Knowledge points of geography qualification examination

With the deepening of geography curriculum reform, teachers pay more and more attention to the cultivation of geography core literacy. So what do you know about the geography pass exam? Next, I sorted out the knowledge points of the geography qualification examination for everyone. Let's have a look.

Knowledge points of geography qualification examination (1)

1 The process of human understanding of the universe: the theory of heaven and earth, geocentric theory, Heliocentrism, and the Big Bang cosmology.

The basic characteristics of the universe are composed of various forms of matter, which are constantly moving, developing and changing.

Classification of celestial bodies: nebulae, stars, planets, satellites, comets, meteoroids and interstellar matter.

4 The causes of celestial bodies attract each other and revolve around each other, forming a celestial body system.

Level 5 celestial system-earth-moon system-solar system-Milky Way (extragalactic galaxy)-master galaxy.

Chang 'e VI, the average distance between the earth and the moon is 6.5438+49.6 million kilometers.

The positions of the eight stars in the solar system are water, earth, fire (small) and earth, sky and sea.

The eight planets are divided into terrestrial planets (water, gold and fire), giant planets (wood) and distant planets (sky and sea) according to their structural characteristics.

There are nine reasons for the emergence and evolution of life on earth: lighting conditions, stable cosmic environment, suitable atmospheric temperature and liquid water.

10 The main components of the sun are hydrogen and helium.

1 1 solar radiation energy source nuclear fusion reaction

12 the influence of solar radiation on the earth and human beings is the driving force to maintain the surface temperature, water circulation and atmospheric movement, and it is the main energy of human beings.

13 solar active sunspots (signs) and flares (strongest).

14 solar energy distribution in China Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (highest) and Sichuan Basin (lowest).

15 solar external structure and its corresponding solar active photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).

The change period of 16 sunspot is 1 1 year.

17 the influence of solar activity on the earth ① influences the climate ② influences short-wave communication ③ produces magnetic storms.

1August phase: new moon, moth-eyebrow moon, first quarter moon, full moon, second quarter moon and waning moon.

1September phase change law: upper west (first quarter moon), lower east (second quarter moon).

The origin of 20 weeks is based on two strings and four phases.

2 1 Beginning of Space Exploration Phase 1957 10 The first artificial earth satellite of the former Soviet Union was launched.

At the beginning of the space development stage, the first space shuttle was successfully tested.

23 the development of China's space industry 1970? Dongfanghong? 1, 1999? Shenzhou? Manned space test spacecraft. Shenzhou 5 in 2003.

Classification of natural resources in the universe: space resources (high vacuum, strong radiation and weightlessness), solar energy resources and mineral resources.

Protect the cosmic environment, remove space junk and strengthen international cooperation.

The average radius of the earth is 637 1 km.

The equatorial circumference of the earth is 40 thousand kilometers.

Latitude and latitude, the division of low latitude, middle latitude and high latitude, connect the east and west lines. Every 1 latitude is11.1km;

A line connecting north and south by longitude and latitude. Two opposite warp yarns form a warp yarn loop.

30 the division of the eastern and western hemispheres 20 west longitude? And east longitude 160? Warp coil.

3 1 The northern and southern hemispheres are bounded by the equator, with the northern hemisphere in the north and the southern hemisphere in the south.

32 Tropic of Cancer and South Arctic Circle 23? 26? And 66? 34? latitude line

33 prime meridian 0? Meridian passes through the original site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England.

The judgment of the north-south direction is limited, with the North Pole as the northernmost and the South Pole as the southernmost.

The judgment of east-west direction is infinite, the direction of forward rotation is east, and the direction of reverse rotation is west.

The judgment of east-west longitude increases in the direction of rotation and decreases in the direction of west longitude.

37. The judgment of north and south latitudes is increased to north latitude and south latitude.

The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.

39 sidereal day, the period of the earth's rotation, 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds (real period); Sunny day, 24 hours.

40 the speed and angular velocity of the earth's rotation (per hour 15? ), linear velocity (decreasing from equator to poles)

Knowledge points of geography qualification examination (2)

4 1 Earth orbit elliptical orbit. Early January (perihelion) and early July (apohelion).

The direction of the revolution of the earth is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.

Period of revolution's sidereal year (365 days at 6: 09: 10 second) and the return year of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds.

The revolution speed of the earth is fast at perihelion and slow at apohelion.

The included angle between the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane is currently 23? 26? .

The movement law of the sun's direct point is to move back and forth between the tropic of cancer with a period of one year.

The judgment of terminator line is along the direction of rotation, the transition from night to day is morning line, and from day to night is dark line.

The calculation of local time 48 is every east 1? , the time is increased by 4 minutes.

Divide the longitude by 15 to find the number of time zones, and then round them off.

Every time you move 1 time zone eastward, the calculation time of zone 50 will increase by 1 hour.

5 1 Dongba District, Beijing Time (120? Local time is the standard time.

Universal time is based on prime meridian time.

53 International international date line 180? Meridian (in theory) does not pass through land (in practice).

Geographical significance of the earth's rotation: alternation of day and night, time in different places, deviation of horizontally moving objects (north, right, south and left)

The judgment of the direct point of the sun is perpendicular to the tangent direction of the point, and the local time is 12.

At the vernal equinox (2 1 March), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and its termination line coincides with the meridian.

During the summer solstice (June 22nd), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of cancer, and the included angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest.

On September 23, the autumnal equinox, the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and the terminator line coincides with the meridian.

On the winter solstice (65438+February 22), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of Capricorn, and the angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest.

The concept of March 2 1 to September 23 in the summer half year.

The concept of 6 1 September 23rd to March 2nd of winter half year1

Interpretation of the profile of the earth: up north, down south, left west, right east.

Interpretation of the top view of the earth: the north pole rotates counterclockwise; Rotate clockwise, and the center is the South Pole.

The calculation of the length of day and night is based on the length of the solar arc, and every 15 degrees is 1 hour.

The calculation of sunrise and sunset time is based on the length of a day, with standard sunrise (6 o'clock) and standard sunset (18 o'clock) as the center.

Judging by the length of day and night in summer, the longer the day in the north, the longer the day in winter and the longer the day in Vietnam.

Calculation of the height of the sun at noon? -(Latitude interval between direct point and search point)

68 Astronomical Four Seasons The season with the longest day and the highest sun in a year is summer.

Beginning of spring (February 4th), Changxia, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter are the starting points for dividing the traditional four seasons in China.

The traditional four seasons in Europe and America begin from the vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice.

7 1 24 solar terms spring rain startles spring, clear valley, summer full mountain, summer hot autumn, autumn dew, first frost cold, winter snow, winter snow is slightly cold.

Name and scope of five zones: tropical zone, north temperate zone, south temperate zone, north frigid zone and south frigid zone.

The geographical significance of the earth's revolution: the change of the height of the sun at noon, the change of the length of day and night, and the change of seasons.

The significance of the atmosphere to the earth protects the survival of living things, affects the natural environment of the earth and maintains life activities.

The composition of the lower atmosphere is free of air, water vapor and solid impurities.

The components of dry clean air are nitrogen and oxygen, carbon dioxide and ozone.

The role of oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor and dust in life activities; Constitute an organism; Absorb ultraviolet rays; Photosynthesis and heat preservation; Clouds cause rain.

Air pollution caused by carbon dioxide? Greenhouse effect? HCFCs destroy the ozone layer.

The atmosphere is vertically divided into troposphere, stratosphere (ozone layer) and upper atmosphere (ionosphere).

The main characteristics of the troposphere are cold in the upper part and hot in the lower part, with obvious convection and complicated weather phenomena. Have the closest relationship with human beings

Knowledge points of geography qualification examination (3)

The main characteristics of 8 1 stratospheric ozone absorb ultraviolet rays. Advection is beneficial to high-altitude flight,

The upper boundary of the atmosphere is about 2000-3000 kilometers above the ground.

The most important factor affecting the intensity of solar radiation is the solar altitude angle.

Weakening effect of atmosphere on absorption, reflection and scattering of solar radiation.

85 Law of Radiation The higher the temperature of a substance, the shorter the wavelength of the part with the strongest radiation; On the contrary, the longer the time.

Ground radiation is the main direct heat source of troposphere atmosphere.

Atmospheric inverse radiation clouds are warmer at night and clear and cold at night.

Atmospheric heat insulation: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the troposphere have a strong absorption capacity for long-wave radiation on the ground.

89 Global Thermal Balance The average income and expenditure of the Earth for many years are equal.

The fundamental reason of atmospheric movement is the uneven heat and cold between latitudes.

9 1 thermal cycle air circulation formed by uneven cold and heat on the ground.

The direct cause of wind is the horizontal pressure gradient force.

Direction and magnitude of horizontal pressure gradient force; High pressure points vertically to low pressure. The greater the air pressure difference per unit distance, the greater the wind force.

The direction of geostrophic force is right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.

95 Influence of Friction on Wind Direction Due to the influence of friction, the wind direction is not parallel to the isobar, but has an intersection angle.

96 steps for judging wind direction according to isobar ① High pressure points vertically to low pressure ② Right deviation in the northern hemisphere and left deviation in the southern hemisphere.

Microclimate, urban wind, land and sea wind, valley wind.

98 sea level isobar and wind low pressure center and high pressure center. The denser the isobar, the stronger the wind.

The significance of atmospheric circulation regulates the global distribution of water and heat, which is an important factor of weather change and climate formation in various places.

100 distribution of pressure belts and wind zones on the earth northeast trade winds, subtropical high, mid-latitude westerly winds, sub-polar low, polar easterly winds and polar high.

10 1 Generally speaking, the seasonal displacements of the pressure area and the wind area move northward in summer and southward in winter.

102 Asian high, Aleutian low (Pacific) and Icelandic low (Atlantic) are the main pressure centers on land and sea in winter.

103 main pressure centers on land and sea in summer: Asian low, Hawaiian high (Pacific Ocean) and azores high (Atlantic Ocean).

104 the cause of monsoon ① the difference of thermal properties between land and sea ② the seasonal movement of the position of pressure zone and wind zone.

The typical distribution area of 105 monsoon is East Asian monsoon (northwest wind and southeast wind); South Asian monsoon (northeast wind and southwest wind).

106. Fronts are classified into cold front, warm front and quasi-static front. Temperature, pressure, weather.

Examples of the impact of 107 front on the weather in China are: summer rainstorm (cold front) in the north and winter cold wave (cold front) in China.

108 cyclone has low pressure, airflow and weather characteristics; Updraft; It is raining. The horizontal airflow in the northern hemisphere is counterclockwise.

109 pressure, airflow and weather characteristics of anticyclone: high pressure; Downward flow; The sun is shining. The horizontal airflow in the northern hemisphere is clockwise.

The weather conditions behind the front cyclone 1 10. One side of the cold air mass is rainy.

1 1 1 climatic factors, temperature and precipitation.

1 12 climatic factors: solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, underlying surface and human activities.

1 13 comparison between continental climate and maritime climate: daily range, annual range, highest temperature month, lowest temperature month.

1 14 world climate types: tropical (four kinds), subtropical (two kinds), temperate (three kinds) and frigid (one kind)

1 15 steps to judge climate type ① judge the northern and southern hemispheres, ② judge the hot areas, and ③ judge the rain type.

1 16 climate characteristics, causes and distribution of subtropical monsoon: hot and rainy in summer and mild and rainy in winter; Affected by the monsoon; East coast of the mainland 20-35

1 17 The characteristics, causes and distribution of the Mediterranean climate are hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter. Controlled alternately by subtropical high and westerly wind. 30-40 West Bank

1 18 The characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate monsoon climate are hot and rainy in summer and dry at low temperature in winter. Monsoon. 40-60? The east coast of the mainland.

1 19 the characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate maritime climate are warm in winter and cool in summer, with even precipitation. The west wind prevails all year round. 40-60? The west coast of the mainland.

Characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate continental climate 120: it is extremely cold in winter, hot in summer, and seldom rains all year round. Controlled by continental air mass all year round. Temperate inland

Guess you like:

1. Knowledge points of geography qualification examination

2. High school geography pass exam knowledge points

3. Knowledge points must be tested in the geography exam.

4.20 17 knowledge points of geographical grade examination

5. Summary of geographical knowledge points in learning and testing

6. High school geography often tests knowledge points.