Ask Eisenhower how to get a five-star general, whether the first five-star general in the United States is Pershing, and what is the basis. . . .

1890 65438+ 10 65438+April was born in Denison, Texas, USA.

His choice of military career is not entirely out of personal hobbies, nor the wishes of his parents, but related to his family. His family is poor, and his other six brothers have no higher education. Eisenhower can only enter West Point Military Academy for free. His mother is a pacifist and doesn't want her son to join the army, but it's not convenient to stop him. Plus 19, the war in the United States continued at the end of the century, so joining the army is a sacred and fresh thing for young people.

19 1 1 year, Eisenhower was admitted to the US Naval Academy, but he was too old to be admitted. Later, he was recommended by the state senator and admitted to the United States Military Academy at West Point. This year's graduates of West Point Military Academy will shine with stars, and 56 of the graduates of 168 will be promoted to generals, so they are called "star-studded classes". Eisenhower 19 15 graduated from West Point Military Academy and obtained the rank of second lieutenant.

Because of the war, many students went to France to fight in the war, but he was left at home to train and went to San Antonio, Texas. 19 16 liter specialty. 1July 7, 920, Eisenhower's permanent rank was major. 192 1 graduated from the army tank school and founded the first chariot training camp of the us army. Major General Fox Connor, commander of Panama, took a fancy to the young man's military talent and invited him to serve in Panama. 1922 transferred to the staff of the 20th Infantry Brigade in Panama. During his three years in Panama, he was specially trained by Connor, and his military knowledge and skills were greatly improved. Later, Connor accompanied him into the Army Command and Staff College for training. Eisenhower studied hard and trained hard. He graduated with the first place in 1926, and was introduced by Connor to France for a battlefield inspection.

1927- 1928, Eisenhower studied at the Army Military Academy. From 65438 to 0929, Eisenhower went to the office of the Assistant Secretary of the War Department.

During Eisenhower's early military career, I had the privilege of meeting two famous American officers Pershing and MacArthur. He worshipped these two men and followed them desperately, especially MacArthur for six years. 1933 Assistant to MacArthur, Chief of Staff of the Army. 1935- 1940, a former senior assistant to MacArthur, a Philippine military adviser. 1936, Eisenhower was promoted to lieutenant colonel.

1In September, 939, the German army invaded Poland, and he insisted on returning to China despite the dissuasion and retention of MacArthur and others. After returning to China at the end of the year, he served as the logistics planning officer of the US Western Military Command. 1940 was transferred to California 15 Infantry Regiment in February, and 165438 10 was promoted to Chief of Staff of the 3rd Division in October. 1941March, promoted to chief of staff of the 9th army. 1941June became the chief of staff of the third army, and was just promoted to brigadier general 25 years ago. Eisenhower successfully organized and implemented large-scale military exercises during his tenure as Chief of Staff of the Group Army, which attracted the attention of Marshall, Chief of Staff of the Army.

194165438+On February 7th, Japan attacked the US military base at Pearl Harbor. On the 8th, the United States declared war on Japan. On the fifth day after Pearl Harbor, Marshall called Eisenhower to return to Washington. This is of course related to Eisenhower's familiarity with military issues in the Philippines and the Pacific, but more importantly, he has rich experience in staff work. He first served as the deputy director of the war planning department, and soon the planning department was upgraded to the war department and was appointed as the director of the war department. A few weeks later, he was promoted to major general. This is the beginning of his long-term cooperation with Marshall when he entered the high command.

Eisenhower at this time, although not qualified to attend those high-level meetings on allied strategic issues, was able to guide global strategic actions on behalf of American interests from the perspective of the supreme commander. Eisenhower noticed that while the attention of the American government and the public was focused on the Pacific battlefield, Roosevelt and Marshall gave priority to the European battlefield. He agrees with this strategic view. 1in March, 942, he put forward the basic idea of how to wage war to the war department staff: concentrate a large number of American troops in Britain and refuse to use them in any peripheral attacks. He should gain the air superiority over Europe, and then cross the strait from Britain and point to France and Germany. Although the British people agree with this basic idea in principle, they have different opinions on many specific issues. In May, Marshall ordered Eisenhower to make a field trip to Britain, and set up an American command post in Britain to make suggestions for the future implementation plan. In June, President Roosevelt accepted Marshall's advice and appointed Eisenhower as the commander-in-chief of the European theater of the US military in London after returning to Washington to put forward the investigation report "Instructions to the Commander of the European Theater". In July, Eisenhower was promoted to lieutenant general.

Eisenhower showed outstanding military, political and diplomatic abilities in commanding allied forces to fight in North Africa, Sicily and Italy, and in realizing cooperation with allies, and was known as "soldier, politician and diplomat". He is firm, decisive and generous, and has full trust in his subordinates. Brooke, Montgomery and others once looked down on Eisenhower and even made some sharp criticisms from time to time. He is still magnanimous and tries to make Anglo-American cooperation a reality.

1in July, 942, in view of the successive setbacks of British troops in North Africa and American troops in the Far East, and Churchill's strong support, the United States and Britain decided to launch the North Africa campaign. In August, Eisenhower was appointed as the supreme commander of allied landing operations in North Africa. Before that, he didn't command the battle alone, but his first major task after taking office was successful, and the landing operation of the Anglo-American Coalition forces in North Africa went smoothly. This proves that Marshall has a unique vision. Eisenhower became famous for this.

1942165438+1On October 8th, Eisenhower led a coalition of 65438+10,000 troops to land in French North Africa in three ways. Under the cover of a powerful air force, they occupied Algiers, Oran and Casablanca, Morocco respectively. Then, they marched to the west, forming an east-west attack on the German-Italian allied forces retreating into Tunisia. 1943 65438+ 10, US President Roosevelt came to North Africa to review the landing of American troops, and held a Casablanca meeting with British Prime Minister Churchill from 14 to 26. In February, Eisenhower won the rank of the highest general at that time and became the commander-in-chief of the allied forces in North Africa and the Mediterranean.

Despite possible political criticism, Eisenhower decided to recognize Admiral Darren of Vichy government in North Africa as the supreme commander of France in the region, thus avoiding resistance and accelerating the process of allied forces in North Africa. 1at the end of 942, Kesselring Pass was defeated. Unswervingly, he took timely measures to send General Barton to replace the incompetent commander of the Second Army, Fredenda. 1943 In late March, under the command of Eisenhower, the United States and Britain launched a general attack on southern Tunisia. After more than 20 days of fierce fighting, German and Italian troops were driven to the north of Tunisia. The decisive battle began on April 20, and on May 6 and 7, the United States and Britain broke through the enemy lines, boarded the coast and occupied Tunis. At the same time, American troops attacking in the north occupied Bisesa. German and Italian troops are in a dilemma, and there is no retreat. On May 13, all 250,000 people surrendered. At this point, all the fascist troops in Africa were wiped out.

Eisenhower was ready to attack Sicily, and immediately set about making plans for the Italian campaign. Regardless of the opinions of the staff, he thinks that the garrison on Ban Treglia Island between Sicily and North Africa must first surrender. At the beginning of June, about 300 tons of bombs landed on this island with an area of about 50 square kilometers, which opened the prelude to the battle of Sicily. Only 1 0,000 ships participated in this campaign, and the number of people who landed was10.5 million. In order to get close to the battle site, Eisenhower arrived in Malta on July 7. Everything was ready for the landing campaign, but the weather changed suddenly and the sea was rough, which was extremely unfavorable to the naval and air force operations. Many staff officers requested to change the landing date. Eisenhower was unmoved and insisted that the allies should act according to the original plan. On the night of July 9, Montgomery's British 8th Army and Barton's American 7th Army began to land and airborne. 17 in August, the allied forces conquered Messina and occupied the whole island, and the battle of Sicily ended. The allied forces killed and injured about 23,000 people; German and Italian troops suffered 32,000 casualties, 6.5438+0.35 million people were captured, and another 6.5438+0.00 million people retreated to Italy.

At the Tehran Conference, which began in June 1943+0 1, the United States and Britain once again clearly expressed their determination to open up the second battlefield in Europe in 1944, while the Soviet Union hoped to determine the supreme commander of the allied forces as soon as possible. Eisenhower was defeated by Eisenhower after the meeting.

He was appointed as the supreme commander of the allied forces to command the "overlord" operation.

1944 65438+1In mid-October, Eisenhower arrived in London to form the Supreme Command of the Allied Expeditionary Force. With the consent of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States and Britain, Eisenhower appointed Ted as deputy commander, Smith as chief of staff, Bradley as commander of American ground forces, Montgomery as commander of British ground forces, Ramsey as commander of navy and Lima Lori as commander of air force. According to the system designed by Eisenhower, the above-mentioned service commanders have dual roles: on the one hand, the service commanders are members of the Supreme Command and participate in the planning work of the Supreme Command; On the other hand, the service commander is the commander who commands specific actions in the whole military operation and has his own headquarters. In order to gain the air superiority in Normandy, Eisenhower completely controlled the British tactical and strategic air force. He increased the first batch of landing troops from three divisions to five divisions, leaving other details to Montgomery and Bradley to deal with and care about what he thought was more important. Eisenhower realized that the problem of air superiority is very important and the most difficult one. He asked the British Air Force to carry out the Normandy War under his control. This decision was opposed by British strategic air force commander Harris, which made Eisenhower, who has always been cautious and kind, furious. On March 23, he announced: "If this problem cannot be satisfactorily solved, I will petition to resign." The British chief of staff had to agree to put the strategic air force under Eisenhower's command. The US Air Force and the air forces of other countries concerned have also made the same arrangement. Then, he reached an agreement with the French to bear the loss. In this way, the problem of air superiority was solved by Eisenhower.

As early as March 1943, the allied forces set up a joint staff office in London to study and formulate a European operational plan. On the basis of the original plan, Eisenhower presided over the formulation of the "Overlord" operational outline, including: landing on the Normandy coast and breaking through the defensive position of the enemy Eisenhower, who was elected as the man of the year of Time twice (2 pieces); With two army groups to carry out a wide range of frontal pursuit, the left wing focused on obtaining the necessary ports, advancing to the German border, threatening Ruhr, and the right wing should be connected with the troops attacking France from the south; Obtaining ports in Belgium, Brittany and the Mediterranean in order to establish new bases along the western border of German-occupied areas; Launch the final attack by encircling the Ruhr with two wings, focus on the left wing again, and then directly break into Germany according to the specific direction decided at that time; The attack date is set at1June 5, 944. At the same time, the allied forces concentrated in Britain stepped up cooperative combat drills focusing on amphibious landing operations, and a considerable number of landing craft and special tanks were gradually equipped with troops; The air force frequently dispatched, hit the German Air Force hard, seized air superiority, and isolated the assault area; The intelligence department obtains German intelligence through "super" and "magic" decoding institutions, while the meteorological department pays close attention to climate change. The construction of artificial ports and breakwaters, the laying of oil pipelines across the strait and the adoption of military deception measures made the German high command misjudge. On the eve of the implementation of the "Overlord" operation, the allied forces concentrated 38 divisions (2.87 million people), more than 5,000 tanks, more than 9,000 ships and13,000 aircraft in Britain.

On the western front, the defensive positions of the German army in Lund, Stedt (Army Group B in' and Army Group G in blasco) ***59 divisions; Speller's Air Force 3rd Air Force and krank's western naval cluster are obviously weak. It is puzzling that Lundstedt and Rommel are quite limited: they have no right to give orders to Speer or krank; Without the approval of the high command, have no right to mobilize any armored division; The combat area and jurisdiction depth of all army troops defending coastal areas shall not exceed 20 miles. In addition, Lund Stedt, Rommel and the High Command also have great differences in national defense planning. On June 4, at the allied combat meeting, Eisenhower decided to change the attack date to June 6 according to the change of climate situation.

In the early morning of June 6th, 1944, the Battle of Overlord was launched. Allied paratroopers and airlift troops landed in Normandy first, followed by sea and air bombing. At 6: 30, more than 4,000 warships with 5 divisions10.2 million men, under the cover of sea and air fire and the guidance of special tanks, launched an attack on Normandy beach, winning the first battle and landing successfully at night.

In the battle for beachhead position, the allied forces (Montgomery's 2 1 Army Group, which is under the jurisdiction of the US Army 1 Army Group and the British Army Group 2) mainly consolidated and expanded the landing site through fierce fighting. In July, after the allied forces captured Cherbourg and Gangcheng, the landing site was expanded to the area with the width of the front line 100 km and the depth of more than 50 km. From July 25th to 30th, the American Army's "Cobra" campaign achieved a breakthrough in German defense. 1 In August, Bradley's 12 Army Group (under the jurisdiction of/kloc-0 Army and the 3rd Army of the United States) was established. Subsequently, the US military swept Brittany. After the Allied forces repelled the counterattack of Motein, they found that an encirclement of the Germans could be formed in Fares. Eisenhower ordered a campaign to surround the Germans. Since August 8, the allied forces have surrounded Falls from the north, west and south by mobile troops. By the 20th, 50,000 Germans were captured and 10000 people died. At the end of the Normandy campaign, the Germans lost about 400,000 people and the Allies lost about 2 10000 people. On August 25th, the Allies liberated Paris.

In August, the allied "anvil-dragoons" campaign began. In September, the allied forces fighting with "Overlord" and "Anvil-Dragon Cavalry" successfully joined forces. Devers's 6th Army Group began to belong to Eisenhower. On September 1 day, Eisenhower moved his headquarters to France and officially took over the command of the ground forces from Montgomery. Around this time, American troops liberated Sharon, Reims, Verdun and other places, crossed the Maas River, and British troops liberated Amiens, Lille and Brussels. Eisenhower decided that the Allies should adopt a "lenient and positive strategy", which made the Germans unable to take care of each other from beginning to end and accelerated the collapse. On the 4th, Eisenhower ordered the troops north of the Ardennes to occupy Antwerp, break through siegfried line and seize the Ruhr area. The troops south of Ardennes must break through siegfried line and then occupy Frankfurt. After the British conquered Antwerp, the Allies were blocked in front of siegfried line. In June 5438+02, Eisenhower was promoted to a five-star general.