Seek the review outline of biogeography in the last issue of PEP in the second day of junior high school, and ask for a comprehensive review.

Review of the first volume of 8th grade's biology

1. At present, there are about1.50,000 known species of animals. These animals can be divided into two categories: one is vertebrates, which have thorns in their bodies; The other is invertebrate, which has no spine in its body.

2. Biodiversity: 1, species diversity; 2. Diversity of living environment; 3, 00 the diversity of sports modes.

3. The reason why fish can survive in water is that two characteristics are very important: (1) it can get food by swimming and defend against enemies; (2) can breathe in water.

4. The structure that fish can overcome resistance in water: streamlined (spindle-shaped) body; The body surface secretes mucus.

When a fish swims, it relies on the left and right swinging of its tail on its trunk to generate the power to move forward. It relies on dorsal fin, pectoral fin, ventral fin and gluteal fin to keep balance, and caudal fin to keep the direction of progress.

6. When it is difficult to do experiments directly with the research object, sometimes experiments are done with the model, that is, imitating the experimental object to do the model, or imitating some conditions of the experiment. Such an experiment is called a simulation experiment.

7. Various fins play an auxiliary and coordinating role in sports.

8. Gills are the respiratory organs of fish.

9. There are abundant capillaries on the gills, so the gills are bright red.

10, gill filaments are many and thin, which is beneficial to full gas exchange in order to expand the contact area with water. Gills do not easily absorb oxygen in the air. After the fish left the water, the gill filaments covered each other, which reduced the contact area with the air and could not get enough oxygen from the air, so they died of lack of oxygen.

1 1, fish gills are very important for breathing in water: gills are bright red and contain rich capillaries; Branchial filaments are many and thin.

12. Water flows in from the fish mouth and out from the rear edge of gill cover.

13. In the water flowing from fish gills, oxygen decreases and carbon dioxide increases.

14, O2-in gas exchange water-in the capillary of gill filament.

Carbon dioxide in gill filament water

15, the main characteristics of fish: there are often scales on the body surface, breathing through gills, swimming through the swing of tail and the coordination of fins.

16, mouth without anus, food enters the digestive cavity through the mouth, and the digested food residue is still excreted through the mouth. These animals are called coelenterates.

17. Animals with soft bodies and shells are called mollusks.

18. Animals with hard armor are called crustaceans. Crustaceans breathe through gills.

19, coelenterates, mollusks and crustaceans are invertebrates.

20. All kinds of creatures in water are an important part of aquatic ecosystem. They form a close and complicated connection through food chain and food web, and at the same time, they are all influenced by aquatic environment. The change of their species and the increase or decrease of their quantity will affect human life.

2 1. Compared with the water environment, the land environment is much more complicated. (1) is relatively dry; (2) The temperature difference between day and night is large; (3) Insufficient buoyancy in water; (4) gaseous oxygen; (5) The land environment is complex and changeable.

22. Adaptation of animals living on land to environment: 1. Generally, there is a structure to prevent water loss; 2. Not affected by the buoyancy of water, there are generally organs that support the body and exercise. Used for crawling, walking, jumping, running, crawling and other sports modes to eat and avoid the enemy; 2. Generally, various respiratory organs are located inside the body and can breathe air, such as trachea and lungs; 4. Generally, there are developed sensory organs and nervous system, which can respond to the changing environment in time.

Annelids are not mollusks, annelids are invertebrates.

24. Animals whose bodies are composed of many similar annular segments are called annelids.

25. Earthworms live in humid soil rich in humus, because they are cold-blooded animals with little temperature change and are suitable for earthworms to live.

26, body segmentation can make the earthworm's body movement flexible.

27. Earthworms rely on muscle contraction and relaxation, bristle support and fixed movement.

28. Earthworms have no special respiratory system. Earthworms' breathing depends on the body wall that can secrete mucus and keep it moist all the time. The earthworm's body wall is densely covered with capillaries, and the oxygen in the air first dissolves in the mucus on the body surface, then penetrates into the body wall and then enters the capillaries on the body wall. Carbon dioxide in the body is also discharged from the body surface through capillaries in the body wall.

29. Earthworms can't keep a constant body temperature and can only live in deep soil with little temperature change.

30. Compared with warm-blooded animals, warm-blooded animals are more adaptable to the environment and are conducive to normal metabolism.

3 1, the rabbit's body temperature is constant, not only by the hair on the body surface, but also by the developed nervous system, circulatory system and respiratory system.

32. Rabbits have long hind limbs, short forelimbs and muscular hind limbs, which are suitable for jumping.

33, front teeth-cut off the canine teeth of food-tear the molars of food-grind food.

34. The structure and position of rabbit's heart and lungs are similar to that of human body, which shows that human and rabbit are very close in classification and belong to mammals.

35. Eat plants (such as rabbits)

Carnivorous (as a wolf)

Omnivorous (as humans)

36. The cecum is mainly used to digest fiber, and the cecum of herbivores is developed.

37. Rabbit's teeth are divided into incisors and molars. Incisors are suitable for cutting plant fibers, and molars are suitable for grinding food. Rabbits have developed cecum in their digestive tract, which is in line with their habit of eating plants.

38. Rabbits have developed brains, nerves all over the body and developed limbs. They can sensitively perceive changes in the external environment and react quickly.

39. Mammals are the tallest animals, especially vertebrates. There are many kinds, about 4000 on the earth. Except for a few species, they all have the characteristics of body surface coat, viviparous and lactation. Other features: four cavities in the heart, breathing with lungs, constant body temperature, belonging to warm-blooded animals, with incisors, canines and molars.

There are more than 9000 kinds of birds in the world.

4 1, the shape of the bird is streamlined, which reduces the air resistance during flight.

42. Birds' feathers are divided into normal feathers and down feathers (with warm-keeping function). Normal feathers have quills and fan-shaped wings, which can increase the contact area with air and facilitate flight by flapping the air.

43. Birds' pectoral muscles are developed and attached to the keel process, which is conducive to flying in the air.

44. This bird's skeleton is hollow, light and strong, with a prominent sternum and a keel structure, which is convenient for developed pectoral muscles to attach to the sternum (keel), reducing weight and facilitating flight.

45. Digestive characteristics of birds: 1, large appetite and strong digestive ability, which can meet the digestion of energy during flight; 2. Feces are not stored, which reduces the weight and is beneficial to flying; 3. Short rectum and frequent defecation.

46. Birds have developed hearts and strong working ability, and their blood has strong ability to transport oxygen, which is conducive to flight.

47. Birds have developed airbags (not respiratory organs) to assist lung breathing and meet the demand for oxygen during flight.

48. The whole body of a bird is designed for flight.

49. Mammals in warm-blooded animals

bird

50. Birds are covered with feathers, and their forelimbs become wings, so they have the ability to fly quickly. There is an air bag in the body to assist lung breathing, and the body temperature is high and constant.

5 1. Insects are the most diverse animals, with more than 1 10,000 known species (accounting for 4/5 of the animal species). Insects have three pairs of feet and can crawl. Some insects' feet are specialized into jumping feet, which can jump; Most insects have wings and can fly. Insects are the only flying animals among invertebrates.

52. The wings of insects are different from those of birds in structure, but as far as flying is concerned, they all have these similarities: they are all fan-shaped structures conducive to flying. The operation of these structures is caused by the contraction and relaxation of muscles, which can produce upward lift and forward power in the air. Compared with their bodies, they are light and big, which is conducive to flying in the air.

53. The significance of wings to the life and distribution of insects: it is beneficial to feed, avoid enemies, expand activities and distribution, and find places suitable for mating and spawning.

54. External characteristics of insects: the body of insects is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen, and the moving organs-wings and feet are born in the chest. There are well-developed muscles in the chest, which are attached to the exoskeleton, which is a tough shell covering the surface of insects (molting will occur), protecting and supporting the soft organs inside and preventing water evaporation in the body.

55. Insects are classified as arthropods. Besides insects, arthropods include spiders, centipedes, shrimps, crabs and so on. Their similarities are: their bodies are composed of many segments; There is an exoskeleton on the body surface; The foot and antenna are segmented.

56. Larvae live in water, breathe through gills, undergo metamorphosis, then live an amphibious life, breathe through lungs and breathe through skin. This animal is called amphibian.

57. The behavior of animals depends on a certain body structure.

58. The exercise system of mammals consists of bones and muscles (bones, skeletal muscles (exercise muscles) and interosseous joints).

59. The exercise system consists of bones, skeletal muscles and skeletal connections (such as joints).

60, people have 206 bones skull, sternum, ribs (can't move).

Trunk bone (semi-active)

Movable joints (joints) of limbs.

6 1, people have 26 vertebrae (semi-mobile bone connection)

62. Joint structure: joint head, joint capsule, joint cavity (with synovial fluid to make joint activities flexible), joint fossa, and joint cartilage (cushioning effect).

joint capsule

Articular head

articular cavity

cartilago articularis

sucking disc

63. Joints act as fulcrums in motion and are the points around which bones rotate.

64. The main joints of human body: upper limb shoulder joint and lower limb hip joint.

Elbow and knee joint

Wrist and ankle joints

Finger joints and toe joints

65. All vertebrates have joints.

66. When exercising, the elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint and ankle joint are easily injured.

67. How to protect joints during exercise: First, make full preparations for exercise before exercise; Second, the intensity of exercise should be appropriate; Third, wear wrist pads and knee pads.

68. The thicker part of skeletal muscle (organ) is called muscle abdomen, and the thinner milky white part at both ends is called tendon.

69. Skeletal muscle has the characteristic of stimulated contraction.

70. Why does skeletal muscle affect bones: When skeletal muscle is stimulated and contracted by nerves, it will affect the movement of bones around joints, so the body will exercise.

7 1, the muscles connected with bones are always coordinated by two groups of muscles.

72. There are more than 600 skeletal muscles in the whole body. When the arm droops naturally, both biceps brachii and triceps brachii relax.

73, elbow flexion, biceps contraction, triceps relaxation; When the elbow is extended, triceps brachii contracts and biceps brachii relaxes.

74. Of course, exercise is not completed only by the exercise system, it needs the control and adjustment of the nervous system and the supply of energy, so it also needs the cooperation of the digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system.

75. Summarize the role of bones, joints and muscles in exercise in one sentence: skeletal muscle contraction affects the movement of bones around joints, so the body moves.

76. Animals have various behaviors. From the way of acquiring behavior, animal behavior can be roughly divided into two categories. One is the innate behavior of animals, which is determined by the genetic material in animals, which is called congenital behavior; The other is the behavior obtained from life experience and learning through the role of environmental factors on the basis of genetic factors, which is called learning behavior.

77. Many behaviors are the result of the combination of innate behavior and learning behavior, such as bird migration.

78. Innate behavior is the most basic condition for animal survival. Learning behavior enables animals to adapt to the changing environment and survive better.

79. The higher an animal is, the stronger its learning ability and the more it can adapt to the complex environment. Similarly, the more complex the environment, the more behaviors you need to learn.

80. Congenital behavior has great limitations. If a creature has only innate behavior but no learning behavior, then it will be eliminated naturally.

8 1, for a person, skill training and knowledge learning are adapted to the development stage of the brain, and it is difficult to make up once the critical period of learning is missed.

82. Social behavior characteristics: 1. Some organizations often form within groups; 2. Clear division of labor among members; 3. Grades have also been formed in some groups.

83. Groups are arranged in a hierarchical system according to their size, strength, health and ferocity.

84. The "leader" enjoys food and spouse first, and chooses the nesting site first. Other members will obey it, dare not fight back against its attacks, and be responsible for directing the actions of the whole community.

85. Animals' movements, sounds and smells can all play the role of transmitting information.

86. The significance of social behavior to animal survival: It is often easier to get food and overcome the invasion of natural enemies by relying on the strength of groups, which can effectively ensure the reproduction of species, make groups better adapt to the environment and maintain the lives of individuals and races.

87. In nature, information exchange between living things is ubiquitous (people talk, animals talk). It is precisely because of the existence of material flow, energy flow and information flow that the relationship between organisms is complicated, and "one hair pulls one hair and moves the whole body", and organisms and the environment become a unified whole.

88. There are interdependent and mutually restrictive relationships between the food chain and various organisms in the food web. In the ecosystem, the number and proportion of all kinds of organisms are always maintained in a relatively stable state, which is called ecological balance.

The role of animals in nature: 1. Animals play an important role in maintaining ecological balance; 2. Animals can promote the material circulation of the ecosystem; 3. Help plants pollinate and spread seeds; 4. Biological control.

90. Biological control refers to the use of organisms to control pests and diseases. In addition to insect control, there are birds and bacteria.

9 1, the role of animals in people's lives: rich in nutrition and available for people to eat; Play a role in medical care; In appreciation and entertainment, literature and art have a certain image; People use it to describe some images or certain characteristics in life; Animals spread some diseases (injuries) to humans.

92. In the ecosystem, the number and proportion of all kinds of organisms are always kept in a relatively stable state.

Now scientists are studying the use of living things (such as animals) as "production workshops" to produce certain substances needed by human beings. This is a bioreactor.

94. Advantages of bioreactor: It can save the cost of building a factory building and purchasing instruments and equipment, and reduce complicated production procedures and environmental pollution.

95. Scientists invent and create various instruments and equipment by carefully observing and studying living things and imitating some structures and functions of living things. This is bionic.

96. A colony is an aggregate of bacteria or fungi that can be seen by the naked eye after reproduction.

97. Bacterial colonies are relatively small, the surface is smooth and sticky, or the fungal colonies that are rough and dry are generally several times to dozens of times larger than bacterial colonies. The colonies formed by molds are often fluffy, flocculent or cobweb-like, and sometimes they can be red, brown, green and black.

98. Bacteria and fungi, as well as their different species, can be roughly distinguished from the morphology, size and color of colonies.

99. Colonies are often used as an important basis for strain identification.

100. General methods for culturing bacteria or fungi: ① Preparation of nutrient medium containing nutrients. ② The culture medium was sterilized at high temperature and cooled. ③ Put a small amount of bacteria or fungi on the culture medium (this process is called inoculation). ④ Petri dishes are cultured in a constant temperature incubator (or a warm place indoors).

10 1. Bacteria and fungi are widely distributed in the biosphere.

102. Bacteria and fungi also need certain conditions to survive. If you need moisture, suitable temperature, certain living space, organic matter.

103. It is impossible to have bacteria and fungi in a strict high-temperature mold environment.

104. Lactic acid bacteria can decompose organic matter into lactic acid only under anaerobic conditions.

105. All bacteria are unicellular organisms.

106. Some bacteria are interconnected in clusters or long chains, but each bacteria also lives independently.

107. Cell structure diagram:

108. Nutritional models are divided into autotrophic model and heterotrophic model. Both bacteria and fungi are heterotrophic models, which can be divided into saprophytic model and parasitic model.

109. In the later stage of growth and development, some bacteria contract, the cell wall thickens and forms spores. Spore is a dormant body of bacteria and has strong resistance to adverse environment. Small and light can also be scattered around with the wind, fall in the right environment, and germinate into bacteria. Bacteria are ubiquitous because of their rapid propagation and spore formation. (Bacteria divide very quickly)

1 10. Yeast is a unicellular fungus. Mould, edible fungi and macrofungi are all multicellular fungi.

1 1 1.

1 12. There is no chloroplast in the cells of fungi, and spores can reproduce.

1 13. The yeast is sprouting.

1 14. Penicillium: The spores are turquoise and arranged in a broom shape. The nutritional mode is heterotrophic.

1 15. Aspergillus: The spores are of various colors and arranged radially. The nutritional mode is heterotrophic.

1 16. The fungus that causes food mildew is mold.

Bacterial fungi

mutually

the same

Point cells have no chloroplasts and use ready-made organic matter (heterotrophy).

no

the same

Point single cell, no nucleus, division and reproduction. There are both unicellular species and multicellular species, and there are real nuclei in cells, most of which are spore reproduction.

1 17. Comparing fungi and bacteria:

1 18. the role of bacteria and fungi in nature: (1) participate in the material cycle; (2) Causing animal and plant diseases; (3) Causing animal diseases.

Most bacteria and fungi are decomposers in the ecosystem.

120. In the material cycle of nature, bacteria and fungi decompose the remains of animals and plants into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts, which can be absorbed and utilized by plants to make organic matter. It can be seen that bacteria and fungi play an important role in the circulation of carbon dioxide and other substances in nature.

12 1. Some kinds of bacteria and fungi live parasitically. They absorb nutrients from living animals, plants and people, causing different diseases among animals, plants and people.

122.*** Living together is interdependent and mutually beneficial. Once separated, neither of them can live independently. This phenomenon is called * * *. (once separated, you can live independently, called * * * habitat)

123. Parasitic (often harmful); * * * Health (mutual benefit).

124. Yeast fermentation state:

Organic yeast carbon dioxide+water+energy (more) [mostly used to make bread]

Geography:

Final review of the first volume of 8th grade Geography.

Chapter I Vast Territory

1. From the eastern and western hemispheres, she is located in the eastern hemisphere, and from the northern and southern hemispheres, she is located in the northern hemisphere.

Judging from the location of the mainland and the ocean, she is located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean in eastern Asia.

3. From the latitude position, most of them are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few in the south are located in the tropics, with no frigid zone.

China has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, next only to Russian and Canadian.

5. China has a land border of more than 20,000 kilometers, with 15 neighboring countries.

6. The coastline of Chinese mainland is over 0/8,000 kilometers long, and six countries, namely Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia, are across the sea from China.

7. From north to south, the endangered seas in China are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea.

8. There are Yanchang Yantian, the largest Yantian in China, in the Bohai Sea, and Zhoushan Fishing Ground, the largest fishing ground in China, in the East China Sea.

9. The administrative regions of the country are basically divided into three levels: province, county and township.

10, China has 34 provincial administrative regions, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions.

1 1, the total population of China is129.5 billion (2000), which is characterized by a large population base and a large population growth rate.

12. In order to adapt population growth to social and economic development and resources and environmental conditions, the Chinese government regards "family planning" as a basic national policy.

13, the population distribution in China is uneven, with a high population density in the east, especially in the southeast coast and a low population density in the west.

14, the population dividing line of China is from Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province to Tengchong City, Yunnan Province.

15, the most populous province in China and the largest Xinjiang province.

16. Among all ethnic groups in China, the Han nationality has the largest population and the Zhuang nationality has the largest population.

17, Han nationality is distributed all over the country, most concentrated in the east and middle, and ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast.

The distribution of 18 people has the characteristics of large heterogeneity and small concentration.

20. China implements regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, and establishes organs of self-government, autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties and ethnic townships.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2 1. The western part of China is dominated by mountains, plateaus and basins, while the eastern part is dominated by plains and hills. The terrain is characterized by a stepped distribution.

22. The first step The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, which is called the roof of the world.

23. The dividing line between the first and second steps is Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain, while the dividing line between the second and third steps is Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain.

24. The four plateaus are great basin, Northeast Plain, North China Plain and Loess Plateau in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Qaidam Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin.

25. The characteristic texture of the Loess Plateau is loose, there is no vegetation cover here, soil erosion is serious, ravines are vertical and horizontal, the characteristic ground of the Inner Mongolia Plateau is flat and boundless, the characteristic glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are widely distributed, and the characteristic ground of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged.

26. The common natural disasters in mountainous areas are collapses, landslides and mudslides.

27, the development and utilization of mountainous areas, to pay special attention to the ecological environment construction.

28. Mountainous areas include mountains, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about two-thirds of the national territory.

29. In winter, the temperature in the south and the north of China is quite different. In summer, the temperature is generally high in most places.

1October 30,65438 0℃ isotherm is distributed along the Qinling-Huaihe line.

3 1. The coldest place in winter is Mohe in Heilongjiang, and the hottest place in summer is Turpan in Xinjiang.

32. Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing are the so-called "three furnaces" in China.

33. China is divided into five temperate zones from north to south: cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. There is also a plateau climate zone with high terrain, cold climate and vast area.

34. The main index of dividing temperature zone is active accumulated temperature.

35. The general trend of annual precipitation in China is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

36. The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province Province, and the place with the least precipitation is Toksun in Turpan Basin.

37. The contrast between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the humidity of the climate there.

38. The division of dry and wet areas is based on the degree of dry and wet climate. The four major dry and wet areas in China are humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area.

39. The main reasons for the large temperature difference between north and south in China are latitude position and winter wind.

40. The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area is Daxinganling, Yinshan, Helan, Bayan Kara and Gangdise.

42. The biggest advantage of monsoon climate is that rain and heat are in the same period, but it will bring some disastrous weather such as cold wave, flood and drought and typhoon.

43. Tarim River, the largest inland river in China, mainly comes from the melting water of ice and snow in Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain. Flowing rivers, such as the Yangtze River, mainly come from natural precipitation.

44. The longest and earliest artificial river in the world is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.

45. Bayan Kara, the birthplace of the Yellow River, flows into the Bohai Sea.

46. Ningxia Plain has the reputation of "Jiangnan in the world".

47. The dividing line between the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River is the estuary, and the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches is Jin Meng.

48. The riverbed of the lower Yellow River gradually rises and becomes an "overground river".

49. After the Yellow River flows through the middle reaches, it produces the most sediment, because the terrain it flows through is the Loess Plateau.

50. The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula Mountain and flows into the East China Sea. It is the longest river with the largest amount of water and the widest drainage area in China, and is known as "water treasure house" and "golden waterway".

5 1, Yichang, the dividing line between the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Hukou and the middle and lower reaches.

52. The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches. Yibin city is navigable in the following four seasons.

53. Jingjiang River is known as the "nine-bend ileum", which is the regulation measure of this river section, that is, cutting and bending to get straight.

54. The three major sources in the plain area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the main tributaries above Yichang, the two major water systems of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, and the Han River in the north.

55. For renewable resources, if we use them rationally and pay attention to their protection and cultivation, we can achieve sustainable utilization. We should cherish and economize on the use of non-renewable resources.

56. China's natural resources are characterized by abundant gross and insufficient per capita.

57. Land resources are divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land according to land use and land use status.

58. China's per capita land resources are few, and the proportion of various land resources is not reasonable, which is mainly manifested in the shortage of cultivated land and forest land, the difficulty in land use and the shortage of reserve land resources. The contradiction between man and land is particularly prominent.

59. China's cultivated land and forest land are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region with humid climate, and grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland area with annual average precipitation less than 400 mm.

60. Man-made destruction of land resources includes soil erosion, land desertification and indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land.

6 1, a basic national policy of land resources is to cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.

62. Of the water on the earth, seawater accounts for 97% and fresh water accounts for 2.5%.

63. Most of the fresh water resources on the earth are glaciers at poles and mountains, and most of the rest are deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

64. China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russian Federation, Canadian, American and Indonesian, ranking sixth in the world. If calculated per capita, it is only 65438+ 0/4 of the world average.

65. In terms of time distribution, precipitation is concentrated in summer and less in winter and spring. Measures to effectively adjust the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity, and build reservoirs.

66. In terms of spatial distribution, China's water resources are abundant in the south and deficient in the north, especially in North China and Northwest China, which further aggravates the water shortage in the north. One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions is inter-basin water transfer.

67. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is to transfer water from the Yangtze River system to North China and Northwest China, where water shortage is serious.

In view of the serious shortage of water resources in China, saving water is particularly important.

69. The "vanguard" of economic development is transportation.

70. The four famous "rice markets" in the history of China are Wuxi, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Changsha.

7 1. Among all kinds of transportation routes, railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China. There are no railway lines in Tibet at present.

72. Most valuable or urgently needed goods are transported by air in small quantities.

73. Goods that are easily damaged or deteriorated are mostly transported by road.

74. For bulk heavy goods and long-distance transportation, waterway transportation and railway transportation are generally selected.

75. Agricultural production sectors include planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries.

76. Agriculture is the basic main industry supporting the national economic construction and people's development.

77. Natural grasslands are widely distributed in the western region, and there are four pastoral areas in China: Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet.

78. Forestry is concentrated in northeast, southwest and southeast regions. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most developed areas of freshwater fishery in China.

79. The announcement of rice and wheat in food crops presents a pattern of "rice in the south and wheat in the north".

80. Oil production has formed two major producing areas: the Yangtze River rape belt and the Huanghuai peanut area.

8 1, sugar crops show obvious distribution characteristics of "Longnan and North Sweet".

82. Cotton production is mainly in the north, forming three major cotton regions: southern Xinjiang, the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin.

83. Industry is the leading industry of the national economy.

84. Zhongguancun is the earliest high-tech experimental zone in China.

85. Main features of high-tech industries 1. Among the employees, scientific and technological personnel account for a large proportion. A large part of sales revenue is spent on research and development. 3. The product is updated quickly.

86. High-tech production is an industry dominated by electronics and information industry.

87. China's high-tech industrial development zones are mostly attached to big cities, showing the distribution characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

88. To develop agriculture according to local conditions, on the one hand, we should consider the differences of natural environment, on the other hand, we should consider the constraints of social and economic conditions.

in addition

Good luck with the LZ exam ~

~\(≥▽≤)/~