What is hydrogen? (specific information! ! ! )

Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1, ranking first in the periodic table of elements. Its atom is the smallest of all atoms. The common elemental form of hydrogen is hydrogen. It is a colorless, odorless and combustible diatomic gas, and hydrogen is the lightest gas. It is the most abundant substance in the universe. Hydrogen atoms exist in water, all organic compounds and living things. It has a particularly strong thermal conductivity and oxidizes to produce water. At 0 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere, the weight of hydrogen per liter is only 0.09 grams-only one-fifth of the weight of the same volume of air.

At room temperature, hydrogen is relatively inactive, but it can be activated by catalyst. Hydrogen is very active at high temperature. Almost all elements can form compounds with hydrogen except rare gas elements.

Name, symbol and serial number: h, 1.

Series: nonmetal

Family, period and element division: 1 family, 1, s.

Density and hardness: 0.0899 kg/m3 (273K), sodium

Color and appearance: colorless

Image:H， 1.jpg

Atmospheric content: 10 ~ 4%

Crustal content: 0.88%

Atomic properties

Atomic weight: 1.00794 atomic weight unit

Atomic radius: (calculated value) 25(53)pm

* * * Price radius: 37 pm

Van der Waals radius: 120 pm

Price electronic configuration: 1s 1.

Electronic arrangement of each energy level: 1

Oxidation value (oxide): 1 (amphoteric)

Crystal structure: hexagonal

physical quality

State of gaseous matter

Number of protons in the nucleus: 1

Extranuclear electron number: 1

Nuclear power number: 1

Proton mass: 1.673E-27.

Proton relative mass: 1.007

Period: 1

Number of families: IA

Molar mass: 1

Hydride: None

Oxide: H2O

Highest valence oxide: H2O

Peripheral electronic configuration: 1s 1.

Extranuclear electron configuration: 1

Color and state: colorless gas

Atomic radius: 0.79

Common valence:+1,-1

Melting point: 14.025k (-259. 125℃)

Boiling point: 20.268 K (-252.882 C)

Molar volume:11.42×10-6m3/mol.

Heat of vaporization: 0.44936 kJ/mol.

Heat of fusion: 0.05868 kJ/mol.

Vapor pressure: 209 Pa (23K)

Sound speed:1270m/s (293.6438+05k)

Other attributes

Electronegativity: 2.2 (Pauling scale)

Specific heat:14304j/(kg k)

Conductivity: No data available.

Thermal conductivity: 0.1815w/(m k)

Ionization energy: 13 12 kJ/mol.

The most stable isotope

Decay energy of isotope abundance half-life decay mode

MeV decay products

1H 99.985% stable

2H 0.0 15% stable

3H 10- 15 % /

Artificial 12.32 years β decay 0.0 19 3He

4 hours is 9.93696× 10-23 seconds, and the neutron release is 2.9 103h.

5H artificial neutron release 8.0 1930× 10-23 seconds? 4H

Three neutrons of 3.26500× 10-22 seconds were produced in six hours.

Release? 3H

7H Data-free artificial neutron release 6H?

Nuclear magnetic resonance characteristics

1H 2H 3H

Nuclear spin 1/2 1 1/2

Sensitivity10.009651.21

find

/kloc-At the end of 0/6th century, Swiss chemist Ratzer put iron into sulfuric acid, and the iron sheet suddenly reacted violently with sulfuric acid, releasing many bubbles-hydrogen. But it was not until 1766 that British scientist henry cavendish determined that hydrogen was a chemical element. It was called combustible air at that time, which proved that it burned in the air to produce water. (1)1783)1787 French chemist lavoisier proved that hydrogen is a simple substance and named it.

The origin of the name

Greek hud? R (water) gennen (cause), which means "water-producing" substance.

In Chinese, "hydrogen" was originally called "light gas" and "hydrogen" is a new pictophonetic word.

Japanese follows the original meaning of Greek and is called "water element".

Be distributed

There is only extremely rare free hydrogen on the earth and in the earth's atmosphere. In the crust, if calculated by weight, hydrogen only accounts for 1% of the total weight, and if calculated by atomic percentage, it accounts for 17%. Hydrogen is widely distributed in nature, and water is the "warehouse" of hydrogen-water contains 1 1% hydrogen; There is about 1.5% hydrogen in the soil; Oil, natural gas, animals and plants also contain hydrogen. In the air, hydrogen is not much, accounting for about five ten thousandths of the total volume. In the whole universe, hydrogen is the element with the highest atomic percentage. According to research, in the atmosphere of the sun, hydrogen accounts for 8 1.75% in atomic percentage. In space, the number of hydrogen atoms is about 100 times more than the sum of all other elements.

prepare

Industrial methods include electrolysis, hydrocarbon cracking, hydrocarbon steam conversion and refinery gas extraction.

purify

With the development of semiconductor industry, fine chemical industry and photoelectric fiber industry, there is a demand for high-purity hydrogen. For example, the semiconductor production process needs to use more than 99.999% high-purity hydrogen. However, the purity of hydrogen obtained by various industrial hydrogen production methods is not high at present. In order to meet the industrial demand for various high-purity hydrogen, hydrogen must be further purified. The purification methods of hydrogen can be roughly divided into two categories (physical method and chemical method) and six methods.

isotope

Isotopes existing in nature are: hydrogen 1, deuterium (hydrogen 2, heavy hydrogen) and tritium (hydrogen 3, overweight hydrogen).

Isotopes synthesized by artificial methods are: hydrogen 4, hydrogen 5, hydrogen 6 and hydrogen 7.

use

Hydrogen is an important industrial raw material, such as the production of synthetic ammonia and methanol, and also used for refining petroleum. Hydrogenated organic compounds are used as shrinking gases in hydrogen-oxygen flame welding machines and rocket fuels. Compared with other methods, reducing metal oxides with hydrogen at high temperature makes the product properties easier to control and the metal purity higher. Widely used in the production of tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, iron and other metal powders and germanium, silicon.

Because hydrogen is light, people use it to make hydrogen balloons. When hydrogen combines with oxygen, it releases a lot of heat, which is used to cut metal.

Using the energy produced by atomic nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, we can make a hydrogen bomb with extremely destructive power, which is much more powerful than an atomic bomb.

Now hydrogen is also used as a clean alternative energy source in the future and as a fuel for automobiles. To this end, the United States also put forward the National Hydrogen Power Plan in 2002. However, due to the immature technology, it has not been widely used in industry. In 2003, scientists found that the use of hydrogen fuel would increase the hydrogen in the atmosphere by about 4 ~ 8 times. It is considered that it may make the upper stratosphere colder and have more clouds, and it will also aggravate the expansion of the ozone hole. However, some factors can also offset this effect, such as reducing the use of CFCs, soil absorption, and the development of new fuel cell technologies.

Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table, and its name comes from Greek, which means "water element". Hydrogen was discovered by British chemist cavendish in 1766. It is called combustible air, and it is proved that it burns in air to produce water. 1787 French chemist lavoisier proved that hydrogen is a simple substance and named it. Hydrogen is very abundant in the crust, accounting for 15.4% by atomic composition, but only 1% by weight. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. On the earth, hydrogen mainly exists in water and organic matter in the form of hydration. There are three isotopes: deuterium and tritium.

Hydrogen is a colorless and odorless gas under normal circumstances; Gas molecules are composed of diatoms; Melting point -259. 14℃, boiling point -252.8℃, critical temperature 33. 19K, critical pressure 12.98 ATM, gas density 0.0899 g/L; Water soluble 2 1.4 cm? /kg water (0℃), slightly soluble in organic solvents.

At room temperature, hydrogen is relatively inactive, but it can be activated by a suitable catalyst. Hydrogen is very active at high temperature. Almost all elements can form compounds with hydrogen except rare gas elements. Hydrides of nonmetallic elements are usually called some hydrogen compounds, such as hydrogen halide and hydrogen sulfide. Hydrides of metal elements are called metal hydrides, such as lithium hydride and calcium hydride.

Hydrogen is an important industrial raw material, future energy and the cleanest fuel.

The lightest gas-hydrogen.

Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table, and its atom is the smallest of 109 elements. Because it is light and small, it runs fastest. If people let the atoms of each element have a unique race, then the champion must be the hydrogen atom.

Hydrogen is the lightest gas, and its "weight" is less than one fourteenth of that of air. This feature has aroused people's interest very early. 1780, a French chemist filled a pig's bladder with hydrogen to make the world's first and most primitive hydrogen balloon, which flew high into the air in Ran Ran. Nowadays, people fill rubber films with hydrogen to make a large number of hydrogen balloons.

Modest chemist

As early as16th century, a doctor in Switzerland discovered hydrogen. He said: "If iron filings are thrown into sulfuric acid, bubbles will be generated and fly like a whirlwind." He also found that this gas can burn. But he is a famous doctor and has many patients, so he has no time to do further research.

In the seventeenth century, another doctor discovered hydrogen. At that time, people's wisdom was deceived by a wrong theory that no matter what gas can exist alone, it can neither be collected nor measured. The doctor thought that hydrogen was no different from air and soon gave up his research.

British chemist cavendish was the first person to collect and study hydrogen.

Cavendish likes chemical experiments very much. In an experiment, he accidentally dropped an iron piece into hydrochloric acid. When he was annoyed by his carelessness, he found bubbles in hydrochloric acid solution. This scene immediately attracted him, and the anger just now was swept away. He is thinking hard: where did this bubble come from? Was it originally in tin or hydrochloric acid? He did several experiments and put a certain amount of zinc and iron into enough hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid (the quality of sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid used each time is different), and found that the amount of gas produced is fixed. This shows that the generation of this new gas has nothing to do with the type and concentration of acid used.

Cavendish uses drainage to collect new gases. He found that this gas could not help the burning of candles or the breathing of animals. If it is mixed with air, it will explode when it meets Mars. Cavendish is a very serious chemist. After many experiments, he finally found the explosion limit of this new gas mixed with ordinary air. He wrote in his paper: If the content of this combustible gas is below 9.5% or above 65%, it will burn when it is ignited, but it will not make a deafening explosion.

Soon after, he measured the specific gravity of this gas, and then found that the product of this gas combustion is water, and there is no doubt that this gas is hydrogen. Cavendish's research is more detailed. All he has to do is announce to the outside world that he has discovered a kind of hydrogen and give it a name. The door of truth will be open to him, and fortune will smile at him.

However, Cavendish was deceived by the false phlogiston theory, insisting that water is an element and refusing to admit that he stumbled upon a new element, which is really regrettable.

Later, when lavoisier heard about it, he repeated Cavendish's experiment and thought that water was not an element, but a hydroxide compound. 1787, he formally proposed that "hydrogen" is an element, because the product of hydrogen combustion is water, so it was named "water generator" in Latin.

A car without gasoline

Have you ever seen a car without gasoline?

Maybe you will ask: How can a car run without gasoline?

It turns out that scientists have found that gasoline will release carbon dioxide after burning, which will pollute the environment. Imagine replacing gasoline with another fuel. After many experiments, scientists finally found that hydrogen can replace gasoline. Using hydrogen as fuel has many advantages. First of all, it is clean and hygienic. The product of hydrogen combustion is water, which will not pollute the environment. Secondly, the calorific value of hydrogen is higher than that of gasoline.

1965, foreign scientists have designed a hydrogen-powered car that can drive on the road. China also successfully built the first hydrogen energy vehicle in 1980, which can take 12 people and store 90 kilograms of hydrogen materials. Hydrogen-powered vehicles have long mileage and long service life, and the biggest advantage is that they do not pollute the environment.

Why is there no hydrogen in the atmosphere?

The air contains a lot of gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and so on. , but it rarely contains hydrogen. What is the reason?

It turns out that hydrogen atom is the lightest and smallest of all kinds of atoms. Because it is light and small, it runs fastest. Is the "running champion" in the atom. If the object moving on the planet reaches a certain speed, it can get rid of the gravity of the planet and run into space. This speed is called escape speed. The escape speed on the earth is about 1 1 km/s, and the speed of hydrogen atoms is faster than this escape speed, so all hydrogen enters space, so there is almost no hydrogen in the earth's atmosphere.

The magical use of balloons

October 1st, National Day, is a national celebration. In front of Tiananmen Square in the capital, colorful balloons, large and small, float high in the air, fluttering in the wind and dancing, which is very beautiful. People say this is "daytime fireworks".

Besides celebrating festivals and adding pleasant atmosphere, are there any other uses for balloons?

Scientists have already given us the answer.

In the long history of mankind, it has experienced countless natural disasters such as floods, droughts and earthquakes. Ancient people were superstitious, thinking that all this was because they had done something wrong and angered God, so God sent disaster. With the development of science, people gradually realize that there is no god. These are natural phenomena and can be predicted.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, our people were able to predict earthquakes, but they could do nothing about floods. When the flood comes, it will flood villages, destroy farmland and sometimes even endanger human beings. How do we deal with the flood? Scientists have found that floods are caused by long-term heavy rains, which come from rain clouds. In this way, as long as the thickness and humidity of the cloud can be observed, the weather can be predicted, and people will take preventive measures after hearing the news that the rainstorm is coming. In this way, the harm caused by the flood is reduced.

However, there are clouds in the sky, and human beings can't fly that high without wings. What should we do?

After the chemist discovered hydrogen, the problem was solved at once. People have built many hydrogen balloons and let them carry observation equipment, so that people can know the changes of clouds in the sky without going to heaven and make accurate weather forecasts.

Recently, this kind of balloon has a new use. It can transport dry ice, silver iodide and other drugs to the sky, spray them in the clouds, and carry out artificial rainfall.

Water is more expensive than gold.

The previous introduction is ordinary hydrogen, the atomic weight is 1, and there are two "capable" eldest brothers deuterium (sound knife) and tritium (sound Sichuan), with atomic weights of 2 and 3 respectively. People sometimes call them "heavy hydrogen" and "super heavy hydrogen", and the water they combine with oxygen is called heavy water and super heavy water respectively.

The total weight of water on the earth is about 65.438+04 billion tons, of which the heavy water is less than two ten thousandths. In order to get one kilogram of heavy water, it takes 60,000 kWh and100t of water, which is much more expensive than gold in sand, so the price of heavy water is more expensive than gold. There is little heavy water in nature, and there is even less super heavy water. In the vast ocean, even one billionth can't be found, so it can only be made by hand. Generally, metal lithium is put into an atomic reactor. Under the bombardment of neutrons, lithium is converted into tritium, which is then combined with oxidation to generate super heavy water. It takes nearly ten tons of atomic energy to make one kilogram of ultra-heavy water, and the production is very slow. A factory only makes dozens of kilograms of ultra-heavy water a year, so the price of ultra-heavy water is tens of thousands of times more expensive than specific water and hundreds of thousands of times more expensive than Huang Jingui.

On the surface, heavy water is no different from ordinary water. But the temper is very different. If goldfish are raised in heavy water, the fish will die soon, and the seeds soaked in heavy water will not germinate. Heavy water is also bigger than water. One cubic meter of heavy water is heavier than one cubic meter of ordinary water 105.6 kg. Ordinary water freezes at zero and boils at 100℃. Heavy water becomes ice at 3.8℃, which is called "hot ice".

Although the production cost of heavy water and ultra-heavy water is high, people are still making them. What is the reason?

It turns out that they also have many benefits for human beings. Let's talk about heavy water first. Heavy water is radioactive. Using this feature, scientists can study the progress of some biological or chemical processes. For example, if the patient drinks a little tea containing a very small amount of ultra-heavy water, the radioactivity can be detected in the urine after half an hour, and it will not disappear until 14 days, which means that the water stays in the human body for 14 days. If you want to study the ins and outs of water in a chemical process, but you are not allowed to add other things to destroy the chemical reaction, then you can add some ultra-heavy water to ordinary water, where the ultra-heavy water flows, it will be radioactive. Scientists can easily detect its hiding place with detectors.

Heavy water plays an important role in the atomic energy industry. It is the best moderator and heat carrier for atomic reactors. After use, the composition of atomic fuel can be greatly reduced. Heavy water is also an important raw material for national defense, and hydrogen bombs are made of it. Heavy hydrogen will produce nuclear polymerization and strong explosion at extremely high temperature, and its energy is equivalent to tens of millions of tons of high explosives. An ordinary hydrogen bomb can easily blow up a city. If all the energy released by its explosion is converted into electric energy, human beings will never use it up for decades!

The death of the flying man

1In the early 1980s, hot air balloons appeared in Europe, and people used them to send animals such as chickens, ducks and sheep into the sky. However, people are still afraid of it and no one wants to leave the ground by balloon.

1783, at the unanimous request of the scientific community, the king of France approved the plan to send people to heaven by balloon, but he wanted to send two condemned prisoners.

After the news was known by a brave young man, he thought that going to heaven for the first time was an immortal feat. How can he give this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to this condemned man? So he found a fearless young man like him and asked the king to let them take the place of the condemned man. The king was moved by their bravery and agreed to their request.

On June1783165438+1October 2 1 day, these two young people boarded a hot air balloon and successfully carried out the first manned flight with balloons. They suddenly became news figures, and people called them "flying people" in the street talk.

The next year, they planned to fly across the English Channel by balloon. At this time, people have made hydrogen balloons. They decided to combine a hydrogen balloon with a hot air balloon and fly to England in two balloons at the same time.

On this day, they tied two balloons together and then rose to the sky. Soon after, the tragedy happened, the balloon exploded and they were all killed in the accident.

Why did the balloon explode?

This is because there is a brazier under the hot air balloon to heat the air. But hydrogen is flammable and explosive, and it will explode at the sight of Mars. The disaster happened because of ignorance of hydrogen.

Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table, and its name comes from Greek, which means "water element". Hydrogen was discovered by British chemist cavendish in 1766. It is called combustible air, and it is proved that it burns in air to produce water. 1787 French chemist lavoisier proved that hydrogen is a simple substance and named it. Hydrogen is very abundant in the crust, accounting for 15.4% by atomic composition, but only 1% by weight. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. On the earth, hydrogen mainly exists in water and organic matter in the form of hydration. There are three isotopes: deuterium and tritium.

Hydrogen is a colorless and odorless gas under normal circumstances; Gas molecules are composed of diatoms; Melting point -259. 14℃, boiling point -252.8℃, critical temperature 33. 19K, critical pressure 12.98 ATM, gas density 0.0899 g/L; Water soluble 2 1.4 cm? /kg water (0℃), slightly soluble in organic solvents.

At room temperature, hydrogen is relatively inactive, but it can be activated by a suitable catalyst. Hydrogen is very active at high temperature. Almost all elements can form compounds with hydrogen except rare gas elements. Hydrides of nonmetallic elements are usually called some hydrogen compounds, such as hydrogen halide and hydrogen sulfide. Hydrides of metal elements are called metal hydrides, such as lithium hydride and calcium hydride.

Hydrogen is an important industrial raw material and a future energy source.

Element symbol: h

English name: Hydrogen

Relative atomic mass: 1.00797

Atomic radius/? : 0.79

Electronic configuration: 1s 1

Atomic volume/cm3/mol: 14.4

Ion radius/? : 0.0 12

* * * Price radius/? : 0.32

Oxidation state: Ⅰ

Find:

1766, discovered by H. cavendish in London, England.

Source:

The most abundant element in the universe, mainly combined with oxygen, exists in the form of water and nature, and also exists in mines, oil wells and steam wells.

Uses: Used for producing ammonia, ethanol, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogenation of vegetable oil and unsaturated hydrocarbon, rocket fuel, low temperature research, etc.

There are two isotopes: deuterium (D) and tritium (T).