(4) Springs are rolling and hot springs are running.

Faults on both sides of the rift valley opened the way for groundwater to rise, so a series of springs with large water inflow appeared along the edge of the rift valley, which were used to irrigate farmland in the basin and promoted the development of agricultural economy. The famous ones are Shentou Spring in Datong Basin (Shuozhou), Nanlao Spring in Jinci, Taiyuan, Hongshan Spring in Jiexiu, Guangsheng Temple Spring in Hongtong and Zi Long Temple Spring in Linfen. These springs not only have a large water inflow, but also have beautiful legends, accompanied by ancient buildings such as gardens and temples, thus forming tourist hotspots.

(1) Jinci Spring

Jinci is difficult to find the old spring, located in Jinci, a garden-like classical building complex. Jinci was built to commemorate the founding father of Jin and the governors of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and later dynasties expanded it.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhi Bo first opened canals to irrigate farmland, built the main hall of Notre Dame in the Song Dynasty, and rebuilt the fish pond flying beam in front of the main hall. So Bai Zhou is in the temple, the maids are in the temple, and the Cross Bridge has become the three wonders of Jinci. The spring water in Jinci is a kind of closed spring water rising through the piedmont fault, which gushes out of the surface in the form of spring water in many places. Now there are only two springs due to the renovation of artificial buildings.

In front of the statue of the jellyfish empress in the water hall on the west side of the main hall of Notre Dame, you can see the spring water in the well rolling through the wellhead of the octagonal well outside the hall, which is called the difficult old spring and the main spring of Jinci. After it gushed out of the ground, it passed through the underground sandy soil layer, flowed down from the marble dragon mouth on the stone boat more than ten meters in front of the well, and was taken over by the marble dervish. There is a zigzag bridge in front of Zhou Shi, and there are more springs in the gravel around the bridge. Finally, through the iron column outlet, the water will be led to the outside of the temple through the North Third Canal, the South Third Canal and the South Seventh Canal, and100000 mu of paddy fields will be watered. This field is rich in high-quality rice, which is the Jinci rice in the palace. The second spring gushed from the octagonal pavilion on the north side of Notre Dame Hall. In the 1950s and 1960s, spring water was still rising in this well, but it dried up in 1980s.

The groundwater of Jinci Spring comes from Xishan Mountain in Taiyuan, and it rises and gushes out in the edge mountain fault under the action of karst water of Ordovician limestone. The water inflow is 1. 1 ~ 1.7 cubic meters per second. Its upstream catchment area is hundreds of square kilometers.

At the bottom of Carboniferous strata where coal is produced in geology, there is a layer of timely sandstone with a thickness of 2 ~ 5 meters, which is named after Jinci. Jinci sandstone is an identification sign that separates the upper and lower parts of Carboniferous strata, and it is distributed in the whole province. This sandstone was first exposed from Laojun Cave in the northwest corner of Jinci to Hougongzi Temple of Notre Dame.

In Jinci Canal, the spring water is constant all the year round, clear and transparent, and kelp-like aquatic plants sway in the water with the current. When Liu Shaoqi came to Jinci, he asked his entourage whether aquatic plants were edible. After the exam, the chef cooked several dishes and gave them to Liu Shaoqi. I wonder if this dish is popular.

(2) Guangsheng Temple Spring in Hong Tong

Also known as living spring, the spring is located at the foot of Guangsheng Temple Mountain. There is a water temple with a square pool surrounded by a stone fence in front of it. The width of this pool is 50m× 80m. The main spring gushes from the bottom of the pool in the southeast corner, and its head is higher than the water surface 10 ~ 20 cm. There are dozens of Koizumi upwelling in the pool, and some bubbles appear. The White Dragon Marble Sculpture is newly built in the east of Dong Chi, and the Water Temple is in the north of Dong Chi. The pool water is drawn from the West Canal, forming a flood waterfall with a width of 2-3 meters and a height of 4-5 meters. Water is divided by iron columns according to the proportion of north and south seven.

This pool of water reflects the beautiful Hongfei Tower on the top of the east cliff of the temple. The colorful Hongfei Pagoda is the landmark building of the fire spring. It stands on the top of the mountain, more than 100 meters higher than the surface of the spring, and shines in the sun. This tower is 47 meters high and has an octagonal thirteen floors. According to legend, it is the real Sakyamuni Buddha Tower.

The water inflow of this spring is 3.64 ~ 4.94 meters per second, which irrigates 400,000 mu of farmland in Hong Tong and Zhao Cheng. Water overflows from the Ordovician limestone in Dongshan and rises along the fault at the edge of the basin.

(3) Jiexiu Hongshan Spring

Located in Nanshangou, hongshan town, Jiexiu, the spring water also flows out of a square pond, and there is a source temple in the south of the pond, which is connected with the pond through an arch bridge and stone steps. The flow rate of Hongshan Spring is 1. 1 ~ 1.6 cubic meters per second, which is also located in Ordovician limestone. The biggest feature of this spring is not that it rises in the fault at the junction of plain and mountain and overflows the surface. It gushes directly from the Carboniferous aquifuge at the top of Ordovician limestone, and then flows to the plain outside the mountain. Secondly, the water is rich in calcium carbonate, so an alluvial fan composed of huge travertine more than ten meters higher than the plain and hundreds of meters wide is piled up at the exit. Locals exploit this "spring flower" and sell it as a water-absorbing stone for bonsai.

(4) Shentou Spring in Shuozhou

Located on the north bank of Sanggan River, near the fault on the north side of rift basin, it consists of a series of Quan Shan arranged in a straight line. There are more than 100 springs on the west bank of Gaoyuan River, a secondary tributary, among which the larger springs are Jinlongchi Spring, Huangdao Spring, Shuiweisi Spring, Wuhua Spring, Yunlong Spring, Sanquan Liu Quan Spring and Lianhuachi Spring. The total flow of spring water reaches 8. 1 m3 per second. Among them, the largest Jinlongchi Spring is divided into two pools, called the East China Sea and the West Sea. Because all ponds have been beautified and water temples have been built, they are called "West Lake beyond the Great Wall" and become tourist attractions.

The legend of this spring is Tianchi in the southwest of Ningwu on the south bank of Tongsanggan River. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty once put a sheep tied with a golden ball in Tianchi Lake, and later found it in Shentou Spring, proving that the spring water came from Tianchi Lake. But geological common sense tells us that this legend is purely a rumor. The water in Tianchi Lake is surrounded by nearly horizontal sandstone shale, so the dense water-resisting layer (shale) nearby has not been broken, so the water in the pool will not "leak". The Sanggan River is tens of kilometers wide from north to south, and groundwater cannot be replenished to the north bank through the south bank fault. Shentou spring is mainly replenished by karst groundwater in limestone stratum on the south bank, and rises into Shentou spring in a belt shape when encountering faults at the edge of rift valley.

(5) Spring outing in Yuncheng Salt Lake

Salt lake is a water storage depression, and there can be no river in the pool. It is said that there is Heihe River in the Middle East Pool, which is known as the mother of salt making, and is the main source of raw brine for salt making in salt lakes. In fact, it is the groundwater in the Sushui River basin that flows from north to south. When it meets a big crack at the edge of the rift valley on the south bank of Yanchi, salt water gushes upward from the crack. Because the topography of the salt lake is high in the east and low in the west, the underground salt water in the lake is black because of its high argillaceous content, so this black spring water flows westward like a river, which is continuously and selectively pumped by the salt workers in the central area of the pond, which also makes it look like a river.

During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, a big flood rolled in, and the flood suddenly rushed into the pool with gravel, blocking the outlet of this salt spring, resulting in a sharp drop in salt production. It turns out that the annual output of salt is 70 thousand tons. After the flood, the salt output decreased to10.5 million tons. Therefore, people have to be mobilized to dig out the sediment buried in Heihe River, and they want to dig Heihe River again, but the effect is not great. People use the method of drilling wells to drill wells down in the buried sand to obtain high-concentration brine. At this time, in the eastern part of Heihe River, which is near the place where the original Heihe River gushed out, the ground sank and several funnels collapsed in the soil layer, which was called mountain torrents locally. The funnel is buried in Heihe River, so taking salt water here can also get the same effect as Heihe River. In fact, these funnels are newly arched springs beside the fault after Quan Yuan was buried. What was originally a large-scale "river" has become some funnel-shaped Koizumi. Groundwater will still come out, just in a different form.

The black spring is covered with black mud, and most of the black mud sinks to the bottom of the lake. At the turn of the century, Yuncheng Nanfeng Group learned from Israel's experience in developing the Dead Sea and began to carry out mud therapy and salt bath activities. Yuncheng black mud contains many trace elements, such as bromine, zinc, strontium and lithium. These elements are used to develop a large number of cosmetics for skin care and beauty. Now these two emerging industries are booming and become another profit-making means of Nanfeng Group.

Legend has it that Chiyou was killed in the salt pond, and blood flowed in, causing the lake to turn red. It is an objective natural phenomenon that the lake turns red. Whenever the weather is hot, the lake will turn red. The kind of water that looks reddish from a distance is different from the blue lake. I don't know why the past is explained by legends and myths. At the beginning of this century, after analysis and identification, it was known that it was caused by microalgae-Dunaliella salina. This kind of red algae, whose volume is less than 0. 1 ~ 0.0 1 mm, proliferates rapidly when the temperature turns high, making the lake appear red, just like the "red tide" in the common seawater in the East China Sea. Red tide is the rapid increase of organic-rich components in seawater, which leads to the proliferation of Dunaliella salina because of its rich nutrition. Salt lake is rich in nutrition. As long as the weather gets hot, algae division will accelerate, and the density of algae will increase sharply, making the lake red. Both are caused by Dunaliella salina.

2. Develop hot springs

The thickness of the crust in the rift zone becomes thinner and the value of underground heat flow increases, so there are hot springs exposed. There are 17 hot springs in Shanxi province, almost all of which are in the rift zone. The lowest water temperature is 23.5℃ and the highest water temperature is 63℃. Most of these hot springs have been developed, some as hot spring sanatoriums, hot spring baths, some as swimming pools, and a few have been introduced into greenhouses to grow vegetables and flowers for the benefit of one party. Compared with great basin, there are more hot springs in the southern basin and fewer in the north.

Shanxi hot springs list

The temperature of hot springs is 20℃, and only those with a temperature above 20℃ can be called hot springs. Therefore, the lower temperature limit of hot springs is relatively low, and the setting of the lower temperature limit of 20℃ is related to the existence of a constant temperature zone in the upper crust, which is more than meters underground in Shanxi and constant temperature 12℃. Further down, it will enter the geothermal warming zone. For every drop of 100 m, the geothermal energy in Shanxi increases by 2.3℃ ~ 2.5℃. If it exceeds this value, it can be considered that it has entered the geothermal anomaly zone and can also produce hot spring water.

Some people think that there may be the latest magmatic activity underground in Shanxi hot springs, which leads to geothermal anomaly. In fact, the last magma intrusion in Shanxi occurred 10 thousand years ago. At the same time, Datong volcano erupted and basalt vein invaded. Since then, no magmatic activity has been seen. Therefore, the appearance of Shanxi hot springs is related to the underground heat flow in Shanxi. It has been found that the rift zone in Shanxi is an abnormal area of geothermal activity, and the faults at the edge of the rift zone are the channels for rising heat flow. Taihang fault and Lishi fault are also geothermal anomaly areas.

In addition to those listed in the above table, there is also a hot spring in the muddy floodplain of Hutuo River in the north of Dingxiang, with a spring temperature of about 30℃. The water temperature there is very high, but it is not hot, so you can see warm water pouring out of many small holes in the mire. If the cooling of the river under the floodplain is excluded, the temperature of the spring mouth should be above 40℃.

In addition, there are two brick caves without doors, 5 kilometers away from the provincial boundary, next to Wuwangkou Village in Fuping County, and on the river beach, separated by a wall, each with a hot spring. The water temperature is between 50℃ and 70℃, so it is necessary to take a bath with cold water from the surface river beside the pool. The reason why it is divided into two rooms is to divide the pool for men and women, and there is no door at the entrance of the kiln. I completely believe that men and women who take a bath are gentlemen and will not make a voyeuristic scandal. This hot spring is related to the fault across the northeast bank of Hutuo River on the edge of Fuping City.