In addition to the four great inventions in ancient China,

solar storm-the earliest sunspot found

stars in Beidou-the observation of comets

when the moon is shining, there will be food in the morning-the record of solar eclipse

the sun, the moon and the stars-the combined calendar of yin and yang

the world's oldest catalog-Shi's catalog

the earliest and most complete calendar works in existence- The armillary sphere

the oldest timekeeping instrument in China-pot leakage

geodesy-determination of meridian

Calendar revolution-Shen Kuo's Twelve Qi Calendars

A wonderful work in scientific research-an astronomical instrument invented and developed by Guo Shoujing

The most excellent calendar in ancient China-Guo Shoujing's Chronology Calendar

Zhou Gong's view.

strategizing in Nine Chapters of Arithmetic —— Zero and Calculation

Decimal notation

China's remainder theorem —— Finding a skill through great derivation

Zu Chongzhi and pi

Jia Xian Triangle

One-yuan high-power multiplication —— Tianyuan Shu

Zhu Shijie and his Four-yuan Jade Mirror. The invention of

Mojing and the first law of motion

The incense burner and the gimbal

Magnetic declination and inclination

Measuring tools-vernier caliper

Projection slide-lantern

Mysterious reflection

Strange mirror-Transparent mirror

The world's earliest periscope < The invention of firewood

lacquer and lacquerware

China—— the world-famous porcelain

oil and natural gas

the burning stone —— the development and utilization of coal

Zhang Heng's seismograph

the earliest anemometer

the cloud is raining to the west —— cloud observation and cloud atlas

temperature observation and precipitation observation.

the water conservancy project of diverting Jing to Luo-Zheng Guoqu

the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal

China's earliest water level station-Fuling Shiyu

China's earliest tidal map-Dou Shumeng's Tao Shi Tu

Ancient geography masterpiece-Shui Jing Zhu

Bronze Age-copper mining < Classification of animals and plants

till, raising my cup, I asked the bright moon asked the sky about wine-making koji and brewing wine

There are jade trees in the mountains, and the branches are hanging down-plant prospecting

Jia Sixie and Qi Min Yao Shu

Wang Zhennong Shu with distinctive features

Intensive cultivation, abundant crops

Tea planting and tea culture

Lusang Baifeng continuous.

Be good at its things and sharpen its tools-the invention of the iron plow

Power-saving seeder-triangular rake

field-raising tool-fan car

water conservancy irrigation machinery-keel waterwheel

Ten times as good as two crops-Sangji fish pond

The warm soup in the inner garden has entered the melon in mid-February.

Shennong tasted a hundred herbs-Chinese herbal medicine to treat diseases

Fuxi made nine needles-acupuncture therapy

Huatuo anesthesia-Mafeisan

immunization-vaccination

health preservation and longevity-hormone extraction

iron smelting technology

all kinds of steelmaking technology < Manufacturing technology

tools for grain processing-water hammer and water mill

vehicles with the earliest mileage recorded-drums and carts in mind

the invention of hoofing and stirrups

the invention of Lu Ban and sawing umbrella

the dragon lies on its back-the Great Wall of Wan Li

the eighth wonder of the world-the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty

. Treasure-the tallest and oldest heavy wooden tower in the Forbidden City-the wooden tower in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province

The mystery of unsinkable boat-watertight compartment

Canal lock

The wind blows and the car flies-sails and sails

The treasure of aviators-parachutes

The treasure of Ling Bo-rudder

astronomy and geography navigation technology

horizontal rotors and propellers

gunpowder and gunpowder weapons

military classics-Sun Tzu's Art of War

chariots and warships

colorful cold weapons

a milestone in the development of human civilization-the invention of papermaking

block printing < p The earliest paper money in the world-Jiaozi

The earliest architectural monograph in China-Lei Zu and primitive textile technology

Hand-pedal spinning wheel

Looms and jacquard machines

Dyes and dyeing

The earliest poetry collection in China-The Book of Songs

The earliest in China. Literary theory monograph-Wen Xin Diao Long

The first historical book in China-The Chronicle as a Mirror

The largest encyclopedia in ancient China-Yongle Dadian

The binding form of ancient books in China

The oldest writing in China-Oracle Bone Inscriptions

Bronze wares and bronze inscriptions

The standard font of Qin Dynasty. P > stippling is attractive-running script

a well-structured font-regular script

the foundation work of Chinese literature linguistics-Shuowen Jiezi

a treasure in national culture-Four Treasures of the Study

Grottoes art and Dunhuang frescoes

Tang Sancai

an outstanding work of art-is neat in form and harmonious in tone. "Twelve Equal Laws"

The bell chime of Zeng Houyi, who is famous at home and abroad

The Record of Ghosts, the first monograph introducing the works of Chinese opera writers

The traditional opera of China

Yuanqu and Guan Hanqing

China ancient health gymnastics-Wuqinxi

China Kung Fu-Wushu

China.

Built at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Song, the official minister, presided over the construction. It is a large astronomical instrument and a great scientific and technological achievement in ancient China with worldwide influence.

The invention of mosquito-repellent incense may be related to the hygiene customs of the ancient Dragon Boat Festival and the custom of burning incense and offering sacrifices.

black powder, compass, printing.

the dawn of human civilization-fire

the earliest long-range weapon of mankind-bow and arrow

the earliest tool of mankind-stone tools

The greatest contribution of traditional Chinese medicine to the world is its practical technology of preventing and treating diseases.

China is an ancient country of mathematics, and Nine Chapters of Arithmetic and Nine Chapters of Mathematical Techniques are ancient mathematical masterpieces.

China is also an ancient country in astronomy, and China is the first country in the world with written records of sunspots, Halley's comet, supernovae and other astronomical phenomena.

In addition to the four major inventions of papermaking, compass, gunpowder and movable type printing, and the four new inventions of traditional Chinese medicine, decimal value system, equatorial coordinate system and block printing, there are many ancient inventions in China that have influenced the development of science and technology in the world, such as porcelain, silk, metal casting and deep cultivation.

24 solar terms is the fifth greatest invention in ancient China.

There have also been many new developments in physics, chemistry and biology. Our ancestors created two golden ages for the prosperity and development of ancient science and technology in China.

China is a traditional agricultural country, and water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture. In ancient times, there were Dujiangyan, Zheng Guoqu, Lingqu, Longshou Canal and Jinghang Grand Canal before the Tang Dynasty. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal built in Sui Dynasty is the earliest and longest navigation canal in the world. These projects are incomparable in medieval Europe in terms of building scale, technical level and benefits of agricultural irrigation, navigation and transportation.

Mozi, a representative figure in mohists during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, put forward geometric concepts such as point, line, square and circle in the book Mo Jing. The operation method of Pythagorean Theorem in Zhou Bi suan Jing. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, written in the Han Dynasty, contains 246 solutions to applied problems, which is very rich in content and has made great achievements in arithmetic and algebra, especially in solving practical problems, far exceeding the mathematical system of ancient Greece. Zu Chongzhi's pi calculated by "secant technique" is very accurate, and it is far ahead in the world.

What needs to be mentioned in particular is the outstanding contribution of ancient China to the development of world civilization-"Four Great Inventions", which embodies the wisdom and creation of working people in ancient China.

The compass was invented in the Warring States period more than two thousand years ago. At that time, people ground the natural magnet into a spoon shape and put it on a smooth plane to point out the north-south direction. This guide instrument was called "Sina". In the northern song dynasty, the guide instrument was manufactured by artificial magnetization. Ceng Gongliang's 144 edition of "General Introduction to the Martial Classics" recorded the manufacturing method of "Compass Fish". Shen Kuo, a great scientist, further explained the method of making a compass by magnetizing an iron needle in Dream Stream. Not long after its invention, the compass was used in navigation, guiding China's ocean-going fleet to sail on the South Pacific and Indian Ocean routes, and was introduced to Arabia in the 12th century, and then to Europe.

The invention of papermaking was summed up by the working people in China from the experience of flossing and retting hemp, and began in the Western Han Dynasty. Ancient paper of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed from the beacon ruins in Luobu Zhuoerhan, Xinjiang, is all plant fiber paper, the texture of which is rougher than that of others. Cai Lun, who was in charge of the royal manual workshop in the Eastern Han Dynasty, relied on sufficient manpower and material resources, and based on summing up the experience of craftsmen, improved the papermaking technology with rags, bark and old hemp as raw materials to produce a batch of practical paper with higher quality. Paper-making technology first spread to Korea and Vietnam, Japan in the seventh century, Arabia in the eighth century and Europe in the thirteenth century.

The invention of printing has generally gone through two stages, from block printing to movable type printing. About the Sui Dynasty, people invented block printing technology under the inspiration of the rubbing method of seal stone carving. During the Northern Song Dynasty (about 141-149 AD), Bi Sheng, a civilian inventor, invented movable type printing technology, which made movable type from clay and then typesetting and printing, which was economical and convenient, greatly improved the efficiency, and was a great revolution in the history of printing. In the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen successfully developed wooden movable type and invented the wheel typesetting frame.

the invention of gunpowder began with alchemy. In the process of alchemy, the alchemist accidentally found that igniting the mixture of nitrate, sulfur and wood charcoal as the main raw materials would cause combustion and explosion. After the invention of gunpowder, it was used in the military, which changed the face of war and the course of history. As Marx said, "gunpowder blew the knight class to pieces." In the War of Resistance Against Gold in the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Jun used powerful gunpowder weapons such as "thunderbolt" and deafening sound. In the late Song Dynasty, gunpowder sand guns and gunpowder guns were invented. Gunpowder was introduced to India and Arabia by merchants from about 1225 to 1248, and later spread to the West.

China's science and technology have been in the leading position in the world for a long historical period. The purpose of revealing and exploring the scientific creations and inventions of our ancestors is to better enlighten the young people's studious and pioneering hearts.

Today, history has entered the image era of sound, light and electricity, and the dissemination of knowledge and information is vivid and straightforward. This book uses the form of "pictures and words" to show historical features and various images, and to narrate historical facts with "words". The pictures and words complement each other and show readers the fruitful achievements of the development of civilization in the motherland for thousands of years.

Although this book is called "Illustrations of Ancient Inventions in China", some items in it are not inventions in the strict sense

. For example, some astronomical phenomena were first observed by our ancestors and belong to the contents of discovery. However, because they have played an important role in social production practice and people's daily life, they are of great significance and groundbreaking, and we will also tell them in this book.

for another example, some academic works have made a true and complete record and description of inventions in a certain field. The achievements of scientific research in history have been summarized and handed down mainly by works, such as Zhou Xie Shu Jing and Wang Zhen Nong Shu. We also received this book. For academic works with similar contents in the same subject, we only choose those written earlier to introduce and tell them.

this book does not adopt the framework of chronicle, and is basically arranged in the order of astronomy, calendar, physics, chemistry and chemical engineering, geology, biology, agriculture, medicine, light industry, metallurgical machinery, architecture, navigation and aviation, military affairs, culture and art, but it is not strictly classified. Some items have differences in content, such as gunpowder, one of the four great inventions, which was made in the invention of gunpowder. Another example is planting mulberry and raising silkworms, which is described in Sangji fish pond and further elaborated in the relevant items of textile. The purpose of doing this is not only to take care of the convenience of narration, but also to make readers master the relevant knowledge more comprehensively and accurately. And there are differences in the contents of the items, but at the same time there is emphasis.

China's traditional culture is profound and gorgeous, and many literature classics have been handed down. In the past, similar publications only introduced inventions and discoveries in the field of science and technology. In fact, our ancestors also had unique inventions and creations in the field of social sciences, such as Chinese characters, poems and songs, melodies and ancient musical instruments. They are all important parts of the development of human civilization, and they also play an important historical role in promoting social development.

To this end, we have added some items related to social science, which is the uniqueness of this book.

In the selection of pictures, besides displaying artifacts, we also pay attention to showing the modality of ancient scientists when they wrote and invented and the social life scenes at that time, and show readers strange and interesting touching stories of indomitable scientific masters in the process of invention and creation, so as to enhance the calendar.