How many climate types are there in the world? Tell us their causes, characteristics and distribution.

Hello, landlord! How many 12 climate types are there in the world!

Climate is a natural environmental factor formed by the long-term energy exchange and material exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. The meaning of climate is not only the simple average state of several elements, but also the statistical characteristics of the comprehensive state of heat, moisture and air movement, including both the average state and the probability distribution of various possible states and their extreme states. Climate can be divided into macroclimate, mesoclimate and microclimate according to its spatial scale. These three scales of climatic conditions are important natural environments for all living things, including human beings.

Climate is the general state of the atmosphere in a certain region of the earth for many years, and it is the comprehensive expression of various weather processes in this period. Various statistics (mean, extreme, probability, etc. Meteorological elements (temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.). ) is the basic basis for expressing climate. Climate is closely related to human society, and many countries have recorded climate phenomena for a long time. During the Spring and Autumn Period in China, the sun shadow was measured by a standard table to determine the season, and there were 24 solar terms and 72 climaxes in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The word climate comes from ancient Greek, which means inclination, meaning that the climate in different places is related to the inclination of the sun's rays.

Due to the different distribution of solar radiation on the earth's surface and the different physical processes of different underlying surfaces such as ocean, land, mountains and forests under the action of solar radiation reaching the surface, the climate has obvious regional characteristics besides the temperature distribution in latitude. According to the horizontal scale, climate can be divided into macroclimate, mesoclimate and microclimate. Macroclimate refers to global and regional climate, such as tropical rain forest climate, Mediterranean climate, polar climate and plateau climate. Moderate climate refers to the climate of smaller natural areas, such as forest climate, urban climate, mountain climate and lake climate; Microclimate refers to a small range of climate, such as the atmosphere close to the ground and the climate under a small range of special terrain (such as mountains or valleys).

Under the influence of latitude, land and sea distribution, atmospheric circulation, topography and ocean currents, the world climate can be roughly divided into the following 12 types. The following are the causes, characteristics and distribution of these climates:

Tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and rainy all year round;

Tropical grassland climate: high temperature all year round, divided into dry and wet seasons;

Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain all year round;

Tropical monsoon climate: high temperature all year round, with dry season and rainy season.

Subtropical monsoon climate and monsoon humid climate: high temperature and rainy in summer, low temperature and little rain in winter;

Mediterranean climate: mild and rainy in winter and hot and rainy in summer;

Temperate maritime climate: warm in winter and cool in summer, with small annual temperature difference and even seasonal distribution of annual precipitation;

Temperate continental climate: less precipitation, severe cold in winter, extremely hot in summer and large annual temperature difference;

Temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter;

Mountain climate: vertical change from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain;

Polar tundra climate: winter is long and cold, and summer is short and cool;

Climate of polar ice sheet: it is cold all year round.

1. The tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, such as Malay Archipelago, Amazon Plain, Congo Basin and Gulf of Guinea. It is characterized by high temperature and rain all year round, low temperature in annual range, average monthly temperature of 25-28℃, annual precipitation of over 2000 mm, and even distribution throughout the year.

2. The tropical grassland climate is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the tropical rain forest climate zone, with a high annual average temperature, but the annual fluctuation temperature is slightly higher than that of the tropical rain forest climate, and the annual precipitation is mostly between 400- 1500mm, which is obvious in dry and wet seasons. The farther away from the equator, the longer the dry season, so the less precipitation.

3. The tropical monsoon climate is distributed in South Asia and Indochina Peninsula, characterized by high temperature all the year round, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 18℃. Precipitation is closely related to wind direction. The northeast wind from the mainland prevails in winter with little precipitation, and the southwest wind from the Indian Ocean prevails in summer with abundant precipitation. The annual precipitation in most areas is 1500-2000 mm, but some areas are far more than that.

4. Tropical desert climate is distributed in the mainland or the west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer, characterized by high annual average temperature, large annual temperature difference, large daily temperature difference and scarce precipitation. The annual precipitation is generally below 250 mm, and in many areas it is only tens or even several millimeters. Precipitation has great variability, and it often doesn't rain for several years.

5. The subtropical monsoon climate is distributed in the subtropical area on the east coast of the mainland, where it is not cold in winter, and the average temperature in June is generally above 0℃ in 5438+ 10, and it is hot in summer, and the average monthly temperature is generally around 25℃. The direction of Xia Feng changed obviously in July, and the annual precipitation was generally above 1000 mm, mainly in summer and less in winter. This climate is most typical in the southeast of China. In other areas, because there is a considerable amount of precipitation in winter, there is little difference between winter and summer, so it is called subtropical monsoon humid climate.

6. The Mediterranean climate is distributed in the subtropical area on the west coast of the mainland, and the Mediterranean coastal area is the most typical, hence the name. This climate is characterized by mild winter and hot or warm summer, and precipitation is mainly concentrated in winter and dry summer, so it is also called subtropical dry summer climate.

7. The temperate maritime climate is distributed in the temperate zone on the west coast of the mainland, which is characterized by being neither cold in winter (the average temperature in 5438+ 10 is above 0℃) nor hot in summer (the average temperature in July is below 22℃). There is precipitation all year round, the annual precipitation is generally around 1000 mm, and the favorable terrain can reach more than 2000 mm.

8. The temperate monsoon climate is distributed in the eastern Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River, North Korea and Japan, and the eastern coastal areas of Siberia. It is characterized by hot summer and cold winter, and the annual precipitation is 500- 1000 mm, mainly in summer. The temperature difference between winter and summer increases from south to north, and the precipitation decreases from south to north.

9. The temperate continental climate is distributed in Eurasia and North America. Controlled by the continental air mass all the year round, Leng Xia is hot in winter, with high annual temperature and little precipitation, with annual precipitation below 500 mm, forming a dry or semi-arid climate in the central part of the mainland. On the other hand, the northern part of the mainland is characterized by high latitude, long cold winters, short cool summers and small evaporation. Although there is little precipitation, it is not dry, forming a special sub-frigid coniferous forest climate.

10. The polar climate is distributed in Eurasia and the northern edge of North America, Greenland, Arctic Islands and Antarctica. On the continental margin, winter is long and cold, but the average temperature in the hottest month in summer can reach 10℃. Moss and lichen are typical plants here, so they are also called tundra climate. Greenland, the Arctic Islands and most parts of Antarctica are covered with ice and snow all year round, and the average temperature in the hottest month does not exceed 0℃, so it is called ice field climate.

Among them, the polar climate includes tundra and ice sheet climate.

(1) polar long cold climate (tundra). It is distributed in the northern margin of North America and Eurasia (the south is connected with the continental climate of the sub-cold zone by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm), part of the coast of Greenland and several islands in the Arctic Ocean. In the southern hemisphere, it is distributed in Malvina Islands, south shetland islands and South Orkney Islands. Its characteristics are: it is winter all year round, the average monthly temperature in a year is between 0 ~1~ April, and the winter is cold and long; The annual precipitation is about 200 ~ 300 mm, mainly snowfall; There is a layer of permafrost on the ground, only lichens, mosses and other low-level plants.

(2) The climate of polar ice sheet. It is distributed in the polar region and its adjacent areas, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent. This is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass. It stays in a state of long night all winter. Although summer is like spring all the year round, the sunshine is oblique and the heat gained is weak, so the climate is bad all year round, and the temperature in each month is below 0℃. The Antarctic continent has an average annual temperature of -25℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. 1967, the absolute minimum temperature measured by Norwegians was -94.5℃, which was called the "cold pole" in the world. Most of the ground is covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many cold storms, which make it difficult for plants to grow.

1 1. Alpine climate may appear at any latitude, which is characterized by vertical changes in temperature and precipitation. The temperature decreases with the increase of height, and the precipitation increases with the increase of height within a certain height range, and decreases with the increase of height beyond this height.

12 .. Coniferous forest climate in sub-frigid zone). This kind of climate appears between 50 and 65 north latitude, and it is distributed in a belt, spanning North America and Eurasia. Specifically, in North America, from Alaska to most parts of Labrador and Newfoundland via Canada; In Eurasia, it starts from Scandinavia in the west (except the south), passes through Finland and the west of the Soviet Union (the south boundary is on the line of Leningrad-Gorky-Sverdlovsk), and reaches the east of the Soviet Union (except the south). The northern part is bounded by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm. The climate in this area is mainly influenced by the polar ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, which is the source of the polar continental air mass. In winter, there are many opportunities for the Arctic air mass to invade. In warm seasons, tropical continental air masses can sometimes penetrate. The main features of this climate are: the winter is long and cold, the average temperature is below 0℃ for 5 ~ 7 months every year, and the cold weather of -50℃ often occurs; Summer is short and warm, and the monthly average temperature is above 10℃, and the highest temperature can reach 18 ~ 20℃, especially the annual variation. The annual precipitation is generally 300 ~ 600 mm, mainly in summer rain. Due to weak evaporation, the relative humidity is very high.

I hope it helps you!