Topography, climate, economy, population distribution and geographical location of agricultural cities in Japan, Russia, Egypt, the United States, Brazil and Australia.

Japan is located at the eastern end of the Eurasian continent and belongs to Asia. It is an island country, surrounded by the sea, extending in an arc from northeast to southwest. The east and south are the endless Pacific Ocean, bordering the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea in the west, the Sea of Okhotsk in the north, and facing North Korea, China, the Russian Federation, the Philippines and other countries across the sea.

2. Region and regional division

Japan is equivalent to Yunnan Province.

The total area of Yunnan Province is 394,000 square kilometers, accounting for 4. 1% of the total land area of China.

Japan covers an area of 377,748 square kilometers.

Total land area: including the small island, it is 377,835 square kilometers, including 374,744 square kilometers of land area and 309 1 square kilometer of water area. Physical geography: Located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, it is an arc island country extending from northeast to southwest. It is separated from China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia by the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, the Korean Strait and the Sea of Japan. The land area is 377,880 square kilometers, including Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and more than 6,800 other small islands. The territorial sea area is 3 10000 square kilometers. There is a territorial dispute with Russia over the "four northern islands" (called "South Kuril Islands" by Russia) and a territorial dispute with South Korea over Zhudao (called "Dokdo" by South Korea). Mountains and hills account for 7 1% of the total area. There are more than 160 volcanoes in China, of which more than 50 are active volcanoes, which is a world-famous earthquake zone. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in China and an active volcano, with an altitude of 3,776 meters. Hot springs are all over the country. The rivers in the territory are short and rich in hydropower resources. The longest Xinnong River is about 367 kilometers long. The largest lake is Lake Biwa, with an area of 672.8 square kilometers. Because it is surrounded by the sea, it belongs to the temperate maritime monsoon climate, which is mild and humid all year round. Compared with the same latitude area, there is no severe cold in winter and no heat in summer. There are many typhoons in summer and autumn, and it rains in June. 1 Monthly average temperature is -6℃ in the north and16℃ in the south; In July, it was 17℃ in the north and 28℃ in the south. The annual precipitation is 700-3500mm, and the maximum is over 4000mm.

3. Topography and landform

Japan is mountainous, and the mountains are distributed in the central part of Japan in a ridge shape, which divides Japan's territory into one side of the Pacific Ocean and one side of the Sea of Japan, and the mountains and hills account for 765,438+0% of the total area. Japan is located in the Pacific volcanic earthquake zone, with frequent volcanic activities, which has brought great troubles to the lives of local people. There are more than 160 volcanoes in China, of which more than 50 are active volcanoes, which is a famous earthquake zone in the world. This is why it is called the land of volcanic earthquakes. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in China, with an altitude of 3776 meters. In the volcanic distribution area, with beautiful scenery and rich hot spring resources, it has become a famous tourist attraction.

4. Rivers, plains and lakes

Most rivers in Japan originate in the central mountainous areas and flow eastward and westward into the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Because Japan is long and narrow from east to west, the mountains are steep and the rivers are short and urgent. In rainy season and typhoon season, the amount of water increases, which is easy to form floods. To this end, Japan has built a large number of flood control dams and reservoirs. River water is widely used for domestic water, agricultural and industrial water and hydropower generation. The plains in Japan are mainly distributed in the downstream coastal areas of rivers, mostly alluvial plains, with a small scale. The larger plains include Kanto Plain, Shikai Plain, Yuehou Plain, Houwei Plain and Shi Sheng Plain.

The largest lake is Lake Biwa, with an area of 672.8 square kilometers.

5. Coastline and Ocean

Japan's coastline is 33,889 kilometers long. As Japan is an island country, its coastline is very complicated. There are many cliffs in the Sea of Japan in the west, few ports, and many estuaries in the Pacific Ocean in the east, forming many natural ports.

In the East Pacific Ocean, it is surrounded by the Japanese warm current (Kuroshio) from south to north, and the Kuroshio cold current (pro-tide) forms in the northeast. In the West Sea of Japan, there are warm currents and Riemann cold currents flowing to Malaysia. At the intersection of cold current and warm current, there are abundant fish resources and become natural fishing grounds. Because it is surrounded by the sea, it has a temperate maritime monsoon climate, which is mild and humid all year round, with no severe cold in winter and no heat in summer. There are many typhoons in summer and autumn, and it rains in June. 1 Monthly average temperature is -6℃ in the north and16℃ in the south; In July, it was 17℃ in the north and 28℃ in the south. The annual precipitation is 700-3500mm, and the maximum is over 4000mm. In recent years, El Nino, which has caused the sea water to warm, has also had an impact on Japan, mainly because the duration of plum rains is prolonged, and it is easy to form Leng Xia and warm winter.

6. Geomorphology and Geology

From the point of view of plate tectonics, Japan is located at the extinction boundary of Asia-Europe plate and Pacific plate, and it is a part of the combination of island arc, coastal mountains and trenches in the western Pacific. 68% of this country is mountainous. The highest mountain in Japan is the famous Mount Fuji, with an altitude of 3776 meters. Because there are few plains, crops are planted on many mountains in Japan, and the largest plain is Kanto Plain. Japan is located in the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean. One tenth of the world's volcanoes are located in Japan, and volcanic activities often occur all over the country. There will be several major earthquakes every century; The Hanshin earthquake and the Sino-Vietnamese earthquake in Niigata Prefecture in recent years are both strong earthquakes with magnitude above 6 on the Richter scale, which have attracted the attention of all countries in the world. There are many hot springs in Japan, which have developed into tourist attractions.

Because Japan's islands extend to the northeast for a long time, and the north and south span about 20 degrees latitude, there are many climate types. Most of the climate types are temperate monsoon climate, while Kyushu Island, Shikoku and Ryukyu Islands in the south are subtropical monsoon climate. The northern islands are warm in summer, long and cold in winter, and often have a lot of snowfall. In the central and western regions, it is dry in winter, seldom snows, and humid in summer.

Japan is an island country, deeply influenced by Kuroshio, with remarkable maritime climate and beautiful cherry blossoms.

7. Japanese climate

Japan is deeply influenced by Kuroshio, pro-tide and other ocean currents, with obvious maritime climate and small annual temperature difference. The climate in most parts of Japan is mild. However, due to the long-term extension of Japan's islands from southwest to northeast, and the difference between north and south latitudes is about 20 degrees, there are still great differences in climate throughout the country, which can be divided into six climatic zones, namely:

Climate in Hokkaido: Hokkaido is not affected by plum rains, and the rainfall is less than that in other parts of Japan. Summer is short and cool; Winter is long and cold.

Japan's coastal climate: the range is the western coastal area of Honshu Island. Winter is controlled by Siberian high, and the northwest wind blows. At the same time, because the warm current in winter brings a lot of water vapor to the horse current passing through the Sea of Japan, it often snows heavily. There is less precipitation in summer, and sometimes there is abnormal high temperature due to foehn.

Central plateau climate: typical inland climate. It is cold in winter and cool in summer. There is a great temperature difference between winter and summer and day and night. Low rainfall

Pacific side climate: including the east coast of Honshu, Shikoku and most parts of Kyushu. Influenced by the southeast monsoon in summer, there are many strong typhoons in Meiyu period. In winter, there is less snowfall.

Seto Inland Sea Climate: Including Yang Shan, Shikoku, Feng Jingen and parts of Kyushu. The weather here is often sunny, with little rainfall and suffering from drought from time to time.

Climate of Nanxi Islands: The range is Ryukyu Islands. It belongs to subtropical climate, with hot summer and warm winter. Rainstorm. Typhoons often strike in summer.

The precipitation in Japan is the highest in the world. The main reasons include winter snowfall in Japan's coastal areas; Continuous plum rains in June-July (May-June in Okinawa and Amami); And typhoons that landed in or near Japan from summer to autumn. The highest recorded temperature in Japan is 40.9 degrees, which was measured on August 16, 2007 in Kumagaya City, saitama and Tojima City, Gifu Prefecture. The lowest recorded temperature is -4 1 degree, which was 10+degree measured in Asahikawa, Hokkaido on October 25th. 8. Plate tectonics Japan is located between the Eurasian plate, the Pacific plate and the American plate, with frequent volcanoes and earthquakes. Russia is located in eastern Europe and northern Asia, and most of its European territory is the Eastern Europe Plain. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea in the northwest. The longest is 9000 kilometers and the widest is 4000 kilometers. The land neighbors are Norway and Finland in the northwest, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belarus in the west, Ukraine in the southwest, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the south and China, Mongolia and North Korea in the southeast. It faces Japan and America across the sea. The coastline is 33,807 kilometers long. Most areas are located in the north temperate zone, with diverse climate, mainly continental climate. The temperature difference is generally large, with an average temperature of-1℃ to -37℃ in June and 1 1℃ to 27℃ in July. The annual average precipitation is 150 ~ 1000 mm.

Nearly four-fifths of the population (including the Urals), most cities and the capital Moscow are in the European part. Almost all of the western part belongs to the Eastern European Plain, and the eastern part is the Ural Mountains, the Western Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, the Southern Siberia and the Eastern Siberia Mountains and the mountains along the Pacific Ocean. The Great Caucasus Mountains stand in the southwest, with the highest peak, Mount Elbrus, at an altitude of 5642 meters. From west to east, the continental climate is gradually strengthened and the winter is cold and long; The coast of the Arctic Ocean has a tundra climate, and the coast of the Pacific Ocean has a monsoon climate. From north to south, it is polar desert, tundra, forest tundra, forest, forest grassland, grassland belt and semi-desert belt. The main rivers are Volga River, ob river River, Yenisei River and Lena River.

Russia

1. The country with the largest territory in the world:170,000 square kilometers.

2. Terrain dominated by plains and plateaus:

① Main mountain ranges: Urals and Caucasus.

② Two major plains: Eastern Europe Plain and Western Siberia Plain.

③ Plateau: Central Siberian Plateau and Eastern Siberian Plateau.

3. The long and cold winter climate:

① Most areas have temperate continental climate.

(2) There are obvious differences in climate: the climate in the western part of the Eastern European plain is mild, Siberia is very cold in winter, and the Arctic Ocean coast is polar tundra.

4. Rivers and lakes:

Volga, the longest river in Europe.

(2) ob river, Yenisei and Lena rivers in Siberia.

(3) Lake Baikal and Caspian Sea.

5. Rich natural resources:

① Forest and water resources.

② Mineral resources: coal, oil, natural gas, iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, etc.

6. Multi-ethnic countries: 100 multi-ethnic.

7. Industries dominated by heavy industry:

Heavy industry includes steel, fuel power, machinery, chemistry, aerospace and so on.

② The main industrial zones are Moscow Industrial Zone, St. Petersburg Industrial Zone, Ural Industrial Zone and Novosibirsk Industrial Zone.

8. Unstable agriculture:

(1) The temperature in the north is low, which is not conducive to agricultural production.

② The grain output is unstable, and wheat and potatoes are the main agricultural products.

9. A developed transportation network dominated by railways;

(1) a radial railway network centered on Moscow.

(2) trans-siberian railway and Baya Railway.

③ Two major seaports: St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea and Murmansk on the Arctic Ocean.

10. development of the eastern region: construction of hydropower stations, railways, development of oil fields and natural gas fields. Egypt spans Asia and Africa, and most of it is located in the northeast of Africa. The Sinai Peninsula east of Suez Canal is located in the southwest corner of Asia. It is bordered by Libya in the west, Sudan in the south, the Red Sea in the east, Palestine in the north and Jordan and Saudi Arabia in the southeast, with a coastline of more than 2,700 kilometers. 96% of the territory is desert. The highest peak is Mount Catherine, with an altitude of 2642 meters. The Nile runs through the north and south and flows into the Mediterranean Sea, with a length of 1.530 km, and a narrow valley with a width of about 3 ~ 1.6 km is formed on both banks. A delta of 24,000 square kilometers is formed at the estuary, and 99% of the population lives in river valleys and delta areas, which only occupy 4% of the land area. Suez Canal is the main road connecting Europe, Asia and Africa. The main lakes are Great Bitter Lake, Tinsa Lake and Nasser Reservoir (5,000 square kilometers), the largest artificial lake in Africa formed by Aswan High Dam. The whole territory is dry and rainy, and the Nile Delta and the northern coastal areas belong to the subtropical Mediterranean climate, with an average temperature of 65,438 02℃ in June and 26℃ in July. The average annual precipitation is 50 ~ 200mm. Most of the rest areas have tropical desert climate, which is hot and dry, and the temperature can reach 40℃. The average annual precipitation is less than 50 mm. There is often a Pentecostal wind from April to May every year, which carries sand and damages crops. Most of the territory is located in the low plateau at an altitude of 100-700 meters. There are hills and mountains along the coast of the Red Sea and Sinai Peninsula, and the highest peak is Mount Catherine, which is 2642 meters above sea level. The climate is dry and hot. Except for the Mediterranean coast where the annual rainfall exceeds 100 mm, the annual rainfall in most areas is very small. Desert and semi-desert are widely distributed. The Libyan desert in the west accounts for two-thirds of the country's land area, mostly quicksand, with oases such as Hariji and Siwa in the middle; Eastern Arabian desert, stony desert and bare rock mound. The Nile runs through the north and south, with valleys and deltas on both sides covering an area of more than 40,000 square kilometers, forming a fertile oasis belt. Mineral resources include oil, natural gas, apatite, iron and manganese. Egypt spans Asia and Africa, most of its territory is in Africa, and only a small part of Sinai Peninsula is in Asia. Administratively, it is divided into eight economic zones, each of which includes one or several provinces, and China has 26 provinces. Egypt is located in the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa. It is connected with Europe in the north through the Mediterranean Sea and directly connected with Palestine in the east through Argerich. The Suez Canal connects the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, and its strategic location and economic significance are very important.

The territory of Egypt is slightly irregular and square. East-west width 1240 km, north-south length 1024 km. The terrain is gentle, there are no mountains, and the desert area accounts for 96% of the total area of the country.

The Nile is the lifeline of Egypt and the "mother of Egypt". It is the longest river in Africa and one of the longest rivers in the world, with a total length of more than 6,670 kilometers. It flows into Egypt from the White Nile, which originated in Uganda, and the Blue Nile, which originated in the Ethiopian Plateau, after meeting in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. It runs through eastern Egypt from south to north, with a length of 1530 km in Egypt. It is indeed an important water resources, with the benefits of boating and irrigation. Egypt, one of the four ancient civilizations in the world, has developed a splendid ancient culture under the nurturing of the Nile.

According to the differences in natural conditions, Egypt is generally divided into four regions-the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta, the western desert region, the eastern desert region and the Sinai Peninsula region. To the south of Cairo is the Nile Green Corridor, which is about 3~ 16 km wide and is generally called Upper Egypt. North of Cairo is called Lower Egypt. Between Alexandria and Port Said is the alluvial plain of the Nile Delta, covering an area of about 20,000-40,000 square kilometers. In the past, the Nile River flooded regularly every year, bringing fertile alluvium to the delta. It is the birthplace of ancient Egyptian culture, the most important economic activity area in China, where most of Egypt's population is concentrated, and it is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world.

The western desert west of the Nile is also known as the Libyan desert. It is a part of the Sahara Desert, the largest desert in the world, accounting for about two-thirds of the area of Egypt. Its southern part is 350-500m above sea level, and Dajilev Plateau is about 1 1,000m above sea level. There are many depressions in the middle and north, with Gaitara depression being the largest. The depressions with groundwater form oases.

The eastern desert east of the Nile, also known as the Arabian desert. It is close to the Red Sea coast, the terrain is inclined from east to west, and the Red Sea coast is mountainous, with an altitude of about 1500m.

Sinai Peninsula, east of Suez Canal, is located in southwest Asia, covering an area of about 64,000 square kilometers, accounting for 6.38% of Egypt's area. There are many sand dunes along the Mediterranean coast, and the northern lowlands are Tih desert, with intermittent rivers and dry riverbeds. The eastern part is the plateau, and Mount St. Catherine is the highest peak in Egypt, with an altitude of 2637 meters. It is said that it is the place where Moses received the Ten Commandments.