Nordic history

Please refer to the following materials:

History of the five Nordic countries

The five Nordic countries share a common history and have close social and cultural ties. In the dark ages, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland had similar cultures, languages (Cournot) and religions (Norse mythology). /kloc-After the introduction of Christianity in 0/000, localization made Denmark, Sweden and Norway form three independent kingdoms. From the12nd century, the regions of Finland (linguistically belonging to Finnish-Ugric language family) began to integrate into Sweden, forming the Kingdom of Sweden. Iceland, Faroe Islands, shetland islands, Orkney Islands, Greenland and most of Scotland and Ireland belong to Norway. All five Nordic countries followed the Reformation and accepted Lutheranism.

/kloc-In the 4th century, Denmark, Norway (together with Iceland) and Sweden (together with Finland) formed the Kalmar Union, ruled by the same monarch. Denmark quickly dominated the alliance, but in the early16th century, Sweden re-established an independent kingdom; Denmark's rule over Norway did not end until 18 14 when it was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden. Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands still belong to Denmark. In17th century, Sweden became one of the great European countries, but then it lost its territory one by one, even lost Finland in 1809. Finland became an autonomous grand duchy of Finland and a vassal of the Russian czar.

1905, the alliance between Sweden and Norway, which started in 19 century, collapsed with the dissatisfaction of Norway. At the same time, Scandinavianism rose in Scandinavia, aiming at unifying Sweden, Norway and Denmark, but with little success. During the First World War and the October Revolution in Russia, Finland became an independent country, and the idea of forming a unified Nordic country began to appear. During World War II, Iceland became independent from Denmark in 1944, and all the members of the Nordic Council formed in 1952 were established.

After World War II, the policies of the five Nordic countries have the same characteristics. For example, Nordic countries have huge public welfare systems, which are paid by taxes, and social democratic legislative regimes, mainly led by social Democrats who came to power during World War II.

Nordic style can be called the characteristic style of Northern Europe. The most familiar ones are also world-famous home brands-Nordic style and Nordic style.

Product picture reference

Style Home 1952 originated from Denmark and is a world-famous top home brand. There are more than 340 brand stores in more than 50 countries around the world. As a China franchisee with Nordic style, Shanghai Trenton Group has established a sales network consisting of 65,438+08 dealers covering 65,438+08 cities. The Yangtze River Delta and Beijing are key areas, and Nordic style is the most commendable among high-end consumers for its well-known brand image, excellent products and extraordinary after-sales service. In a consumer appraisal organized by the Furniture Decoration Chamber of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce on June 5438+065438+ 10, 2007, Nordic style was rated as "the favorite furniture brand of consumers" in China, ranking first among imported modern furniture.

Geographical overview Denmark is located in northern Europe, between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, and consists of 406 islands. The total area of Denmark is only 43,000 square kilometers.

In terms of area, Denmark is the smallest country in Northern Europe.

The population is about 5.2 million, with Germans accounting for 97%, and the population density ranks first in the Nordic countries.

Danish is the official language, and speaking English is also quite common.

The climate in Denmark is changeable, but there are few bad weather. The climate is mild in April and May in spring and warmer in June and August in summer. Denmark is white because of its high latitude.

The days get longer and the sun sets at 9 o'clock in the evening. Autumn is windy and rainy in September-11month, and there is often some frost and snow in winter.

Denmark has four distinct seasons. Wear warm clothes and coats in late autumn, winter and early spring. You can wear thinner clothes in other seasons, and it is recommended to bring them when traveling.

Rain gear, wear sturdy and comfortable light shoes.

Economic overview Agriculture and animal husbandry is the most developed country in Northern Europe. Industry is the main body of Danish national economy, including oil exploration, shipbuilding, chemical industry, electronic food, food and textile.

Textile and other departments occupy an important position. Marine mainframe, cement production equipment, hearing AIDS, beer, enzyme preparation and artificial insulin are all over the world.

Enjoy a high reputation. Denmark's agriculture is highly developed and enjoys a high reputation among the world's first-class agricultural countries, and its agricultural science and technology level and production efficiency rank first in the world.

Enter the ranks of the country. Denmark is also the largest mink producer in the world and one of the four largest fishing countries in the world.

The best tourist season in Denmark is from May to September every year. During this period, the days are long, the nights are short, and the climate is mild and comfortable. There are many places of interest in Copenhagen, the capital.

Dock Park, Stock Exchange, Royal Library, Weapons Museum, National Museum and the largest zoo and water museum in Northern Europe.

What is unique is that the antique tourist village near Copenhagen and the largest aquarium in Denmark are also full of tourists. In addition, the ancient castles in northern New Zealand and the ratio

Legoland in Longcheng attracts tourists from all over the world.

Copenhagen, an important city, is the capital with a population of about 6.5438+0.5 million. It is also the financial and cultural center of Denmark. Copenhagen airport is connected with Scandinavia.

Major hubs in Asia and Europe.

The currency krona, the international symbol is DKK, but the prices in Denmark are all expressed in KR.

Time difference is 1 hour earlier than GMT and 7 hours later than Beijing time.

Higher education institutions in Denmark implement a free system, with many scholarships and subsidies, but the admission places are often limited. There are five comprehensive universities, the most famous of which are: Copenhagen University, Royal University of Veterinary Agriculture, Danish University of Technology, Aarhus University and Auden University.

Country name: Republic of Finland

Independence Day: 65438+February 6th (19 17)

National flag: rectangular, with the aspect ratio of 18: 1 1. The flag is white. A wide blue bar slightly to the left divides the national flag into four white rectangles. Finland is known as the "country of thousands of lakes", bordering the Baltic Sea in the southwest, and the blue flag symbolizes lakes, rivers and oceans; The other symbolizes the blue sky. More than a quarter of Finland's territory is in the Arctic Circle, with a cold climate. The white flag symbolizes the snow-covered land. The cross on the national flag represents Finland's close relationship with other Nordic countries in history. The national flag was made around 1860 at the suggestion of Finnish poet Charies Tobelius.

National emblem: It's a red coat of arms. On the shield is a golden lion with a crown, a sword in the front paw and a machete in the back paw. Nine white roses are dotted around the lion. Lions symbolize the courage and strength of the Finnish people, and nine roses represent nine provinces in Finnish history.

National anthem: motherland

National dignitaries: President Tarja Halonen, who took office in March 2000; Premier matti vanhanen took office in June 2003.

Physical geography: the area is 3.381.45 million square kilometers. Located in the north of Europe, it is adjacent to Norway in the north, Sweden in the northwest, Russia in the east, the Gulf of Finland in the south and the tidal Pognat Bay in the west. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. The elevation of the Kiya hills in Mansel in the north is 200-700 meters, the moraine hills in the middle are 200-300 meters, and the coastal areas are plains below 50 meters. Finland is rich in forest resources. The national forest area is 26 million hectares, and the per capita forest land is 5 hectares, ranking second in the world. 69% of the country's land is covered by forests, ranking first in Europe and second in the world. Tree species are dominated by spruce forest, pine forest and birch forest, and the dense jungle is full of flowers and berries. Lake Sema in the south covers an area of 4,400 square kilometers and is the largest lake in Finland. Finland's lakes are connected with narrow waterways, short rivers and rapids, thus forming a communicating waterway. The inland water area accounts for 10% of the national total area. There are about179,000 islands and188,000 lakes, which are called "the country of thousands of lakes". The coastline of Finland is tortuous, with a length of 1 100 km. Fish resources are abundant. Finland has an area of13 located in the Arctic Circle, with a cold and snowy climate in the north. In the northernmost part, you can't see the sun for 40-50 days in winter, and you can see it all day and night from the end of May to the end of July in summer. It has a mild maritime climate. The average temperature in winter is-14℃ to 3℃, the average temperature in summer is 13℃ to 17℃, and the average annual rainfall is 600 mm.

Population: 565,438+095,000 (2002). Most people live in the south where the climate is mild. Finns account for 92.4%, Swedes account for 5.6%, and a small number of Sami (also known as Lapps). The official languages are Finnish and Swedish. 84.9% of the residents believe in Christian Lutheranism, 1. 1% believe in Orthodox Church. Finland International Sauna Competition >>& gt

Capital: Helsinki population 560,000 (2002). The average temperature in summer is 65438 06℃, and the average temperature in winter is -5℃.

World-famous Finnish wooden house >>& gt

Administrative divisions: The whole country is divided into five provinces and one autonomous region: South Finland, East Finland, West Finland, Oulu, Rabbi and Oran Island.

Brief history: About 9000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age, the ancestors of Finns moved here from the south and southeast. /kloc-Before 0/2 century, Finland was a primitive commune society. /kloc-belonged to Sweden in the second half of the 20th century, and 158 1 became the principality of Sweden. 1809 After the Russian-Swiss War, it was occupied by Russia and became a grand duchy under Russian rule. The czar also served as the Grand Duke of Finland. After the revolution of 19 17 and 10, Finland declared its independence on February 6,19, and the Republic was established. After the Finnish-Soviet War from 1939 to 1940 (Finland called it the "Winter War"), Finland was forced to sign the Finnish-Soviet Peace Treaty with the former Soviet Union and cede territory to the Soviet Union. From 194 1 to 1944, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union, and Finland participated in the war against the Soviet Union (Finland called it the "continuation war"). 1944 In February, Finland, as a defeated country, signed the Paris Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union and other countries. 1948 in April, signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union. After the cold war, Finland joined the EU on 1995.

Students in Finnish universities wear hats.

Politics: According to the Constitution, the legislative power of the country is formulated by the Parliament and President People's Republic of China (PRC). As the head of state, the president has the real power to appoint the government, take charge of foreign affairs and command the three armed forces, and is elected every six years. 1999 the Finnish parliament adopted a new constitution, and the name of the constitution was changed from the government organization law to the constitution. The new constitution strengthens the role of parliament and government in the political life of the country, and reduces some powers of the president. Parliament is a unicameral system, which is the highest organ of state power and legislature. It consists of 200 members directly elected by voters for a term of four years. Its main function is to legislate, supervise the government and finance. The highest judicial organs are the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court. The Supreme Court is composed of the President and 19 judges, and is responsible for hearing civil and criminal cases. The Supreme Administrative Court consists of the president and 20 judges, and is responsible for hearing administrative cases of government organs and provincial, municipal (county) institutions. Procuratorial organs are procuratorates at all levels. In addition, there is a national legal inspector who has the right to attend cabinet meetings and supervise whether the decisions of the president, the cabinet and government departments are in accordance with the constitutional provisions. Presidents, judges and prosecutors of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court are appointed by the President.

Economy: The forest coverage rate is as high as 66.2%, about 2010.53 million hectares, the per capita possession is 3.88 hectares, and the timber storage volume is 2.002 billion cubic meters. There are more copper in mineral resources, and a small amount of iron, nickel, vanadium and cobalt. Peat is rich in resources, with proven reserves of about 70 billion cubic meters, equivalent to 4 billion tons of oil. There are two nuclear power plants (four nuclear reactors). Industry developed rapidly in 1990s, and has changed from labor-intensive and capital-intensive to technology-intensive. Forest-based wood processing, papermaking and forestry machinery manufacturing are the economic pillars and are advanced in the world. The output of the whole forest industry accounts for 5% of the world's total output, and it is the second largest paper and paperboard exporter in the world, accounting for 25% of the world's exports. Finland is also the fourth largest pulp exporter in the world. The developed information industry has greatly promoted China's economic development. 200 1 annual output value1377.6 billion euros, accounting for 10.5% of GDP, and information technology commodities (computers, communication equipment, etc. ).

The largest Christianity in the world

Wooden church-Kaili McKee church was built in 1847 >: >

The export value is1.21.50 billion euros, accounting for 30.9% of the export value. Finland is one of the countries with the highest proportion of Internet access and the largest number of mobile phones per capita. In 200 1 year, there are 54 access terminals per 100 population, and the mobile phone penetration rate is 80.4%. The output value of agriculture and forestry in 200 1 year was 4.03 billion euros, accounting for 3.9% of the gross national product of that year. Agriculture and forestry are closely combined, and almost all farmers manage a certain amount of forest land. Agricultural and livestock products are more than self-sufficient. In recent years, the chemical and electronic industries have developed rapidly. The service industry is developed and basically divided into two categories: private service industry and public management service industry. Mainly including commerce, trade, hotels, restaurants, banks, insurance, social services and public services. The main tourist spots are Helsinki, Turku, Central Lake District, Rabbi area in the north and Oran Island. Finland's export commodities mainly include machinery and equipment, chemical products, metals, paper and cardboard. Imported commodities mainly include grain, petroleum and petroleum products, steel, textiles and feed. In the 1980s, the Finnish economy continued to develop at an average annual rate of 3.7%. In the early 1990s, the economy experienced a serious recession. 1993 began to recover, and the overall economic development has been good since 1994. In the early 1990s, the Finnish government completed the adjustment of economic structure, increased the proportion of knowledge economy in the national economy, attached importance to investment in science and technology, developed high-tech and information technology, and continued to implement macro policies such as tightening finance, encouraging investment, cutting social welfare, reducing income tax, speeding up the privatization of state-owned enterprises and improving employment, thus maintaining stable economic growth. 1999 joined the euro, and in 2002 1 officially circulated the euro to replace the Finnish mark. In 2002, Finland's economic growth was slow due to the global economic downturn. In 2002, the GDP was 654.38+0397 billion euros, and the per capita GDP was 26,800 euros.

Finnish children take a sauna in a mini mobile sauna. Finns like saunas. In this country with a population of only 5.2 million, there are nearly 2 million large and small saunas. Almost everyone in Finland has been fumigated and baptized in sauna since infancy.

Military: The President is the supreme commander of the army. The National Defense Commission is the highest advisory body. The Prime Minister is responsible for leading national defense activities in civil affairs. The Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Force is responsible for military defense activities. The compulsory military service system is implemented, and the service period is 8 to 1 1 month.

Press and publication: in 200 1 year, there were 208 newspapers and 5 158 magazines and periodicals in China. The main newspapers are Helsinki News, Evening News, Morning News, Evening News, Turku News and Capital Daily. There are five news agencies, the largest of which is the Finnish news agency, which was established in 19 15. It is semi-official and has business relations with major news agencies all over the world. Finnish Broadcasting Corporation (YLE) was founded in 1926, and changed to state-owned in 1934. Broadcast in Finnish, Swedish, English, German and French. Television was officially launched on 1958, with 1 TV, 2 TV and 3 TV. In addition, there are private advertising TV stations. In 1970s, there was cable TV (Helsinki Cable TV).

Finns welcome Christmas.

Diplomacy: After World War II, it has long pursued a "positive policy of peace and neutrality" of maintaining good-neighborly and friendly relations with the Soviet Union, not intervening in conflicts between major powers, and developing friendly relations with other countries. After the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Finland made major adjustments to its foreign policy, with the development of relations with the European Union as its diplomatic focus. 1 995 65438+1October1Become a full member of the European Union. Finland still adheres to the military non-alignment and independent and reliable defense policy, and cooperates closely with NATO. At the same time, we will continue to maintain good-neighborly relations with Russia and support Russia's integration into the international community.

Relations with China:1950101On October 28th, Sulan established diplomatic relations with China. 195 1 the legation was established, and 1954 was upgraded to an embassy. In June 2002, President Halonen visited China.

Introduction to northern Europe: /view/454 17.htm