In North China and South China, there are cultural types with similar times but different technical traditions. In the north of China, there is a tradition of small stone tools that connects the past with the future, and its important representatives are Salawusu site, Zhiyu culture, Xiaonanhai site, cave site (see Neanderthals) and so on. There are stone leaf culture types, represented by Shuidonggou culture in Lingwu County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and there are many similarities with western culture. There are also typical microlithic crafts discovered after 1970s, such as Xia Chuan culture in Qinshui, Shanxi, and Hutouliang culture in Hutouliang site in Yangyuan, Hebei. In Northeast China, the important sites belonging to this period are Xiaogushan site in Haicheng, Liaoning Province and Yanjiagang site in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. In the south, several regional cultures emerged during this period, such as the Fulin cultural type named after the Fulin site in Hanyuan County, Sichuan Province, the Tongliang cultural type represented by the Zhang Ertang site in Tongliang County, Chongqing, and the Maodong cultural type first discovered in the Maomaodong site in Xingyi City, Guizhou Province. In addition, some Paleolithic cultural sites belonging to this period or later have been found in Tibet, Xinjiang and Qinghai. Generally speaking, the main feature of culture in this period is that except for a few places, stone leaf technology and bone horn production are not very developed.

Yuanmou Man

1.7 million years ago, Yuanmou, Yunnan Province was a subtropical grassland and forest, with tertiary animals such as ungulates and deer. Later, there were early Pleistocene animals such as mulberry stone hyenas, Yunnan horses and Shanxi axis deer. Most of them are herbivores. Yuanmou people hunted with stone tools in order to survive. In the early Pleistocene strata near Shangnabang village in Yuanmou, two fossils of upper inner incisors were found in the 28-storey fluvial-lacustrine sedimentary strata of the fourth member exposed in Yuanmou basin with a thickness of 695 meters. According to paleomagnetic survey, these two teeth belonged to a young man 6.5438+0.7 million years ago. It confirms the historical origin and existence of China people. At the same time, these two tooth fossils were unearthed in the brown clay layer, and there were seven gangue cores and scrapers made and used by Yuanmou, so Chinese civilization began to sprout. The picture shows the receiver.

Battle of Zhuolu

According to legend, when Shennong was the emperor, all clans and tribes plundered each other and harmed the people, among which Chiyou was the most cruel, and Shennong and Huangdi could not conquer it. After the war of Hanquan, the influence of the Yellow Emperor increased greatly, and Chiyou continued to make trouble and refused to obey. In the land of Zhuolu (now southeast of Zhuolu, Hebei Province), the Yellow Emperor recruited soldiers from various tribes and allied forces to fight against Chiyou. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor ordered Ying Long to stop Chiyou for the water array, but it was broken by Fengbo Rain Master who was loyal to Chiyou. The Yellow Emperor invited the goddess Fu Nu (the legendary daughter of the emperor, who was ugly and possessed magic). The weather suddenly cleared up, and the heat was unbearable, which made Chiyou, who had long been used to the rainy climate in the southeast, unbearable. He fled to the south and captured Chiyou alive in the wild in Jizhou. The battle of Zhuolu ended with the victory of the Yellow Emperor.