Notes: Selected Ancient Prose (I) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Four modules of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties:

Wei (Jian 'an period): Three Dynasties (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) and RoyceWong.

Second, Jin: Western Jin: Li Mi, Zuo Si, Ge Hong; Eastern Jin Dynasty: Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun

Southern and Northern Dynasties: Bao Zhao, Jiangyan, Xie Tiao, and Confucius.

Stories and Folk Songs: Gan Bao, Liu Yiqing and Folk Songs.

1, short song

1, Cao Cao, a famous Meng De, a politician in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the actual ruler in the North, formed a tripartite confrontation. There are more than 20 poems written by Cao Cao today, all of which are old Yuefu poems. This is Wei Wudi.

2. Poetic features: This poem inherits the tradition of "accidents happen" in Han Yuefu, reflects the turbulent reality, expresses personal ambition, is impassioned, desolate and tragic.

3. "Short songs" is an old topic in Yuefu. Long song, short songs refer to the length of songs. Line: a genre of ancient songs, which tells the lyrics used at banquets.

Ideological content:

(1) The ideological theme is eager to recruit talents, make contributions, and settle the world.

(2) The overall style of the whole poem is high-spirited and generous, which reflects the enterprising spirit of the poet.

Artistic features:

1, bi xing technique. In the sentence of "the moon and the stars are rare", the birds flying south mean that the sages are busy, and flying around the trees means that "the good birds choose wood to live, and the sages choose the master and follow". The moonlit scenery is integrated with the poet's feelings and the theme of his works.

2. The use of allusions.

The comparison between (1) and Duke Zhou belongs to an event (story), which is implicit and distinct, and fits the poet's special position. ;

(2) Quotations from The Book of Songs belong to dictionaries (quotations have sources), which are solemn, simple and elegant.

2. RoyceWong's Seven Wounded Poems (No Chaos in Xijing)

1, RoyceWong, the word, achieved the highest achievement among the seven sons of Jian' an, and was called "the crown of seven sons" by Liu Xie;

2. Style: Wang Shen experienced troubled times, and his poems and empowerment reflected the sadness of realistic emotions at that time.

3. The works "Seven Wounded Poems" and lyric poem "Going to the Building" include "Wang Canji".

Writing background: This poem was written in Han Xianping for three years. At that time, Dong Zhuo's subordinates (Li Jue and Guo Si) made an insurrection in Chang 'an, so RoyceWong had to take refuge in Jingzhou and wrote this documentary.

Ideological content: It gives a rough description of the warlord scuffle and people's misery in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and expresses sympathy for people's sufferings and a strong desire to learn from wise monarchs to manage troubled times.

Analyze the profound significance of the description of "Hungry women abandon their children"

The depiction of this human tragedy is very prominent and has profound social significance. The poet intercepted such a typical picture of life, and by showing the abnormal phenomenon that mothers abandoned their parents and children, he reflected the distortion of people's hearts caused by the turmoil of the times, which not only expressed deep sympathy for the people, but also implied the condemnation of those who created the turmoil.

Understand the thoughts and feelings expressed in the last four sentences.

1, "Bali" in "Nandeng Baling Bank" is the location of Wendi's mausoleum, which expresses his yearning for "the rule of cultural scenery" in the early Han Dynasty.

2. "People who realize that they will go to the next spring" means that the author of the poem "Next Spring" misses the mood of a wise monarch ruling the world.

Xia Quan is a famous poem in The Book of Songs. And "Preface to Mao's Poems" think that the theme of this poem is "thinking about Cao, people ... thinking about Wang Xianbo"

3. RoyceWong's Ode to the Building

Common sense of literature:

This is a lyric poem. Judging from the geographical environment written in the poem, the place where RoyceWong climbed the stairs was Maicheng Tower.

Writing background:

In the fifth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao fought the battle of Guandu. After the victory, Cao Cao gradually unified the north, while Liu Biao in Jingzhou did not make progress and did nothing, so he could not be a scholar at home to avoid the chaos in Jingzhou.

Ideological content:

In a depressed situation, I went upstairs to express my feelings and pour out my thoughts about my hometown, frustrated that my talents were not satisfied and my grand plans were difficult to show.

Artistic features:

1, real and touching direct lyric. This article laid the emotional tone of the whole article with the word "worry", and the whole text blended with scenes, which led to the yearning for hometown; I feel lyrical, the twilight is boundless, and my husband is constantly attracted, and the feeling of sadness and loneliness arises spontaneously.

2. Use allusions. No matter saints or ordinary people, no matter how poor they are, the homesickness is the same, which strengthens the allusions of homesickness, such as "hanging a melon" and "not eating well" and expresses the fear of not being appointed.

3. Refined words and harmonious syllables also reflect the characteristics of lyric poetry in Wei and Jin Dynasties.

4. Cao Pi's Ge Yanxing

Common sense of literature:

1, Cao Pi, Jpua, the second son of Cao Cao.

2. Achievements include Wei Wendi Collection;

Dian Lun Wen is an important paper that pioneered literary criticism. Ge Yanxing is the first complete seven-character poem in existence, and it is an old topic in Yuefu.

This poem is about a woman's deep nostalgia for her distant husband.

Female images and their artistic features;

1, Shaping the image of a woman: Shaping the image of a woman who lives alone and misses her distant husband deeply.

2. Description of women's appearance and behavior. Such as touching his chin with tears and playing the piano in a low voice, it also depicts the lonely mentality and the anxiety and doubt caused by her husband's absence;

3. Description of the scenery: "The autumn wind is bleak, the weather is cold, and the vegetation is like frost. The bright moon shines on my bed, and it's still early for the stars to flow west. Cowherd and Weaver Girl face each other from a distance, why are they confined to the river beam alone? "

There are autumn scenery such as autumn wind, frost and dew, falling vegetation, and the sustenance of the myths and legends of Cowherd and Weaver Girl.

4. The use of various artistic techniques makes the emotional expression of the whole poem tortuous and euphemistic, profound and touching, and rhymes with each sentence.

5. Cao Zhi's "Give a White Horse to Wang Biao"

1, Cao Zhi, Zi Zijian, the third son of Cao Cao. Everyone in the world calls Chen Wei. The representative writers in Jian 'an period had a great influence on the development of five-character poems, including Cao Zijian Collection.

2. His life and creation are divided into two periods, with Cao Pi calling himself emperor as the boundary. Early stage: full of ambition, high-spirited works, more ambitious to make contributions; Later period: works often express anger that ambition can't show.

"White Horse Map" and "Luo Shen Fu" are both later works.

Writing background of this article:

In the fourth year of Huang Chu, Cao Zhi, Cao Zhang and Xelloss went to Beijing to "make peace". As a result, Cao Zhang died suddenly, and Cao Zhi and Cao Biao returned to the fief and were forced to go their separate ways. When leaving, Cao Zhi became angry.

After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he was very harsh on his brothers. For example, he is not allowed to detain the capital, exchange information, send envoys to monitor every move, constantly change fiefs, and often make them migrate.

Thoughts and feelings:

1, the grief and indignation of missing comes not only from the immediate things, but also from the unfair voice in the usual humiliating and embarrassing situation.

2. Write about the sadness of my brother's future and the strong resentment against the court's suspicion and oppression.

Structure content (mainly understanding):

The whole poem consists of seven chapters.

First, the attachment and sadness when leaving Luoyang, where will the brothers go?

Second, write about the obstacles and difficulties encountered and express concerns about the future.

Third, denounce the villain who stirs up trouble, implying dissatisfaction with the emperor who appointed the villain.

Fourth, autumn scenery, who wrote the desolate wasteland, set off the inner loneliness and desolation.

Five, write about Cao Zhang's mourning and his own sadness.

Sixth, write a farewell to the white horse king Cao Biao.

Seven, both lament the suspicious fate and the impermanence of life, and wish each other take care and enjoy life in the future.

Lacrimosa's poem is full of tears, expressing tortuous and complicated feelings.

Artistic feature

1. This poem combines narrative, scenery description and lyricism according to the clues of the subject. One is narration, the other is scenery description, and the third is lyricism. It expresses the complex feelings in the heart, which is sad and touching.

2. The pulley body is adopted.

The whole poem consists of seven chapters. Except the first chapter, the other chapters, the last sentence of the previous chapter and the first sentence of the next chapter are interrelated, so each chapter is a connecting link.

(2) A large number of question-and-answer sentences are used, which plays a connecting role and can deepen feelings. The chapters are closely connected, coherent and fluent, which makes the expression of feelings more fluent and powerful.

Pulley form

(2) Taigu He Liaokuo ... My horse is yellow.

(3) Mystery and yellow can still enter. ....

(4) Why did you stay? ..... There are often too many caressing hearts.

(5) What will it be? ..... Duh, it makes me sad.

My heart makes my god sad ... can it not be bitter?

Why think hard ... I'll resign from now on.

The expressive technique of borrowing scenery to express emotion

Chapter 1, chapter 2 and chapter 4 mainly focus on the description of scenery, and use the description of scenery to render the sad atmosphere.

What you see with your eyes, what you hear with your ears, and what you feel in your heart all express the sadness of your brother's departure.

2. The third, fifth, sixth and seventh chapters are mainly lyrical, expressing their feelings directly and setting off the scenery, symbolizing the use of various artistic means to express their inner complex feelings, which is sad and moving.

Important sentences

1, "The lonely soul flies to the old domain, and the coffin is sent to the capital", and "the lonely soul" refers to Cao Zhang.

2. In the poem Farewell to Lieutenant Du to Shu, "However, China has our friendship, and heaven is still our neighbor" comes directly from Cao Zhi's "White Horse Behavior".

3. "Time is in Sang Yu, and its influence cannot be traced", and "Time is in Sang Yu" means that people reach old age.

4. "I'm depressed that Huang Xuan can still get in." "Huang Xuan" here refers to equine disease.

5 "owl", "wolf" and "fly"

"Owl" is a metaphor for a sinister villain; "Jackal" is a metaphor for fierce villains; "Fly" is a metaphor for a villain who turns black and white upside down.

6. Luo Shenfu (preface)

Style: Luo Shen Fu is a famous lyric poem.

Ideological content:

1. The author uses the mythical Fu Fei to develop a beautiful imagination, and depicts Luo Shen's beautiful, warm, naive and affectionate character.

2. She pursued boldly, but in the end she separated from her admirer, leaving her with infinite disappointment. This is a story about the final disillusionment of the love between man and god.

3. The author was in a state of doubt and depression. Luo Shen may be the embodiment of the author's ideal of a beautiful society and life.

Artistic feature

1、

① It shows the external beauty and internal beauty of Luo Shen in many aspects, and shapes a typical classic beauty with both form and spirit.

② There are not only detailed descriptions of Luo Shen's appearance, clothing, posture and manner, but also images of his enthusiasm, boldness, innocence and nature, as well as in-depth expressions of his sad inner activities.

2. It has a strong romantic color. With myths and legends as a symbol, it has strange imagination, strange image, gorgeous rhetoric and strong romantic color.

Selected original text:

1, its shape is also, if stunning, if Youlong. -Elegant posture

2. Glory Qiuju, Song Chun, Hua Mao. -Radiant.

3. If you cut the shoulders into pieces, the waist will be as agreed ... the clouds are towering, the eyebrows are trimmed, the lips are bright, the teeth are bright, the eyes are good, and the strength is strong. -Beautiful appearance

4, inlaid with gorgeous posture, quiet and leisurely. -Nice pose

5, fancy clothes, picturesque bones, practicing travel style, lightly dragging the fog. -Gorgeous clothes

7. Shi Mi's Chen Qingbiao

Common sense of literature:

1, Shimi: From Shu Han to the Western Jin Dynasty, his masterpiece is Chen Qingbiao.

2. Personality: upright, talented in debate and famous in literature.

Writing background:

This is what Shimi said to Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty.

Sima's family killed in the process of replacing Cao Wei's regime, and the families in the Central Plains always looked down on the southern scholars, so Shi Mi was worried and waited and tried to postpone his post.

Original content:

In the first paragraph, I said that my grandmother and I live together and cannot be separated. In the second paragraph, Chen said that he was caught in a dilemma because of the court's appeal and urging.

The reason why the third paragraph can't be called an indictment is just for filial piety.

The fourth paragraph expresses the loyalty to the Jin Dynasty and the heart of serving the country.

Ideological content: Chen Qingbiao focused on the unfortunate situation of his family and his lonely life with his grandmother, which showed that it was difficult for him to make a phone call.

Artistic feature

1, emotion

Express your true feelings, with sincere words, tactful and decent, sad and moving.

One or two paragraphs focus on feelings, three or four paragraphs focus on reason, and loyalty and filial piety can be complete, reasonable and touching.

2. Language

The language image is vivid, and the words and sentences are also extremely cautious and tactful, which conforms to the identity and occasion when expressing feelings.

Standing alone, hanging like a shadow; Anxious to spark; Sunset, dying; This is a bad day.

8. Zuo Si's Ode to History (Weak Crown and Soft Han)

Common sense of literature:

1, Zuo Si, the word is too strong, and he was born in poverty. The main content of fourteen existing poems is to reveal the irrationality of the gate valve system and express the desire to make contributions.

Style: bold and vigorous poetic style, unpretentious language.

3. Works: Sandu Fu (Luoyang Gui Zhi), including Zuo Taichong's Collection.

Ideological content:

A poem named "The Crown is Weak and the Chinese are Soft" is the preface to "Eight Poems on Historical Poems", which states his outstanding talent and political ambition. His talents are well-read, good at writing, familiar with the art of war, proficient in military affairs, able to save the nation at a critical moment, express his political ambitions in many ways, and fully display his self-image.

9. Zuo Si's Poems (Yu Yu built Song Di)

Ideological content: (it's called chanting history, but it's actually chanting history)

It reveals that the unreasonable phenomena such as the children of mediocre aristocratic families stealing high positions and the handsome scholars relegating to second place under the gate valve system are the injustice of the oppressed, and reveals that the root of the unreasonable phenomenon is the gate valve system.

Poetry structure

The whole poem is divided into three layers:

① The first four sentences are compared with abnormal natural phenomena;

② The middle four sentences turn from natural phenomena to social reality, pointing out the significance of the first four sentences;

The last four sentences are proved by concrete historical facts, and the root of the unreasonable phenomenon is the gate valve system.

Artistic feature

The first level of comparison: using the method of comparison;

The second contrast: from nature to society;

The third contrast is the concretization of the second contrast, which reveals the truth of history and expresses strong anger and injustice.

Analysis on the expressive function of the sentence "the terrain makes it, the origin is not once"

From the natural phenomenon to the social reality, the author named the meaning (theme) of the first four sentences, exposing the unreasonable phenomenon that ordinary aristocratic children steal high positions and poor children relegate to the lower levels under the gate system.

Analyze the historical facts used in poetry.

(1) "Jin Zhangji is an old story, and the seven-leaf Han mink", a descendant of Jin Ridi and Zhang Tang in the Western Han Dynasty, is a great official from generation to generation. ("Seven leaves" refers to seven generations)

(2) "Feng Gong was not for Wei, and the white head didn't move." When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was outstanding, Feng Tang was not reused by the emperor until his hair turned gray.

③ Taking specific historical facts as an example, it shows that the root of unreasonable phenomenon is the gate valve system.

10, Ge Hong's "The Painter Abandons the Market"

Common sense of literature

1, Ge Hong: Jiangsu native,no. Bao Puzi.

2, experience: poor family, studious, read a lot of books, after a good alchemy, resigned in his later years.

3. His works include Miscellanies of Xijing, Bao Puzi, Biography of Immortals, etc.

This article is selected from Ge Hong's Miscellanies of Xijing. Abandoning the city is beheading. Yuan Di refers to Emperor Han Yuan. Wang Qiang refers to Wang Zhaojun.

Wang Zhaojun's story can be found in the history books of the Han Dynasty, but there are no paintings. This paper puts forward the view that paintings are precious.

Ideological content:

1, revealing that the root of Zhaojun's tragic fate is the emperor's autocracy;

2. Showing Zhao Jun's self-confidence, integrity and unyielding personality, she has an independent and self-respecting personality, which has a great influence on all kinds of works with Wang Zhaojun as the theme in later generations.

Artistic features:

1. Structurally, the painter runs through the whole paper. From the moment when the painter wrote the portrait of the maid-in-waiting, it led to the painter asking for bribes, which laid the groundwork for Zhao Jun's lack of favor, so Yuan Di pursued the matter, which led to the painter being abandoned by the market.

2. The cause, development and ending of the story are clearly written, with ups and downs.