Can you tell me more about Eisenhower?

Dwight David Eisenhower (1890- 1969), 1890, 10, was born in Denison, Texas, USA.

19 1 1 year, Eisenhower was admitted to the US Naval Academy, but he was too old to be admitted. Later, recommended by the state senator, he was admitted to the United States Military Academy at West Point. This year's graduates of West Point Military Academy will shine with stars, and 56 of the graduates of 168 will be promoted to generals, so they are called "star-studded classes". Eisenhower graduated from West Point Military Academy with the rank of second lieutenant in 19 15 and went to San Antonio, Texas. 19 16 was promoted to lieutenant.

1July 7, 920, Eisenhower's permanent rank was major. 192 1 graduated from the army tank school, 1922 transferred to the 20th Infantry Brigade of Panama. General Fox Connor, the brigade commander, thought he had a bright future, so he spared no time and energy to train him. 1923, with the help of Connor, entered the army command and staff school. 1926, after graduating with the first place, he went to France for battlefield investigation after Connor introduced him. 1927- 1928, Eisenhower studied at the Army Military Academy.

From 65438 to 0929, Eisenhower went to the office of the Assistant Secretary of the War Department. 1933 was appointed assistant to MacArthur, chief of staff of the army. 1935- 1940. As the senior assistant of MacArthur, the military adviser of the Philippines. 1936, Eisenhower was promoted to lieutenant colonel. 1940 was transferred to California 15 Infantry Regiment in February, and 165438 10 was promoted to Chief of Staff of the 3rd Division in October. 1941March, promoted to chief of staff of the 9th army. 1941June became the chief of staff of the third army, and was just promoted to brigadier general 25 years ago. Eisenhower successfully organized and implemented large-scale military exercises during his tenure as Chief of Staff of the Group Army, which attracted the attention of Marshall, Chief of Staff of the Army.

19411February, after the pearl harbor incident, Eisenhower was transferred to the deputy director of the operational planning department of the army general staff. 1Feb. 942, he was promoted to the position of director of operation planning department. In February, Marshall reorganized the operational planning department into the operational department, the highest command organization of the US military, and appointed Eisenhower as the operational department minister in March. Shortly thereafter, Eisenhower was promoted to major general.

1942 Since March, Eisenhower has been instructed by Marshall to draft the joint operational plan of the European Allied Forces. Eisenhower believed that the US military should take the battlefields in Europe and the Atlantic as the main strategic direction, concentrate its main forces and weapons in Britain first, then cross the Strait and suddenly head for Europe. In May, he was ordered to go to London to inspect the military situation and the future establishment of the US military in Europe. In June, after submitting the investigation report "Instructions to the Commander of the European Theater", he was appointed as the commander of the European Theater of the US Army and returned to London. In July, Eisenhower was promoted to lieutenant general.

1in July, 942, in view of the successive setbacks of British troops in North Africa and American troops in the Far East, and Churchill's strong support, the United States and Britain decided to launch the North Africa campaign. In August, Eisenhower was appointed as the supreme commander of allied landing operations in North Africa.

1942165438+1On October 8th, Eisenhower led a coalition of 65438+10,000 troops to land in French North Africa in three ways. Under the cover of a powerful air force, they occupied Algiers, Oran and Casablanca, Morocco respectively. Then, they marched to the west, forming an east-west attack on the German-Italian allied forces retreating into Tunisia. 1943 65438+ 10, US President Roosevelt came to North Africa to review the landing of American troops, and held a Casablanca meeting with British Prime Minister Churchill from 14 to 26. In February, Eisenhower won the highest rank of general at that time.

1943 In late March, under the command of Eisenhower, the United States and Britain launched a general attack on southern Tunisia. After more than 20 days of fierce fighting, German and Italian troops were driven to the north of Tunisia. The decisive battle began on April 20, and on May 6 and 7, the United States and Britain broke through the enemy lines, boarded the coast and occupied Tunis. At the same time, American troops attacking in the north occupied Bisesa. German and Italian troops are in a dilemma, and there is no retreat. On May 13, all 250,000 people surrendered. At this point, all the fascist troops in Africa were wiped out.

Eisenhower was ready to attack Sicily, and immediately set about making plans for the Italian campaign. Regardless of the opinions of the staff, he thinks that the garrison on Ban Treglia Island between Sicily and North Africa must first surrender. At the beginning of June, about 300 tons of bombs landed on this island with an area of about 50 square kilometers, which opened the prelude to the battle of Sicily. Only 1000 ships participated in this campaign, and the number of people who landed was 15000. In order to get close to the battle site, Eisenhower arrived in Malta on July 7. Everything was ready for the landing campaign, but the weather changed suddenly and the sea was rough, which was extremely unfavorable to the naval and air force operations. Many staff officers requested to change the landing date. Eisenhower was unmoved and insisted that the allies should act according to the original plan. On the night of July 9, Montgomery's British 8th Army and Barton's American 7th Army began to land and airborne. 17 in August, the allied forces conquered Messina and occupied the whole island, and the battle of Sicily ended. The allied forces killed and injured about 23,000 people; German and Italian troops suffered 32,000 casualties, 6.5438+0.35 million people were captured, and another 6.5438+0.00 million people retreated to Italy.

At the Tehran Conference, which began in June 1943+0 1, the United States and Britain once again clearly expressed their determination to open up the second battlefield in Europe in June 1944, while the Soviet Union hoped to determine the supreme commander of the allied forces as soon as possible. After the meeting, Eisenhower was appointed as the supreme commander of the allied forces to command the overlord action.

19441In mid-October, Eisenhower arrived in London to form the Supreme Command of the Allied Expeditionary Force. With the consent of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States and Britain, Eisenhower appointed Ted as deputy commander, Smith as chief of staff, Bradley as commander of American ground forces, Montgomery as commander of British ground forces, Ramsey as commander of navy and Lima Lori as commander of air force. According to the system designed by Eisenhower, the above-mentioned service commanders have dual roles: on the one hand, the service commanders are members of the Supreme Command and participate in the planning work of the Supreme Command; On the other hand, the service commander is the commander who commands specific actions in the whole military operation and has his own headquarters. In order to gain the air superiority in Normandy, Eisenhower completely controlled the British tactical and strategic air force.

As early as March 1943, the allied forces set up a joint staff office in London to study and formulate a European operational plan. On the basis of the original plan, Eisenhower presided over the formulation of the "overlord" operational outline, including: landing on the Normandy coast and breaking through the enemy's defensive positions; With two army groups to carry out extensive frontal pursuit, the left wing focused on obtaining the necessary ports, advancing to the German border, threatening Ruhr, and the right wing should be connected with the troops attacking France from the south; Obtaining ports in Belgium, Brittany and the Mediterranean in order to establish new bases along the western border of German-occupied areas; Launch the final attack by encircling the Ruhr with two wings, focus on the left wing again, and then directly break into Germany according to the specific direction decided at that time; The attack date is set at1June 5, 944. At the same time, the allied forces concentrated in Britain stepped up cooperative combat drills focusing on amphibious landing operations, and a considerable number of landing craft and special tanks were gradually equipped with troops; The air force frequently dispatched, hit the German Air Force hard, seized air superiority, and isolated the assault area; The intelligence department obtains German intelligence through "super" and "magic" decoding institutions, while the meteorological department pays close attention to climate change. The construction of artificial ports and breakwaters, the laying of oil pipelines across the strait and the adoption of military deception measures made the German high command misjudge. On the eve of the implementation of the "Overlord" operation, the allied forces concentrated 38 divisions (2.87 million people), more than 5,000 tanks, more than 9,000 ships and13,000 aircraft in Britain.

On the western front, the defensive positions of the German army in Lund, Stedt (Army Group B in' and Army Group G in blasco) ***59 divisions; Speller's Air Force 3rd Air Force and krank's western naval cluster are obviously weak. It is puzzling that Lundstedt and Rommel are quite limited: they have no right to give orders to Speer or krank; Without the approval of the high command, have no right to mobilize any armored division; The combat area and jurisdiction depth of all army troops defending coastal areas shall not exceed 20 miles. In addition, Lund Stedt, Rommel and the High Command also have great differences in national defense planning.

On June 4, at the allied combat meeting, Eisenhower decided to change the attack date to June 6 according to the change of climate situation.

In the early morning of June 6th, 1944, the Battle of Overlord was launched. Airborne troops landed in key areas of Normandy. The air force and navy conduct fire attacks and mine clearance on coastal targets. Under the cover of naval and air fire and the guidance of special tanks, five allied divisions attacked Normandy beach and landed successfully.

In the battle for beachhead position, the allied forces (Montgomery's 2 1 Army Group, which is under the jurisdiction of the US Army 1 Army Group and the British Army Group 2) mainly consolidated and expanded the landing site through fierce fighting. In July, after the allied forces captured Cherbourg and Gangcheng, the landing site was expanded to the area with the width of the front line 100 km and the depth of more than 50 km. From July 25th to 30th, the American Army's "Cobra" campaign achieved a breakthrough in German defense. 1 In August, Bradley's 12 Army Group (under the jurisdiction of/kloc-0 Army and the 3rd Army of the United States) was established. Subsequently, the US military swept Brittany. After the Allied forces repelled the counterattack of Motein, they found that an encirclement of the Germans could be formed in Fares. Eisenhower ordered a campaign to surround the Germans. Since August 8, the allied forces have surrounded Falls from the north, west and south by mobile troops. By the 20th, 50,000 Germans were captured and 1 10,000 people died. At the end of the Normandy campaign, the Germans lost about 400,000 people and the Allies lost about 2 10000 people. On August 25th, the Allies liberated Paris. In August, the allied "anvil-dragoons" campaign began. In September, the allied forces fighting "Overlord" and "Anvil-Dragon Cavalry" will win a great victory. Devers's 6th Army Group began to belong to Eisenhower. On September 1 day, Eisenhower moved his headquarters to France and officially took over the command of the ground forces from Montgomery. Around this time, American troops liberated Sharon, Reims, Verdun and other places, crossed the Maas River, and British troops liberated Amiens, Lille and Brussels. Eisenhower decided that the Allies would adopt a "lenient and positive strategy", which made the Germans unable to attend to one thing and lose sight of the other from beginning to end, and accelerated their collapse. On the 4th, Eisenhower ordered the troops north of the Ardennes to occupy Antwerp, break through siegfried line and seize the Ruhr area. The troops south of Ardennes must break through siegfried line and then occupy Frankfurt. After the British conquered Antwerp, the Allies were blocked in front of siegfried line. In June 5438+02, Eisenhower was promoted to a five-star general.

1944 12 16. The Germans launched a counterattack in the Ardennes (commonly known as the battle of the bulge) in an attempt to capture Liege and Antwerp, forcing the United States and Britain to agree to peace talks. The Germans set out from St. Vitus, attacked the south of the US 1 Army to the west, and finally reached Dilante on the Maas River. At the same time, the Germans carried out the "Graff Plan", formed an English company, put on American uniforms, and broke into American defense zones to create chaos. 17, Eisenhower made a correct judgment on the situation and took corresponding measures. 19, Eisenhower held an operational meeting and decided that the allies on the north side should take the defensive first and turn from standby to attack; The allies in the south should attack the north as soon as possible. Allied forces in the south launched an attack on the 22nd, forcing the Germans to turn from attacking to defending. The northern allied forces did not attack until June 65438+the following year 10. 1June, 945, 65438+1October, the allied forces joined forces in Ufaliz, driving the Germans out of the original line of defense. In the battle of the bulge, the allied forces suffered 77,000 casualties and the Germans suffered 1.2 million casualties. After the breakthrough of siegfried line, the Allies captured Sal, drove the Germans out of the Rhine, seized the ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, and then controlled the east bank of the Rhine, surrounded by Ruhr with two wings. On April 18, German Army Group B (more than 320,000 people) surrendered. 1945 in March, Eisenhower and Montgomery disagreed on the main assault direction of the allied forces. Montgomery advocated a quick attack on Berlin before the Soviet Union occupied it. Eisenhower thought that the main assault direction was Leipzig and Dresden (considering that the Soviet Union was far closer to Berlin than the Allied Forces, the Yalta Conference stipulated that Berlin was in the Soviet-occupied area and must strive for the Soviet Union to participate in the war against Japan), so he informed the Soviet Union to coordinate its actions accordingly. On May 2, the Soviets conquered Berlin. German representatives went to the Allied Command in Reims, France to negotiate surrender. On May 7th and 8th, German representatives signed Germany's unconditional surrender in Reims and Berlin.

Eisenhower's main activity in wartime was to organize, coordinate and direct allied operations, and allied joint operations were the remarkable characteristics of this war. Eisenhower succeeded with his good military quality, rich theoretical knowledge and superb command art. After Germany surrendered, Eisenhower became the commander of the American occupation army in Germany. 1945 65438+ February. Eisenhower became the chief of staff of the United States Army. 1948, Eisenhower retired from active service and became the president of Columbia University. 1950, Eisenhower became the supreme commander of NATO's European allied forces. 1953- 196 1 year, Eisenhower was re-elected as president of the United States for two terms. In order to make the White House office an effective executive body of the president, Eisenhower set up a chief of staff in imitation of the chief of staff system. Eisenhower was forced to sign the Korean armistice agreement during his term of office, but he continued to pursue the cold war policy, and successively put forward Eisenhower doctrine, large-scale retaliation strategy and brinkmanship policy.

1969 On March 28th, Eisenhower died in Washington at the age of 79. His major works include European Adventure, Years in the White House and Eisenhower's War Experience.