The Historical Evolution of Vienna

Vienna is an ancient city with a history of 1800 years. Vienna was inhabited in the Neolithic Age. The Celts founded Vienna around 500 BC and called it "Vidonia". 15 years, became the frontline city of the Roman Empire. 1 century, the Romans built castles here. 88 1 year, first recorded as "Vinia". In the 12 century, it became a handicraft and commercial center. From the end of 13 to 19 18, it was the capital of the Habsburg dynasty, and it reached 65438+. Since then, Vienna has become the capital of the Holy Roman Empire (since 1278). /kloc-at the end of 0/3, with the rise and rapid development of the Habsburg royal family, magnificent Gothic buildings have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. /kloc-After 0/5th century, it became the economic center of the holy Roman Empire and Europe. Every time the Ottoman Turkish Empire invaded Europe in16th century and17th century, it was blocked in Vienna. /kloc-During the 0/8th century, Maria Teresa and her son were keen on reform, attacking church forces, promoting social progress, and at the same time bringing prosperity to art, making Vienna gradually become the center of European classical music and gaining the reputation of "Music City". With the prosperity of Austria-Hungary in the19th century, Vienna became an important metropolis in Europe at that time, and became the capital of Austria (from 1806) and Austria-Hungary (from 1867). 1873, Vienna hosted the World Expo 106 days. In World War II, Austria merged with Nazi Germany again. After the war, Austria and Vienna, like Germany and Berlin, were divided into four controlled areas by Britain, the United States, France and the Soviet Union until Austria regained its independence in 1955. During the Cold War, Vienna was a hotbed of international espionage because it was a neutral country between the East and West groups. Archaeological findings show that there were human activities in Vienna in the Paleolithic Age, and people lived in the Vienna Basin in the Neolithic Age. Vienna's good climatic conditions and abundant land resources provide a good living environment for Neolithic farmers, and the red, brown and green stones needed for casting stone tools can also be mined in Vienna. The bronze age, the bronze age and the iron age also left traces of human habitation in Vienna.

The Romans stayed until the 5th century. At the beginning of the 5th century, a devastating fire broke out in Vienna, and the next record appeared in the battle with magyars in 88 1 year. In 955, King Otto I of the Eastern Frankish Kingdom defeated magyars at the Battle of Lechfield, marking the rise of Vienna and Austria! Habsburg dynasty ruled in Vienna for hundreds of years, during which Vienna developed into the cultural and political center of Europe.

1278, German Habsburg King Rudolph I (1273 ~ 129 1 reigned) defeated Bohemian King Otoka II of Babenburg dynasty after many conquests, and began the history of Habsburg dynasty ruling Austria. However, in Vienna, the Habsburg dynasty took a long time to establish its dominance. After Otto Ka II was killed in the Battle of 1278, his supporters in Vienna remained strong, and he launched many uprisings against German King Albrecht I (from 1298 to 1308). Albrecht I's successor, Luxemburg Dynasty henry vii (1308- 13 13 reigned,1312-1313 Holy Roman Emperor), has its capital in Prague.

Then Rudolf IV (Duke of Austria 1358 ~ 1365) promulgated and implemented a series of economic policies, which revived Vienna. 1365, he established the University of Vienna and ordered the construction of Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. He made great contributions to Vienna, so he was praised as "the builder of Vienna", but since then he joined Habs.

After the Duke of Austria Albrecht II (from 1404 to 1439 for the Duke of Austria and from 1438 to 1439 for the King of Germany) was elected as the King of Germany, Vienna became the capital again, but something happened during his tenure.

The weak Frederick III (1440 to 1493 German King, 1452 to 1493 Holy Roman Emperor, 1457 to 1493 Austrian Grand Duke) is in contact with Hungarian King Hunyadi magaz. 1556 After Hungary and Bohemia merged into Habsburg, Vienna finally became the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.

Two Vienna besieged cities and baroque modern times.

1529, the Ottoman Empire besieged Vienna for the first time. The Austrians relied on the walls left over from the Middle Ages and struggled to resist the Turkish attack. In the case of epidemic and early arrival of winter, Turks were forced to evacuate. The Turkish siege exposed the weakness of Vienna's defense, so starting from 1548, Vienna decided to transform into a fortress consisting of 1 1 fortress and 1 trench. This decision was later proved to be wise. 1683, the Turks besieged Vienna for the second time, and the rebuilt fortress defended Vienna for two months. It was not until Polish King Jan sobieski sent troops to help that the siege of Vienna was lifted for the second time, which led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

After two Turkish sieges, Vienna began a glorious era of construction, and continued to show Baroque artistic style in the process of reconstruction. Nobles have built gardens and palaces within the city walls, the most famous of which is Prince Eugen's Belverdi Palace. After two great population declines caused by major pests and infectious diseases, 1679 and 17 13, the population of Vienna continued to increase, reaching150,000 in 2004 and over 200,000 in 1790. In this era, the first factories were established and laid the foundation stone in Vienna. Vienna is also one of the first cities to introduce residential label system and national postal system. In Joseph II (1780- 1790 Austrian Grand Duke, 1765- 1790 Holy Roman Emperor), 1783 carried out urban management reform. He introduced the civil service system in the city and moved the cemetery in the inner city outside the city.

With the rapid development of the city, Vienna soon became one of the most important cultural centers in Europe. Haydn, salieri, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert pushed Viennese classicism to its peak. In the French Revolutionary War, Vienna was occupied twice by Napoleon's army.

The first time occurred in 1805,165438+1October, 13. The French army entered Vienna without resistance, and the citizens of Vienna even welcomed them curiously. Franz Ii put on the Austrian crown in 1804, in response to Napoleon's claim to the throne, became the first emperor of Austria and began the history of the Austrian empire. Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, and Franz Ii had to take off the crown of the Holy Roman Empire and become the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (from 1792 to 1806).

Napoleon occupied Vienna for the second time in 1809, but this time he met with stubborn resistance. Shortly after he occupied Vienna, he tasted the first defeat in the Battle of Aspen. After Napoleon's final defeat, he held a meeting in Vienna from September 2004 18 18 to June 9, 2005. This is a diplomatic conference of European powers initiated by Austrian diplomat klemens metternich, aiming at adjusting the political map of Europe after Napoleon's defeat.

1848 The French February Revolution also had an impact on Vienna. 13 In March, the German March Revolution broke out, forcing Chancellor klemens metternich to step down, and then the Vienna October Uprising broke out in June 10, which was finally suppressed by the emperor's army.

1873 Vienna World Expo

The expansion of Vienna began at 1850, and it was brilliant again. 1867 When the Austro-Hungarian Empire was founded, Johann Strauss II, the "king of waltzes", wrote the most famous Austrian waltz "Blue Danube". This glory reached its peak at the Fifth World Expo in Vienna in 1873, and the Expo displayed unprecedented architectural design. Although the Austro-Hungarian Empire came to an end, Vienna once again climbed the cultural peak represented by Vienna modernism during this period. Art Nouveau was launched in urban architecture, painting highlighted the expressionism of gustav klimt and Egon Schiele, while Mahler and Lehar, Schoenberg, Weber and alban Berg were the "Vienna Second School of Music" in music, and sigmund freud initiated psychoanalysis. Although the First World War did not directly affect Vienna, the protracted war caused a crisis in food and clothing supply. The end of World War I declared the end of six centuries of Habsburg rule and the disintegration of Austria-Hungary. 1October 219165438+12, the former Germany Austria was founded, and 19 19 was renamed Austria.

Almost half of Austria's population lives in Lower Austria, where Vienna is located. The other six federal states are worried about being dominated by Lower Austria for a long time. In addition, there is a serious political opposition between Vienna of the Social Democratic Party and other parts of conservative Lower Austria. 192 1 year, Austria decided to separate Vienna from lower Austria, and Vienna became a federal state of Austria in 1922. At the same time, in 19 19, Vienna implemented equal elections for men and women. Since then, the Social Democratic Party has always won an absolute majority in the elections of the city Senate, state assemblies and local assemblies, so Vienna is called "Red Vienna". During the period of the First Republic of Austria, Vienna experienced inflation from 19 18 to 1925, a world economic crisis of 1929, and a high unemployment rate. In addition, the conservative Austrian federal government reduces Austria's tax support year by year.

1933 Hitler came to power, 1938 Hitler, as the prime minister of the German Empire, marched into and annexed Austria, ending the history of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and establishing the Nazi dictatorship. One of the six large reinforced concrete anti-aircraft gun platforms built during World War II still exists in Vienna.

1908 Hitler, 19 years old, applied for the Vienna Art Institute twice, but was not accepted. He had to make a living by doing odd jobs and selling copy paintings in Vienna, where he was influenced by the Pan-Germanic National Party. Hitler later claimed, "Vienna was and still is the most difficult school in my life. The world outlook and philosophy of life formed there have become a solid foundation for all my future actions. Apart from the foundation laid at that time, there is little need to learn or change anything in the future. This world outlook and philosophy of life is that "the reason why human beings are the spirit of all things is not based on the principle of human nature, but only through the most barbaric struggle ... without struggle, we can't live."

Hitler's genocidal policy towards Jews revived anti-Semitism buried in Vienna for hundreds of years in the 20th century. Shortly after Germany entered Austria, Viennese of Aryan race began to threaten, torture and plunder Viennese of Jewish race involuntarily, and drove them out of their homes. The morning of1938165438+10 was called "crystal night", and the organized Nazi massacre of Jews began. In Vienna, 92 synagogues were destroyed, but only one survived.

On the one hand, the Nazis defined modern art as "degenerate art" (German: Entartete Kunst), on the other hand, they vigorously promoted "German culture" in Vienna, for example, at 194 1, when Mozart died (1791)1. The name "Austria" disappeared from historical documents, and only the Austrian First Savings Bank, which was established in Vienna in 18 19, still retained this name.

1944, 17 In March, the allied forces attacked Vienna for the first time, and one fifth of the city was destroyed. 1April 2, 945, Vienna was declared a Nazi defense zone, and women and children were asked to leave the city, which means that the war has reached a white-hot stage, and the Soviet army is only a few kilometers away from Vienna. The battle of Vienna lasted eight days, and forty thousand people were killed. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna was not damaged by air raids and wars, but was caught in a fire in a looting. Vienna was occupied by the Soviet Union after World War II. Soon after, the Soviet Red Army began to build new urban management institutions. First, the producer of * * * served as the interim mayor, and three days later, he was replaced by the Austrian Social Democrats. 1On April 27th, 945, representatives of the Austrian Social Democratic Party, the Austrian People's Party and the Austrian producers declared Austria's independence at the Vienna City Hall. On April 29th, the occupation authorities handed over the parliament building to the new interim government, and the "Austrian Democratic Republic" was rebuilt. 1In the autumn of 945, the Soviet Union allowed three other allies to enter Vienna, and the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union jointly occupied Vienna. Austria was completely independent until May 1955, when the Austrian national treaty was signed and the allied forces withdrew.

Like Austria and other cities in western Europe, Vienna experienced economic recovery and urban reconstruction with the help of Marshall Plan after World War II. 1956 After the October incident in Hungary and the failed uprising against the authorities of the * * * production party, a large number of Hungarians fled to the west, and Vienna accepted many Hungarians. 1968 Vienna accepted many Czechs and Soviets after the Prague Spring.

Vienna is gradually developing into an international city. 1957, the international atomic energy agency became the first international organization stationed in Vienna after 1945. Since 196 1, American President John F. Kennedy and General Secretary of the Soviet Central Committee Khrushchev held a summit in Vienna, Vienna has been the residence of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the Development Foundation. 1979, American president Carter and Soviet general secretary Brezhnev met in Vienna. 1980, Vienna International Center became the third residence of the United Nations, and Vienna was positioned as a city for international conferences and international conflict resolution.