Course of Cultivation Techniques in Bai Mei

According to China Mei Qing. Because of its good appearance, moderate acidity, high nutritional value, large output and convenient management, Bai Mei is deeply loved by green plum farmers. Zhao 'an, the hometown of childhood in China, began planting Bai Mei more than 30 years ago. After decades of careful cultivation, Bai Mei has become one of the main varieties of plum in Zhaoan. In the process of planting for decades, farmers in Zhaoan have accumulated rich planting experience. Next, the experience of plum growers in Dapu Village is introduced for sharing, as follows: The terms in the following documents become the terms of this standard by quoting this standard. All subsequent modifications (excluding errata) or revisions of dated reference documents are not applicable to this standard. However, users according to this standard are encouraged to study whether to use the latest versions of these documents. For undated reference documents, the latest edition is applicable to this standard.

GB 4285 Standard for Safe Use of Pesticides

GB/T 832 1. 1 Guidelines for the Rational Use of Pesticides 1

GB/T 832 1.2 Standard II for Rational Use of Pesticides

GB/T 832 1.3 Guidelines for Rational Use of Pesticides Ⅲ

GB 832 1.4 Standard for Rational Use of Pesticides Ⅳ

GB/T 832 1.5 Standard for Rational Use of Pesticides 5

GB/T 832 1.6 Guidelines for Rational Use of Pesticides VI The following terms and definitions apply to this standard.

1. Ground diameter of rootstock (seedling): the diameter of the rootstock surface.

2. The height of rootstock seedlings (seedlings): the rootstock is measured from the ground to the top of seedlings.

3. Joint height: the distance from the ground to the joint.

4. Scion branch length: Scion branch length.

5. scion diameter: the maximum diameter at 2 cm above the grafting interface. (1) rootstock (seedling) cultivation

1. Nursery land: The nursery land should be sandy loam rich in organic matter, loose and fertile, moist and well drained, and the soil should be deeply ploughed and broken into beds. Step 2 sow seeds

A seed collection: take mature Prunus mume plants with high and stable yield, large and high quality fruit, strong tree potential, no pests and diseases and normal growth as seed collection mother trees, and collect seeds when the fruit is fully mature.

B seed treatment: the harvested fruit is stored in the shade for (5 ~ 7) d, and the thickness is about 30? When the pulp is rotten, step on the pulp in the basket, rinse it with water, dry it in a ventilated place or in weak light for (2 ~ 3) h, and then stratify the seeds with clean and moist river sand.

C sowing date: from mid-June 65438+ 10 to early February 65438+ 10, and the best sowing date is165438+early February.

D) Sowing method: the sowing interval is (5-7) cm; The row spacing of drilling is 22 cm, and the spacing between plants is (3 ~ 4) cm; Every 667? When the seedling height is 6 ~ 7, the sowing amount is (90 ~ 100) kg? When, separate bed transplantation; Sowing spacing (15× 15) cm; When sowing, the tip of the nucleus faces sideways, and the suture line is in contact with the ground, which is convenient for germination and rooting. What is the thickness of fine soil after sowing (1 ~ 2)? . Cover with straw or plastic film to keep the soil moist and prevent the soil from hardening. After the seeds covered with straw germinate and are unearthed, the straw should be uncovered.

3. Seedling management

Thin fertilizer can be applied once about (25 ~ 30) d after the seedlings are unearthed, 15d 1 time.

B, when the seedling height is (6 ~ 7)? When? Separate beds for transplantation. Row spacing per plant (10×20)? Or (16×23)? Transplanting: after transplanting, cover the border with straw or plastic film and water the roots.

C at the seedling stage, timely replanting, drought prevention, waterlogging prevention, weeding, insect prevention, and diligent application of thin fertilizer should be done.

(2) grafting

1, rootstock (seedling): after the seedling is cultivated 1y, when the seedling is as high as 1m or above the ground diameter 1cm, it can be planted or grafted out of the nursery;

2. scion

A should be identified by the seedling quarantine department at or above the county level and confirmed as an adult tree with pure varieties, strong growth, high and stable yield and no quarantine pests and diseases.

B should be 1 year-old development branch, full of growth, with bud eyes in the middle and upper part of the crown. The upper branches are turquoise, and the lower branches are lignified, without plant diseases and mechanical damage.

C it is best to pick while picking, otherwise it should be wrapped with a wet cloth to prevent the branches from drying up.

3. Grafting time: 65438+late February to 65438+1early October (winter solstice to slight cold) is the suitable grafting time, and sunny, warm and windless weather is the best.

4. Grafting method: use cutting method and splitting method, if the rootstock is small, use cutting method, otherwise use splitting method.

A) The cuttings have (1 ~ 2) buds, and the interface is off the ground 10? Left and right, the cutting surfaces of rootstock and scion are close to each other, aligned with the cambium, and wrapped with PVC plastic film to keep the buds moist;

B) Two buds are used as scions by split grafting, and two or more scions can be grafted at the same time when the rootstock is thick. Anvils and nails are cut, bound, protected and cut in the same way.

5. Management of grafted seedlings: check the survival after grafting (3 ~ 4 weeks), and replant those that are not alive in time. If it can germinate, the film should be punctured with a knife, and the rootstock buds should be removed in time after grafting. When the seedling height is (50 ~ 60)? When cutting, the top should be cut off to promote the growth of lateral branches and keep (3 ~ 4) evenly distributed lateral branches.

Become the main branch. After grafting 1 year, it can be planted out of the nursery.

6. Crown replacement of big trees: it can be carried out on branches or trunks with a diameter greater than 1cm, depending on their size, by cutting or splitting.

(3), out of the nursery

1, basic requirements of nursery seedlings: no quarantine pests and diseases.

A) The seedlings are stout, with sound branches and leaves and dark green leaves;

B) The grafting position of the grafted seedlings is 10cm from the ground, and the grafting interface heals well and grows normally;

2. Seedling quality grading index: See table 1 for seedling quality grading index.

Table 1 (unit: cm) refers to primary and secondary rootstocks.

Ground diameter (seedling) >1.0 > 0.8 seedling height >; 100 > get married at the age of 80

receive

Seedling diameter >1.0 > 0.8 seedling height >; 100 >80 pith joint height 10, smooth and tumor-free, good healing height >: 10, smooth and tumor-free, good healing, large scion diameter >:1.0 > 0.8 scion bud length > 80 & gt60 line has obvious taproot, developed lateral root and no plant diseases and insect pests. Climatic conditions: a) The annual average temperature is (16 ~ 23)℃, and the minimum temperature is ≥-4℃; B) The annual average precipitation is (1200 ~ 2000) mm; C) The annual average sunshine is (1500 ~ 2000) h..

2. Soil conditions: Red soil sandy loam with deep soil layer, fertile and moist soil, good drainage and acidic or slightly acidic is selected.

3. Topography: The slope is below 25, and the south slope, southeast slope or southwest slope is preferred.

4. Landscape planning

Protective facilities: windbreaks should be planned and planted when the garden is built.

Variety configuration of B: A good combination of pollinated trees was adopted, with soft branches and big plums accounting for 70-80%, Bai Mei accounting for15-25% and Huangmei accounting for 5%. 1, planting time:165438+1early October to 65438+early February (beginning of winter to heavy snow) is preferred.

2. Hole preparation: hole specification (60×60×80)? Apply green manure and weed compost (20 ~ 25) to each hole? , calcium superphosphate (1 ~ 1.5) kg, lime (1 ~ 1.5) kg, and bean cake powder 0.5 kg.

3. Planting density: plant spacing (3×4) meters, every 667? 56 strains.

4. Planting method: the planting depth should be based on the level of the root neck and the ground after the hole is loosened and compacted. Immediately after planting, root water should be poured thoroughly, covered with straw or other weeds, and poles should be erected beside the trunk to fix the seedlings. 1, soil management

A, within (1 ~ 2) y after planting, select nitrogen-fixing leguminous crops such as peanuts, soybeans and mung beans for intercropping;

B) plum trees enter the defoliation period from September to June,165438+1October, and the holes are expanded outward along the periphery of the original planting holes, and soil improvement materials such as Hua Teng and green manure straws are filled in;

C, manual weeding or chemical weeding;

D mature plum orchards should pay attention to loosening soil and protecting roots, and young plum orchards should build trees; According to the growth of plum trees and weather conditions, do a good job of irrigation and drainage.

Step 2 apply fertilizer

A fertilization principle: rational combination of fertilizers, more organic fertilizers and rational application of inorganic fertilizers.

B Type and quality of fertilizers: inorganic fertilizers are mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and organic fertilizers can be liquid fertilizers decomposed by human excrement and chicken manure decomposed by compost.

C fertilization amount: young trees should be fertilized several times in a small amount, and urea (0.2 ~ 0.6) is generally applied to each tree every year? , compound fertilizer (0.3 ~ 1)? Human feces (20 ~ 50)? ; Results Fertilization on trees: the yield of (8 ~ 15) y plant was 45? For example, the annual application rate (g/plant) is 630g of nitrogen, 290g of phosphorus pentoxide and 650g of potassium oxide, which should be adjusted according to the yield.

3. Time and frequency of fertilization

A young trees should be fertilized: (1 ~ 5) once a month, (6 ~ 1 0) once every two months, (1 0 ~1).

B fertilization for fruit trees: four times a year, respectively (from mid-April to early May);

C flower-promoting fertilizer (from late June to early July), flower-fixing fertilizer (165438+/kloc-0 from mid-October to 65438+early February) and spring shoot fertilizer (from late February to early March). 1, plastic pruning: plastic pruning is carried out in the young tree period, and natural and happy modeling is adopted. Yu Miaogao (60 ~ 75)? Cut off the top to promote the growth of lateral branches. Pruning mainly focuses on cultivating medium and short branches.

2. Tree protection: broken branches should be drained in time, plants should be righted, and rhizosphere should be cultivated.

3. Old tree renewal: When the tree body is aging and the yield drops, attention should be paid to renewal and pruning, and the main branches can also be renewed. 1, flower thinning and fruit thinning: artificial flower thinning and fruit thinning will be carried out from late February to early March to remove over-dense fruits and diseases and insect pests. Leave 1 ~ 2 short fruit branches and 3 ~ 4 intermediate fruit branches.

2. Pruning control: thinning out the fruiting branches which are too dense and too weak, and cultivating the fruiting branches, preparatory branches and vegetative growth branches which account for 1/3 respectively.

3. Fertilization adjustment: Apply sufficient fertilizer before and after fruit picking, pay attention to the reasonable collocation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and appropriately increase the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. 1, disease control

A) Prunus mume leaves shrink: when leaves fall in late summer and early autumn, spray 1000 times of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder;

B) Plum anthracnose: spray 2 ~ 3 pomeranites in late autumn? Is the oyster chardonnay still there? Blame? 15 days, spraying 800 times of 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder for 3 ~ 4 times continuously;

C) Plum scab: spray 50% thiophanate wettable powder 800 times every 15 days, 2 ~ 3 times in a row.

2 Pest control

A) Aphids: 1500 times of 24% wanling liquid and 2000 times of 50% Pizumi fog can be killed by spraying;

B) Scale insects: 800 times of 80% dichlorvos emulsion and 1000 times of 50% malathion can be sprayed;

C) Cicadas: 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1500 times solution and 50% malathion 1000 times solution can be used for spray killing.

3. Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides: The application of pesticides in the production process should comply with GB 4285, GB/T 8321~ GB/T 8321.3, GB 832 1.4, GB/T 832 1.5 and GB/. The fruit ripens in late April, and the fruit is picked in stages, first ripe and then picked.