Many problems with farming sea cucumbers and abalone.

Sea cucumbers are echinoderms, ranking first among the eight delicacies of seafood, and are rich in nutrients. Sea cucumber is the most important edible sea cucumber in northern my country and is suitable for growing along the northern coasts of Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong and Jiangsu. With the improvement of people's living standards and the continuous reduction of naturally growing sea cucumber resources, the production of wild sea cucumbers has been difficult to meet people's needs.

1. Living habits of sea cucumbers - sea cucumber breeding technology tutorial

Sea cucumbers are suitable for living in sea areas with clear water quality, smooth tide and rich food. It can also survive in turbid sea areas. As for water temperature requirements, it can survive at -3℃ and 34℃. The optimal temperature is 12℃--18℃. When it exceeds 20℃, it will enter aestivation state, and when it is below 5℃, it will stop growing. The requirement for salinity is between 18 and 33‰. As for the substrate, a hard sandy substrate is suitable for the growth of sea cucumbers, especially in areas rich in rocks, reefs, aquatic plants and seaweed.

(1) Breeding environment

A rocky area with smooth tides, fresh water, no pollution, no large amounts of fresh water injected, and a large amount of seaweed growing. The substrate plays an important role in the life of sea cucumbers. If the substrate is mud or mud, the following modifications can be made:

1. When the substrate is not too soft, you can use The following modification methods are as follows:

(1) Stone throwing method: One is strip stone throwing, the length is not limited, the width is 0.5--1.0 meters, and the distance between strips is 2.0--3. 0 meters; the second is to use the pile-like stone throwing method, that is, a pile of stones is opened every 0.5--1.0 meters, and each pile is about 0.5 meters high; the third is to use the starry stone throwing method, that is, to throw stones at the shrimps at will. Throw stones into the pool.

(2) Artificial ginseng reefs: Generally made of cement, the principle of ginseng reefs is to be porous and multi-layered, which is convenient for sea cucumbers to hide and inhabit, and the size and weight should be convenient for transportation. There are empty ginseng reefs with a hole diameter of about 10 cm, which is convenient for the habitat and harvesting of sea cucumbers.

(3) Other materials: You can also throw some branches, forks, tree stumps, baskets, etc., which are not only beneficial to the habitat of sea cucumbers, but also can be used as bait for sea cucumbers after the wood is corroded.

(2) Shrimp ponds with thin and soft substrates must artificially create suspended substrates suitable for the growth of sea cucumbers. There are two methods:

① The substrate is thin and soft. Throwing materials is easy to silt, which is not conducive to the survival of sea cucumbers. Therefore, cement pillars, stone pillars, bamboo tubes, etc. must be used to set up piles, and then connect them with iron wires and nylon ropes, and then connect baskets, tires, tiles, branches, Bamboo products, artificial reefs and other objects are hung on ropes. The hanging objects can be close to the ground and should be densely packed into pieces.

② Use low piles close to the ground to set up a level with ropes and old mesh, and then put in the materials mentioned above.

2. Sea cucumber breeding process - sea cucumber breeding technology tutorial

(1) Transportation method of ginseng seedlings (transportation of ginseng seedlings can be carried out by wet or dry methods)

1. Wet method: Place the ginseng seedlings in a canvas bucket or other container, add seawater, and inflate with an air pump; or place the ginseng seedlings in a plastic bag, add seawater, and inflate the bag with oxygen. Tie tightly for transport.

2. Dry method: Place the ginseng seedlings in a plastic or other box. Place kelp and absorbent cotton on the bottom of the box, and gauze soaked with seawater on top. Place the ginseng seedlings evenly and cover them with gauze. When loading, the boxes are stacked one by one and covered with tarpaulin for transportation.

(2) Source and stocking of ginseng seedlings

1. There are three sources of sea cucumber cultured seedlings: the first is autumn seedlings, which are artificially cultivated seedlings of the current year. 2-4 cm long, 0.5-10,000 heads per mu are put in, the survival rate is generally 10--40%, and can be harvested in 1.5-2.0 years; the second type is spring seedlings, that is, the seedlings cultivated artificially in the previous year have been artificially overwintered. The individual size is about 6 cm, and the stocking amount per mu is 4000-8000. The survival rate is generally above 70%. All can be harvested before aestivation the following year; the third type is natural seedlings, with a specification of 50-60 heads/kg, and the stocking rate is 2000 per mu. --3,000 heads, seedlings are put in in early spring, the survival rate can reach 90%, and more than 80% can be harvested before winter.

2. There are two methods of placing ginseng seedlings: one is the direct placement method, which puts the ginseng seedlings directly onto the artificial reef at a certain density; the other is the net bag placement method, especially for 1 cm The ginseng seedlings on the left and right have poor adhesion and mobility. If they are put directly on artificial reefs, a large number of deaths will occur. Ginseng seedlings can be packed in 20-mesh mesh bags, 100-200 per bag. Small stones can be put into the mesh bags to prevent them from floating and moving. They can be placed on artificial reefs with the mouth of the mesh bag open to let the ginseng seedlings Slowly climb out of the mesh bag.

3. Breeding water body

The deeper the water, the better, generally 1.0-3.0 meters. Especially in the rainy season in summer and the freezing period in winter, more water should be collected to maintain a suitable temperature. . The water should be changed frequently to maintain fresh water quality. Increase the amount of water change as the individual grows, and the amount of water change should be no less than 10% every day. If conditions permit, you can use an aerator to increase oxygen and use a water pump for internal circulation. Oxygenation or internal circulation can be performed 2-3 times a day, for 2-3 hours each time, mainly at night.

4. Feeding

When the stocking density is high, relying solely on natural food will cause slow growth and a long cycle. It is necessary to feed some distiller's grains, shrimp bran, kelp, nematodes, and benthic fish in an appropriate amount. Diatoms, rat algae, crude starch, small fish meal, etc. The principle of feeding is to eat less than too much. The daily feeding amount accounts for 5-10% of the body weight of the ginseng. Feeding is done once a day, around dusk. Feeding is more during the optimum temperature period for rapid growth. Feeding is not needed during aestivation and below 5℃.

3. Quality Standards for Adult Ginseng and Ginseng Seedlings - Sea Cucumber Breeding Technology Tutorial

Quality standards for adult ginseng and ginseng seedlings are important quality standards for growing ginseng or purchasing ginseng seedlings. in accordance with. Criteria for mature ginseng: The individual is stout, the ratio of body length to diameter is small, the spines are pointed and high, the base is round and thick, the number of spines is 4-6 rows, the rows are relatively neat, the color is mostly grayish brown, and the skin is thick and the yield rate is high. High, green-skinned ginseng is of poor quality, with thin skin and low yield. Standards for ginseng seedlings: strong and stretched body, sharp and high thorns, bright color, free movement of head and tail, fast movement, natural stretching, non-sticky and loose defecation, fast food intake and fast defecation. Anyone found to have a dark and slimy body, bald and short flesh spines, slow and weak movements, and sticky feces should be treated with medication.

IV. Prevention and treatment of diseases - sea cucumber breeding technology tutorial

1. Rotten skin disease: caused by feed pollution, organic pollution, oil pollution, inorganic pollution, heavy metals and excessive fluctuations in pH value , water desalination (salt toxicity less than 17%) and other reasons. Treatment method: divers go into the water to collect sea cucumbers, put them in a solution of 50ppm penicillin and streptomycin and put it into the pool for about half an hour. For chemical pollution and organic pollution, water changes should be stopped to strengthen internal circulation and the water can be changed only after the pollution is eliminated. ; When a large amount of fresh water is injected during the rainy season, salt must be added to keep the salinity above 18‰.

2. Copepods: When feeding fresh sea mud or fresh rat tail algae grinding liquid, be sure to apply 5ppm crystal trichlorfon 2 hours in advance to kill the copepods and When there are water fleas and copepods in the pool water, apply 2-3ppm of crystalline trichlorfon and change the water after 5-6 hours.

3. Enteritis: The treatment method for enteritis is to use 2-3ppm oxytetracycline, each course of treatment lasts for 3 days.

4. Red tide, black tide and yellow tide: The three tides must be prevented in advance. When the water depth is about 1.5 meters, sprinkle 40 kg/acre of quicklime, grind it into powder, sprinkle it evenly, and sink to the bottom. White, harmless to sea cucumbers. You can also use 2-4ppm of formaldehyde or sodium hypochlorite and splash it evenly to make the water nutrient disappear and be harmless to sea cucumbers. A combination of the above two works better, but they cannot be mixed.

V. Harvest and Processing - Tutorial on Sea Cucumber Breeding Technology

1. Harvest: adopt the method of catching and releasing in rotation, keeping small ones and catching big ones every year, and replenishing sea cucumbers every year according to the amount of stock in the pond. Seedling.

2. Processing: Sea cucumbers can be eaten fresh, that is, blanched in boiling water for 2 hours, cooled, sliced, and seasoned before eating. The harvested ginseng is cut into a small opening of 3-4cm on the back of the head, the internal organs are drained out, boiled thoroughly in fresh water, pickled in saturated salt water, and after a few days, boiled thoroughly in salt water, this is water ginseng; if dried , add salt and boil it thoroughly, use plant ash to make it thoroughly gray, and then dry it in the sun. The gonads and intestines of sea cucumbers are rich in nutrients and can be pickled and processed.

VI. Discussion - Tutorial on Sea Cucumber Breeding Technology

1. Since the bottom in our county is all muddy or soft mud, how to transform the bottom and how to use it? The first thing we need to consider is to ensure that the attachment base we invest does not sink or sinks as little as possible in order to create the best possible environment for the growth of sea cucumbers.

2. Since our county is located at the mouth of the Yellow River, how to prevent the injection of a large amount of fresh water from causing drastic changes in seawater salinity during the early flood season or late flood season (sea water temperature <20°C, sea cucumbers are no longer in aestivation period) .

3. How to take effective measures to remove crabs, starfish, sea anemones, sea catfish, gobies, etc.

4. Learn more about the life of sea cucumbers. habits, explore some suitable polyculture models, improve the utilization of seawater culture space, and improve economic benefits.

5. There are oil wells all over our county, and sea cucumbers are prone to self-melting when exposed to oil pollution. What should we do? measures to prevent it; once it is contaminated, what measures will we take to minimize the loss?

6. The time of placing sea cucumbers is very important. Generally, it is more suitable to put sea cucumbers in spring and autumn when the water temperature is about 8℃. At this time, there are relatively few harmful organisms and it is not appropriate to cause losses.

7. Once the breeding is successful, how to solve the sales problem or how to develop our own deep processing enterprise of sea cucumbers to create higher value.

8. How to carry out factory farming and use greenhouse temperature control to extend the growth period, shorten the breeding cycle and reduce risks.