What are the customs and official positions of the Han people?

The official system of the Han dynasty implemented the system of three officials and nine ministers, and the prime minister had greater power to kill. The prime minister Qiu called the three fairs, and the prime minister was in charge of administration and was the first of the civil servants; Qiu is in charge of the military and is the head of the military attache; Examiners supervise and assist the Prime Minister in managing political affairs. In the Han dynasty, there was an unwritten rule that you must be an ancient scholar to be a prime minister. And under the suggestion, there is also an suggestion in cheng, in charge of palace affairs. Jiuqing is Taichang (in charge of offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods), Guangluxun (in charge of the head room), Wei (in charge of guards), Taifu (in charge of chariots and horses), Tingwei (in charge of laws), Dahonglu (in charge of rites), Zong Zheng (in charge of the emperor's genealogy), Dasinong (in charge of the national economy) and Shaofu (in charge of royal finance). During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to consolidate the imperial power, the imperial power began to expand greatly, and the status of Shangshuling rose greatly. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Lang was the assistant of Yan 'an, Zhu Fuyan and other important officials. And discussed with ministers.

Custom:

Clothing:

Most of the crown service systems in the Han Dynasty were inherited from the Qin system. It was not until the second year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty that there were formal and complete regulations. The main costumes in the Han Dynasty were robes and skirts [straight single clothes] and skirts [short clothes]. In the Han Dynasty, because of the very developed weaving and embroidery industries, rich people could wear beautiful clothes of silk and satin. Ordinary people wear short pants, and the poor wear short brown [short clothes made of coarse cloth]. Women in the Han dynasty wore two-piece dresses and robes, and there were many styles of skirts, the most famous of which was the fairy skirt. The rank of costumes in the Han Dynasty is mainly reflected by crowns, hats and ribbons. Different official positions have different crowns and hats. Therefore, the crown system is particularly complex, as many as 16 species. There were also strict regulations on shoes in the Han Dynasty: all sacrificial clothes should be worn, the wearing rate of court clothes was high, and shoes should be worn when going out. Women should wear clogs when they get married, and they should draw colorful pictures and tie colorful ribbons on them.

Diet:

With the complete birth of China's unification, the powerful Han royal family went further than the Qin Dynasty in diet. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had the most complete food management system in China at that time. Among the officials in charge of the daily affairs of the emperor, there are taiguan, tangguan and daoguan related to food activities. They are "main diet", "main cake bait" and "main rice selection" This is a huge bureaucratic system. Under the official order, there are seven officials, including officials in charge of offering food everywhere, officials in charge of daily diet, and officials in charge. Taiguan and Tangguan each have 3,000 handmaiden, and the food expenses of the emperor and harem reach 200 million yuan every year. This expenditure is equivalent to the property of the middle class of the Han Dynasty. The daily expenditure is 548,000 yuan, equivalent to more than 2,700 stones of good rice or 9 1000 Jin of good meat. The etiquette system of the Han Dynasty stipulated that the son of heaven "must have the taste of eight treasures in his diet." They are "rich and delicious, and taste the world." The change of seasons had a great influence on the living conditions of ordinary people in Han Dynasty. For example, Xu Gan, a man at the end of the Han Dynasty, said, "It's a hot summer", and even the nobles feel that "the body is picturesque, the water is like a spring, the fan is not working, and the banquet is fresh." The seasonal restriction of diet and life was reduced to the lowest level at that time by the emperor and empresses. In winter, the emperor can enjoy onions, leeks and other vegetables produced in spring, which are expensive. Officials "built houses, lit fires day and night, and waited for the temperature to increase." In the hot summer, both the emperor and the empresses are "hard ice often falls, and cold is exchanged." During this period, the spread of food culture in China intensified. According to Records of Historical Records and Hanshu, when Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, he had economic and cultural exchanges with Central Asian countries through the Silk Road. Zhang Qian and others not only introduced products such as gourd, walnut, coriander, flax, carrot and pomegranate from the Western Regions, but also introduced products such as peaches, plums, apricots, pears, ginger, tea and food culture from the Central Plains to the Western Regions. Today, among the cultural relics unearthed from the Han tombs in the former Western Regions are wooden chopsticks from the Central Plains. One of China's traditional barbecue techniques, iron plate barbecue, also spread to Central Asia and West Asia through the Silk Road very early, and finally formed kebabs that local people like to eat. The Southwest Silk Road, which was earlier than the Northwest Silk Road, started in Chengdu, an important town in the southwest, and passed through Yunnan to Myanmar and India in Indochina Peninsula. This Silk Road also played a role in spreading food culture to the outside world in the Han Dynasty. For example, during the Jianwu period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, sent Fu Bo general Ma Yuan south to Jiaozhi (present-day Vietnam). At that time, a large number of officers and men of the Han Dynasty built cities and lived in Jiao Jiao and other places, and brought the food customs such as eating zongzi on the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month in China to Jiao Jiao and other places. So Vietnam and Southeast Asian countries still keep the custom of eating zongzi. At the same time, China's Wei Man was king in North Korea. At this time, China's food culture had the deepest influence on North Korea. North Korea is used to eating with chopsticks. The cooking materials used in North Korea and the collocation of food in North Korea obviously have the characteristics of China. Even in cooking theory, North Korea pays attention to China's "five flavors" and "five colors". Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty was the center of world culture at that time, and China gradually formed a multi-ethnic country, which facilitated the exchange and integration of various ethnic food cultures. Special products from the western regions were first introduced to the mainland, which greatly enriched the food and cultural life of all ethnic groups in the mainland. The exquisite dishes and cooking skills of various ethnic groups in mainland China have gradually spread to the west and are loved by local people. In the process of mutual communication, all ethnic groups constantly innovate the Chinese nation's food culture. During this period, ethnic minorities in the west and northwest were still living together with the Han nationality, gradually getting used to and accepting farming as a way of production and life, and began to live a settled agricultural life. At the same time, animal husbandry in the mainland has also developed rapidly, thanks to frequent exchanges between Hu ethnic groups. This change has also greatly changed the traditional diet structure of Hu Hanmin people. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, "eating meat and drinking cheese" began to become a common dietary feature of Hu Hanmin people in the whole northern and northwestern regions.

Then let's talk about festivals:

Lantern Festival (Lantern Festival) on the 15th day of the first month: Lantern Festival (Lantern Festival) 2006.02.6438+02

Flower Festival (Flower God Festival) February 12: Flower Festival (Flower God Festival, Flower God's birthday) March 3438+01

March 3rd Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day): Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day) 2006.03.36438+0

Cold Food Festival (from winter to the future 105, one or two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day) 2006.04.04

Tomb-Sweeping Day, 5 April 2006

Dragon Boat Festival, May 5, 2006

China Valentine's Day July 7, 2006 3 1

Mid-Autumn Festival (Ghost Festival) July 2006 15 08.0

Mid-Autumn Festival August 2006 15 10.06

Double Ninth Festival September 9, 2006 10.30

Winter solstice festival (winter solstice) 2005+02.22

Laba Festival, the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, 2006+0.07

Cereal Sacrifice Day (off-year) December 23rd, 2006 +0.22

New Year's Eve 2006130 February 0 1.28

15 major festivals of the Han nationality:

Spring Festival, Shangyuan Festival (Lantern Festival), Huachao Festival (Flower God Festival), Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day), Cold Food Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Qixi Festival, Zhongyuan Festival (Ghost Festival), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Winter Solstice Festival, Laba Festival, Kitchen Festival (off-year) and New Year's Eve.

The first day of the first month of the Spring Festival 2006.0 1.29

Lantern Festival (Lantern Festival) on the 15th day of the first month: Lantern Festival (Lantern Festival) 2006.02.6438+02

Flower Festival (Flower God Festival) February 12: Flower Festival (Flower God Festival, Flower God's birthday) March 3438+01

March 3rd Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day): Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day) 2006.03.36438+0

Cold Food Festival (from winter to the future 105, one or two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day) 2006.04.04

Tomb-Sweeping Day, 5 April 2006

Dragon Boat Festival, May 5, 2006

China Valentine's Day July 7, 2006 3 1

Mid-Autumn Festival (Ghost Festival) July 2006 15

Mid-Autumn Festival August 2006 15 10.06

Double Ninth Festival September 9, 2006 10.30

Winter solstice festival (winter solstice) 2005+02.22

Laba Festival, the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, 2006+0.07

Cereal Sacrifice Day (off-year) December 23rd, 2006 +0.22

New Year's Eve 2006130 February 0 1.2

15 major festivals of the Han nationality: (reposted)

Spring Festival, Shangyuan Festival (Lantern Festival), Huachao Festival (Flower God Festival), Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day), Cold Food Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Qixi Festival, Zhongyuan Festival (Ghost Festival), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Winter Solstice Festival, Laba Festival, Kitchen Festival (off-year) and New Year's Eve.

There are nearly 50 traditional festivals of the Han nationality.

● The first month

-

Day 1: Spring Festival (January Day, New Year's Day, Jacky, Chen Yuan, Yuanshuo, Zheng Dan, Zhengshuo) 2006+0.29.

Spring Festival (in Spring Festival)

Day 7: People's Day 2006.02.04

Day 8: Valley Day 2006.02.05

Day 9: Sunshine Festival February 6, 2006

Day 10: Earth Day Festival 2006.02.07

Fifteenth: Lantern Festival (Shangyuan Festival, Lantern Festival) 2006.02.6038+02

XX: Tianchuan Festival 2006.02. 17

XXV: Warehouse Filling Festival 2006.02.22

Dark Day: The first month was dark, February 27th, 2006.

● February

-

Junior one: Zhonghe Festival (Sun's birthday) February 28, 2006

The second day: Spring Dragon Festival (Dragon Head Rise, Dragon Head Festival, Land Meeting, Spring Society Day/Spring and Autumn Society Day) 2006.03.0438+0

Section 12: Flower Festival (Flower Festival, the birthday of God of Flowers) 2006.03.2001001010106

XV: Butterfly Club March 2006 14

XIX: Guanyin Birthday 2006.03. 18

Vernal Equinox Festival (on the day of vernal equinox) 2006.03.20038+0

● March

-

Grade 3: Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day) 2006.03.4438+0

Cold Food Festival (from winter to the future 105, one or two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day) 2006.04.04

Tomb-Sweeping Day, 5 April 2006

● April

-

Day 8: Bathing Festival (Sakyamuni's birthday) May 5, 2006

Long Summer Festival (Summer) 2006.05.06

XVIII: Bi Xia Yuan Jun Festival 2006.05. 15

● May

-

Day 5: Dragon Boat Festival (Dragon Boat Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Duanyang Festival, Noon Festival, Universal Festival and Mid-Day Festival) 2006.05.438+0.

XIII: Rain Festival (Guan Gong Sharpening Day) 2006.06.08

Twenty: Dragon Boat Festival 2006.06. 15

Summer season (tidal festival, on summer day) 2006.06.20638+0

● June

-

Day 6: Sunday (June 6th, Sun Festival, King of Insects Festival, Mother's Day) 2006.07.0438+0.

XIX: Guanyin Club July 2006.14

24: Lotus Watching Festival (Lotus Birthday) 2006.07.6438+09

● July

-

Day 7: China Valentine's Day (Begging for Cleverness Festival) July 2006 30738+0

Fourteen: autumn picking, August and July 2006

Mid-Autumn Festival (Orchid Festival, Ghost Festival and Gua Festival) 2006.08.08

29th: Burial Festival 2006.08.22

● August

-

Day 1: Natural Moxibustion Day (Natural Medicine Day) 2006.09.22

15: Mid-Autumn Festival 2006. 10.06

● September

-

Day 9: Double Ninth Festival 2006+00.30

XIX: Guanyin Club 2006. 1 1.09

● 10 month

-

Day 1: Cold Clothes Festival (clothes-giving Festival, Ghost Festival) 2005. 1 1.02 (this table was compiled at the end of 2005 10, so it is counted accordingly).

XXV: Xiayuan Festival (Xiayuan Water Joint) 2005+0438+0.8+06

● 1 1 month

-

Winter solstice festival (in winter solstice) 2005.6438+02.22

● twelfth lunar month

-

Day 7: Exorcism Day 2006.438+0.06

Day 8: Laba Festival 2006+0.07

Sixteen: coccygeal joint 2006+0.6438+05

Twenty-three: Day of Sacrificing Kitchen (off-year) 2006+0.22

New Year's Eve 2006.05438+0.28

Traffic in Han dynasty:

The development of commercial exchange relations has promoted the development of transportation. The land and waterway of the Central Plains have made new development, and the traffic in the Central Plains and border areas has also developed. The thousand-mile plank road from Guanzhong to Bashu has been rectified many times. The Flying Fox Road, which was opened in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is about 300 miles from the first generation (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province) to Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi Province). It also opened up a road from Lingling (now Hunan) and Guiyang (now Chenxian) to Lingnan, reaching as far as Jiaotoe, Old Town and Rinan counties, with a length of more than 1,000 miles. From Bashu, there is another road leading to the southwest Yi area. This road goes southwest again, passes through today's Myanmar and reaches India. This is the Southwest Silk Road. Along these plank roads and avenues, pavilions and post stations are built to ensure business travel, settle down and facilitate transportation. Within counties, there are also many ways to develop traffic, such as "digging mountain passages", "setting pavilions" and "setting up postal services".

Overseas traffic further developed in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The relationship between countries is closer. In the 20th year of Jianwu (AD 44), Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiufeng named North Korea as Ma Su, the Japanese sent envoys to give gifts, and Liu Xiuci gave the seal. In A.D. 1784, the Japanese discovered a gold seal made in China on Shiga Island in Jiuzhou (now Shiga Town, Shihegu County, Fukuoka Prefecture). The "Hanwang" in Wenri may be the golden seal of Liu Xiuci. In the first year of Andi yongchu (107), Japanese Wang Shuai sent someone to present 160 handmaiden, willing to appear before Luo. By this time, Han had reached islands and regions thousands of miles south of Japan, and some voyages took more than a year.

The golden seal of the "King of Slaves in Han Wei" (unearthed in Shiga Island, Fukuoka Prefecture) was more closely related to Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean during the Eastern Han Dynasty. The emperor (89- 105) and Tianzhu (now India) sent envoys to give gifts many times. In the sixth year of Shun Di Yongjian (13 1), the king of the wild fishing country (now Java or Sumatra) sent envoys to give gifts, and the Han dynasty sealed the king of the wild fishing country as Han Guiyi, and also gave the king a gold seal and a purple ribbon. In the ninth year of Emperor Huan (166), Andun, King of the State of Qin (Roman Empire), also presented ivory, rhinoceros horn and monkeys (D-D-D).