All the geographical information of China.

1. Topographic map of China (all mountains and topographic areas and their approximate latitude and longitude)

Second, the map of China latitude and longitude network

The westernmost point: the easternmost point of the Pamirs (730E) of the X River: the intersection of the middle line of the main channel of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River (1350E), with a length of more than 5,000 kilometers from east to west.

The northernmost part: the southernmost part of the main channel of Heilongjiang Province (540N) to the north of Mohe River: Zengmu shoal (40N) is more than 5,500 kilometers long from north to south.

Requirements: Remember the mountains and terrain areas passed by 900E, 1000E,100e, 1200E, 1400E.

Pass through the mountains and terrain areas of 200 degrees, 300 degrees and 400 degrees north latitude.

Beijing (400 degrees north latitude, 1 160 degrees)

Neighboring countries: North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Haji, Taba, Indonesia, Indonesia, Tin and Denmark.

Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam face each other across the sea.

South Korea and Japan in the east, Marvin and Indonesia in the south.

There is a Philippines in the southeast.

Three, China administrative map (34 provincial administrative regions and administrative centers, for short, the shape of some provinces, you can simply draw the wheel width map of individual special provinces).

Abbreviated as "San Zi Jing": Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinning, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui.

Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Tibet, Qiong, Chongqing, Taiwan Province, Hong Kong and Macau, my motherland is a good country.

Four, China's three natural areas.

1. Division basis: topography and climate.

2. The dividing line between the three natural regions and their respective characteristics.

East monsoon area: the altitude is low, which is significantly affected by the ocean monsoon in summer, and it is generally hot and rainy; In winter, under the influence of cold air in northern Mongolia and Siberia, most areas are cold and dry. The southeast monsoon from the Pacific Ocean lands in the southeast of China in May and leaves in June at 5438+ 10. The southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean is late, with plum rains in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from mid-June to mid-July, and summer drought from mid-July to mid-August. This time is not conducive to the growth of crops in this area, and typhoons have brought a lot of precipitation and some losses.

The vegetation is dominated by forests (temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest in the north and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the south).

Rivers are outflow rivers, which are mainly replenished by the surface.

The influence of human beings on this region is extensive and far-reaching. Except for a few places where natural vegetation no longer exists, it is the main agricultural area in China.

Northwest arid and semi-arid areas: the altitude is higher, but the difference is significant. The water level of Aiding Lake in Turpan Basin is below sea level 155 meters.

Located in Eurasia, far away from the ocean, it is less affected by the summer monsoon, and the humid airflow in the ocean is blocked by mountains, which makes it difficult to go deep, with obvious continental nature and dry climate. The temperature varies greatly every day throughout the year, and it is windy, especially in winter and spring.

Due to the Hui Ze of water vapor in Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean and the uplift of topography, there is more precipitation in the west of X River, reaching 600 mm in some areas.

Most of the vegetation is desert (camel thorn, Achnatherum splendens, cactus, etc. And there are many Populus euphratica in the oasis area. ), and some of them are grasslands, especially in the eastern region where grass is tall and grass is luxuriant.

Most areas belong to the internal flow area. Rivers are mainly supplemented by seasonal rain and water melted by mountains and snow. The Ili River flows into Lake Balkhash in the west. The Irtysh River flows into the Arctic Ocean in the north.

Animal husbandry is developed in this area. There are also the famous Inner Mongolia Sanhe Horse, Sanhe Cattle and Ningxia Tan Sheep.

Qinghai-Tibet alpine region

The average altitude is more than 4000 meters. The air is thin, the terrain is high and the weather is cold, the heat preservation effect is not obvious, the temperature is low, the frozen soil is widely distributed, the solar radiation is strong and the wind is strong.

The vegetation is mainly desert, grassland and alpine meadow shrubs, and the southern marginal valley plus Hengduan Mountain area is a small area forest (affected by humid airflow in Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean).

Northwest China is cold and dry, mostly in inflow areas. There are very precious Tibetan antelopes living in Hoh Xil area of northern Tibet Plateau. There are many glaciers and lakes in the southeast, and there are many rivers and their birthplaces. From north to south are the Yellow River, Yangtze River, Yalong River, Lancang River, Nujiang River and Yarlung Zangbo River.

The plateau in this area has a horizontal change from southeast to northwest: mountain forest-alpine meadow-alpine grassland-alpine desert. The vertical differentiation of mountains in this area is obvious, and the Himalayas can be divided into seven natural zones.

3. Internal differences among the three regions.

North-South differences in the eastern monsoon region (mainly manifested as thermal differences)

The humid and semi-humid areas in the temperate zone of Northeast China: the accumulated temperature is 32,000℃-35,000℃, with a cold temperate monsoon climate. The surface is dominated by coniferous forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests, with black soil and various spring wheat, soybeans, sorghum and sugar beets. Once a year.

Warm temperate humid and semi-humid areas in North China: The accumulated temperature is 35,000℃-45,000℃, which belongs to warm temperate monsoon climate. The surface is dominated by temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, and yellow soil is rich in winter wheat, cotton and peanuts, which are harvested three or two times a year (dry land).

Central China's subtropical humid area: 45,000℃-75,000℃, subtropical monsoon climate, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest on the surface, a variety of rice, rape, cotton and sweet potato in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Sichuan Basin, which is an important grain and cotton producing area in China. Crops (paddy fields) with two or three seasons a year produce freshwater fish, water chestnut, lotus root and other aquatic plants. Sugarcane, mulberry, sericulture and citrus are also produced in some areas of Sichuan Basin. Red soil is widely distributed in the vast hills south of the Yangtze River, with less organic matter, strong acidity and heavy soil, which is suitable for planting tea trees, camellia oleifera, Chinese fir and Pinus massoniana. This area is called "red desert" because of long-term deforestation and steep slope reclamation, and some bare red soil hills have lost soil.

Tropical humid area of South China: above 75,000℃, it belongs to tropical monsoon climate, with tropical monsoon forest as the main surface, latosol, rice and various tropical cash crops (coconut, longan, pineapple, banana, litchi, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, etc.). ), harvest three times a year. The Pearl River Delta is also suitable for planting mulberry and sericulture, and Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan and Qiong are rich in sugarcane. Hainan Island, Leizhou Peninsula and southern Yunnan are the production bases of natural rubber.

Citrus is the most abundant and widely distributed fruit in southern China.

Southern minerals: There are many kinds, mostly non-ferrous metals, but generally few, especially energy minerals (such as oil and coal), which are rich in water. In order to solve the energy shortage, many hydropower stations and three nuclear power plants (Qinshan (Zhejiang), Ling 'ao (Guangdong) and Daya Bay (Guangdong) have been built.

East-west differences in arid and semi-arid areas of northwest China (mainly manifested as water differences)

Vegetation can be divided into forest grassland-typical grassland-desert grassland-desert from east to west.

Among them, Daxinganling is roughly 400mm isoprecipitation line, and Helan Mountain is roughly 200mm isoprecipitation line.

Three economic belts (eastern economic belt, central economic belt and western economic belt)

Classification standard: the level of economic development, the eastern region has the smallest area, the largest population and the most developed economy.

Reasons: Natural reasons From the natural differences in China, it can be seen that the climate in the eastern region is humid, rainy and hot at the same time, which is conducive to crop growth; The low terrain is more conducive to development and utilization. However, the central and western regions are mostly high-altitude arid or alpine regions, which is extremely unfavorable to agricultural development. Geographically, the eastern area faces the sea, and the shipping is open and convenient, which provides superior location conditions for the development of an open economy. The central and western parts are far from the sea and have been relatively closed for a long time. Dry climate, abundant sunshine, high altitude, less water resources, rich minerals and sufficient energy.

Socio-economic reasons: (1) The modern industry in the southeast coast started early and the economy was relatively developed; (2) People in the eastern region are more open-minded and have a strong sense of crisis and urgency in the face of economic competition. (3) The industrial structure in the eastern region is relatively excellent, and the proportion of secondary and tertiary industries is above 35%, which is much larger than that of the primary industry. Rural industrialization and urbanization are relatively high, and the level of productivity is relatively high. However, the proportion of primary industry in the central and western regions is still relatively large, township enterprises are underdeveloped, the level of productivity is low, and economic development is relatively slow. (4) The eastern part is the earliest coastal area to implement reform and opening up. First of all, it accepted advanced overseas technology, a large amount of funds and modern management science, and embarked on the road of rapid economic development.

The proportion of primary industry in the central and western regions is large and the industrial base is weak; People are conservative in concept and backward in culture and education; Low productivity level; The introduction of foreign capital is small, but with the development of the western region, the prospects are considerable.

Advantages of eastern economic development: the most important industrial areas in China (central and southern Liaoning, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou, Pearl River Delta); China's main agricultural bases (Huanghuaihai Plain, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and China sea water producing areas, etc. ); Convenient transportation; The degree of economic internationalization is very high; Have the advantage of high-tech cultural level; The most densely populated area in China.

Advantages of economic development in the central and western regions: vast area and obvious advantages in energy and mineral resources (Shanxi coal base, X Xinjiang and other northwest regions are rich in oil and Sichuan natural gas); Important grain, oil, cotton and sugar producing areas and natural forest farms and pastures in China; Nonferrous metal industry and heavy industry are relatively developed (Harbin, Wuhan, Taiyuan, Baotou, Datong, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Chengdu and Chongqing are all important industrial towns); Transportation is mainly based on railway and inland river shipping. There are great advantages in developing border trade, and various resources are abundant, especially energy, minerals and tourism resources. The southwest of China is rich in hydraulic resources.

Problems in eastern economic development: insufficient energy and raw materials, shortage of fresh water resources in northern provinces and cities, and environmental pollution in some densely populated areas; The flood control situation in the lower reaches of major rivers in flood season is more severe.

The problems existing in the economic development of the central and western regions: the railway transportation capacity can not meet the needs of coal transportation in Shanxi energy base; A large number of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau; Excessive deforestation in northeastern China; Potential flood crisis caused by continuous siltation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River; Floods in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River; Sandstorms along the Great Wall. The industrial and agricultural foundation in most areas is weak; Science, technology, culture and education are underdeveloped, transportation facilities and means are backward, the ecological environment in northwest China is deteriorating, and land is desertified; The traffic difficulties in the southwest of China hindered the economic development.

The direction of economic development in the eastern region; Give full play to the geographical advantages of the coast (external introduction and internal connection); Vigorously develop the tertiary industry and intensive agricultural production; Give full play to the advantages of technological innovation.

The direction of economic development in the central and western regions: adjust measures to local conditions and give full play to resource advantages; Vigorously develop agriculture; Strengthen the construction of east-west traffic corridor; Do a good job in the management of large rivers and lakes; Strengthen infrastructure construction such as transportation and communication and ecological environment construction (returning farmland to forests and grasslands, suitable forests are suitable for forests and grasses, and drought is suitable for droughts) (South-to-North Water Transfer Project, Three-North Shelterbelt, etc.). ). Give full play to the advantages along the border and develop border trade; Focus on gradually developing energy, minerals and hydraulic resources in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River; Give full play to the foundation and ability of the third-line construction.

Coordinated development between the east and the west: combining the capital, scientific and technological strength in the east and the rich energy and mineral resources in the central and western regions, some labor-intensive processing enterprises and some enterprises with high energy consumption, high plateau material consumption and large transportation capacity can be transferred from the east to the central and western regions, and agricultural and animal products processing enterprises suitable for local processing in the central and western regions can also be transferred to the central and western regions.

These are inseparable from remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS satellite constellation consists of 2/kloc-0 working satellites and 3 in-orbit standby satellites, with ***6 orbital planes, so at least 3 satellites are needed to determine the position).