Solve three puzzles before and after the change of civil fort in Ming Dynasty

Abstract: Yu Qian's appointment as the minister of war was a turning point in the change of Neibao and the beginning of the Ming Empire's initiative in the war. In fact, if the Ming empire moved south at that time, it was also in Vara's plan. Because it really wants to capture Beijing first.

Go out to the police and enter the local map.

The battle of the civil fort should start with the absurd pre-war preparations of the Ming army. On July 16th, 14th year of orthodoxy, Ming Yingzong led less than 160,000 Ming troops to formally embark on the road of personal expedition. After Ming Yingzong announced his personal expedition on the road, the Ming army "miraculously" completed "a series of preparations such as mobilization, food and ordnance in just two days. From then on, the Ming army had no discipline during the March. Even when the army marched for two days, Ming Yingzong had to send a letter to the accompanying officials to show the marching discipline.

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Layout and contest of civil fort campaign

Wang Zhen caused a fiasco?

Soon after, the Ming army rushed to Datong. So Guo Jing, the eunuch guarding Datong, secretly told Wang Zhen that if the Ming army continued to arise, it would be the first move. This record shows that Ming Yingzong's original personal expedition plan was to take Datong as a stopover and continue to go north to seek a decisive battle with the main forces outside the Ming Empire. After the personal expedition troops stationed in Datong, the former army was sent from Datong to attack actively, and the Vara army proved Ming Yingzong's plan from another side. However, Guo Jing's tip-off was not a bluff, because during Ming Yingzong's March, all the Walla troops who had swept the Ming border towns and previously defended troops withdrew to the Great Wall. At the same time, Yu Qi, who was in charge of Academia Sinica, began to harass Xuanda Road. This kind of situation, combined with Guo Jing's tip-off, can only show that when Ming Yingzong's personal expedition army marched, it had already made corresponding preparations beyond the Great Wall, only to be further explored by the personal expedition army. In the end, the Ming army returned from Datong and the army returned to the East.

However, at this time, the command of the Ming army was divided because of the Li route. Deng Guo, then the commander-in-chief of Datong, suggested to Cao Nai, a university student, that the personal expedition army should return to Beijing from Zijingguan. After Cao Nai reported to the emperor, Ming Yingzong did not adopt it, and finally decided to move eastward and enter the customs from Juyongguan, which eventually led to the tragedy of the Neibao War. From Datong to Zijingguan, you must pass through Yuzhou, the hometown of Wang Zhen. According to Lu, the reason why the Ming army didn't return from Zijingguan was that it was afraid that the army would trample on Jiahe in its hometown. However, this statement is actually a bit far-fetched. In the Ming History of the Qing Dynasty, it was also considered that this record did not conform to historical facts, so it was not adopted. The Ming History further demonstrates that Ming Yingzong refused to accept the advice of returning from Zijingguan and insisted on going to Juyongguan. Coincidentally, Fu Xuan Town Records also recorded that after the invitation, Ming Yingzong was also invited to return to Li, without saying anything about fear of damaging crops in his hometown. Then the context of the whole thing is very clear. After inviting Li to personally expedition from Zijingguan, he also asked Ming Yingzong to personally expedition Li from Zijingguan, but Ming Yingzong did not listen and insisted that Li personally expedition from Juyongguan. In order to avoid taboo, Lu shifted the responsibility of not returning from Zijingguan to Wang Zhen.

On the other hand, entering Zijingguan from Yuzhou is actually a risky plan. Although after the Battle of Civil Fort, most commentators blamed the defeat of the Ming Army on its wrong decision to return to Juyongguan. Because according to the map of Datong area between Jiajing and Wanli in Ming Dynasty, there were many castles on the road from Datong to Yuzhou City at that time, such as settlement city, Xujiazhuangbao, Guangling City, Shunshengchuan East City, Lingqiu City and Hunyuan City, which could be used as shelters.

But in fact, more than 70% of the castles in Jiubian area of the Ming Dynasty were gradually built after the orthodox years. Before the Tianshun period of the Ming Dynasty, most of these castles did not exist. Fourteen years ago, on the way from Datong to Yuzhou, there were actually only two cities, Hunyuan City and Guangling City. As I said before, the Jiubian area in the early Ming Dynasty was like a big sieve leaking rain everywhere, which was very empty. And Datong town is mostly plain. Once the Ming army and hundreds of thousands of cavalry in Valla were ill-prepared and marched, the consequences would undoubtedly be devastating on the plains with almost no military facilities.

So is it feasible to stay in Datong? The answer is still no, because soon after Ming Yingzong returned Li, Datong suffered a devastating blow, and Datong was almost breached. It can be seen that the offensive and defensive war in Datong at that time was very fierce. During the two months from June to August in 14, when Ming Yingzong returned to Li, he first led an army to invade Datong town, and never dared to take risks to attack the impregnable Datong town again. Why did Ming Yingzong's personal expedition troops first station in Datong, and then just returned to Li and went straight to Datong Town, almost maiming Datong City? This reveals a very terrible message: it has thoroughly understood the shortcomings of the defense system in Datong town and even the whole northern border town, that is, once the town is beheaded, the Ming army will have no power to fight back. At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, if the town is broken, the whole defense system will be paralyzed. After that, you can also feel at ease to seek the best opportunity for a strategic decisive battle with the Ming army. It can be seen that destroying Datong City is also the first step of the strategy, that is, making Datong Town unable to effectively support the surrounding areas.

After destroying Datong town first, they really searched around for the movement of the Ming army in order to fight a decisive battle. If you stay in a big city at this time, the personal expedition army can really strengthen the defense of Datong. However, the terrain around Datong is not suitable for fighting with Vala warriors. Song Ying, the governor of Datong, suffered a fiasco, which is a lesson from the past. Therefore, the Ming Army Command decided to abandon the Bauhinia route and adopt the Fu Xuan route only because it first discovered the intention.

At that time, I also explored the route of this personal expedition army. As soon as the Walla army gets the news, it will immediately gather its troops to attack. Therefore, shortly after the personal expedition army left Datong, Datong was beaten and barely self-sufficient, and it was impossible to do any support. This is also the first move. In other words, no matter which route the personal expedition army chooses to return to Li, Datong is bound to be attacked. This also verifies the infeasibility of the route from Datong to Yuzhou and then to Zijingguan from another side.

At the same time, Datong town is inextricably linked with the Walla army, but the process of returning to the Li army seems to be smooth, and there is no interception by the Walla army along the way. On August 13, when the personal expedition troops arrived at Leijia Station (now Xin 'an Town), the death knell finally began to ring. Wu Kezhong and Zhu Yong two armies, * * * 50,000 people, suffered two disastrous defeats in Yaoziling and were completely annihilated.

On July 15, Yang Hongzeng, commander-in-chief of Fu Xuan, reported that the Mongolian army had besieged Maying for three days and cut off the river, and there was no water in the camp. In this paper, there is actually a terrible news, that is, Dushi Town on Shangbei Road in Fu Xuan has fallen into a "bird's nest". However, the fall of Du Fu's poems and the siege of Maying in July were not the end, but the beginning. After the fall of Du Shicheng, Maying did not dare to fight and abandoned the city to escape. Yunzhou defenders led the army to support them, but they were defeated and Yunzhou was trapped. Dushi, Maying and Yunzhou, the strongest military fortresses in Fu Xuan Zhenshang North Road, were successively lost, causing panic in Fu Xuan Zhenshang North Road. In addition, the news was blocked and the fire could not be heard, so that the defenders of Huailai and Yongning finally abandoned the city and fled. It can be said that the fall of these three cities directly led to the collapse of the whole Shangbei Road in Fu Xuan. Since then, the news of the fall of Shangbei Road and Donglu Road in Fu Xuan Town, because there were no smoke mounds and castles along the way, the Ming army knew nothing about it on the way back to Li!

On August 12, when nearly 200,000 Ming troops and a large number of their followers came to Lei Jia Station, they had completely entered the encirclement of Walla. So, what was the final battle in the civil fort?

On August 13, after the defeat of Zhu Yong and others, the Ming army moved to the civil fort, and quickly built trenches and fortifications that could meet the needs of hundreds of thousands of people in a very short time, and confronted the Walla army, making it impossible for the army to approach first. Because the Ming army built a moat, the Mongols could not get close, and the Ming and Mongolian sides were deadlocked for nearly three days. On August 15th, Vala suddenly sent an envoy to the Ming army camp, holding a book to make peace. Ming Yingzong ordered Cao Nai to agree to their peace talks, and then sent two people back to Warra envoys. I didn't intend to make peace with the Ming army at all. I was prepared to eat this Ming army completely from the beginning. First, he pretended to make peace and sent messengers to the Ming army camp to show his kindness, which led the Ming army commander to make a wrong decision: he finally believed their sincerity and began to walk out of the fortifications and enter the marching state.

But unexpectedly, just after the Ming army crossed the moat, the army suddenly turned around first and "attacked from all sides". The Ming army, which was crossing the moat and the camp was incomplete, was caught off guard. One hundred and thirty thousand infantry and a large number of accompanying non-combatants left the fortifications and failed to form a queue. They were attacked by one hundred and thirty thousand cavalry on the plain. The result can be imagined. At that time, the Mongolian army shouted: "Those who surrender their weapons and throw their blades will not kill!" The first move became the last straw to crush the hungry Ming army. The Ming army lost its fortifications and gave up its last resistance. In the battle of Civil Fort, the Ming army was defeated and Ming Yingzong was captured.

1449 March of the civil fort campaign, Li and Varava road map.

02

Defend Beijing

Who saved the Ming Empire?

Yu Qian's appointment as the minister of war was a turning point in the change of the civil fort and the beginning of the Ming empire taking the initiative in the war. In fact, if the Ming empire moved south at that time, it was also in Vara's plan. Because it really wants to capture Beijing first. According to "Ming History", the commander-in-chief of Datong company commanders knew the performance: Bai Keluo, who had returned from Shandong, was sent to Beijing. Everyone first discussed the cloud: "Beijing has established an emperor and led people to fight with Malay, but there is no intention of making peace. Today, the soldiers and horses fought against each other and moved him south, much like me. " After learning that the Ming empire had no intention of making peace, it immediately mobilized its military forces to "kill each other again", forcing the Ming empire to move south and restore the Yuan Dynasty.

The only thing the Ming Empire had to do was to race against time before sending troops to attack Beijing. Faced with the fragmented military and political situation after the fiasco, the Ming Empire should make full preparations before invading the capital. At this critical moment, the soldiers on the border of the Ming Empire explained the word "loyalty and courage" with their own lives, which won enough time for Beijing to prepare for the war.

Also from Datong eastward, arrived in Zijingguan North to clear the scene on October 4th. On the 5th, Xi Ning, an officer who surrendered to Valla, led the first outpost into the north exit of Zijingguan. The Ming army was ready for the battle. After four days of stalemate with the Mongols, the Mongols were unable to break through the frontier defense of the Ming army. However, at that time, Zijingguan was not fully built, and there were many paths leading there. In addition, because the Ming empire has never been invaded by Mongolian troops for decades, the military equipment here is slack and the sergeant's combat power is unbearable. After the change of the civil fort, Emperor Jingtai ordered the mountain pass to be blocked, but in such a short time, it was impossible for the Ming army to completely block the pass through people, and the Amethyst Pass still leaked like a sieve. Although the Amethyst Pass was guarded by more than 12,000 people sent by Yu Qian, due to the numerous passes that people could pass, the defenders dispersed their defense and were too hasty, so less than one tenth of the defenders arrived at their posts when they first attacked the main pass. So, under the first fierce offensive, the defenders fled in succession. At this critical juncture, Tongzhi Han Qing, the Shandong commander, vigorously waved the handsome flag, enabling him to ride more than 100 horses and devote himself to his duties. He only led more than 100 cavalry, galloped on horseback, fought against the Vara army in Shenger Bay, and won several Mongolian troops with his bare hands. Han Qing's bravery successfully attracted the enemy, and attracted Mongolian troops to participate in the war. Han Qing suddenly plunged into a chaotic army, but he stood firm with his sword. After nearly four hours of fighting from noon to Shenshi, the Ming army not only failed to be defeated, but "turned losses into profits". Later, the Mongolian army relied on its numerical superiority to encircle Han Qing, but Han Qing flew into a rage and swore: "I am loyal to you!" "Then he cut himself with a knife. After Han Qing's death, Sun Xiang, the right deputy commander-in-chief, led down archers who didn't escape and held on for four days. In the end, the Mongolian army saw that it could not break through the Zijing Pass head-on, so it found other roads that were not blocked and went around behind Guan Mingjun. Under the attack of the abdomen and the back, the Ming army gradually failed and the Zijingguan was broken. After Guanpo was broken, Sun Xiang did not escape or surrender, but once again supervised the soldiers to fight with the enemy in the street, and eventually he fought hard to death because he was outnumbered. Han Qing and Sun Xiang kept their loyalty to their country from beginning to end, and exchanged their lives for four precious days.

On the ninth day of October, his troops first broke through Zijingguan, and there was no obstacle to the route to Beijing. First, I galloped on horseback, traveling more than 200 kilometers in two days, and arrived at Lugou Bridge on1October/1day, which was the beginning of Beijing's defense war. At this time, the Ming army is not the messy teacher it used to be.

From August 20th, about 50 days before and after, Yu Qian adjusted about 60 generals. Yang Hong and Shi Heng were put in prison because of the failure of the civil war fortress, and they were reused. These two men are the soul figures of Beijing's defense war. Han Qing, a tough guy who fought to the death in Zijingguan before, also arrived at Zijingguan under the appointment of Yu Qian, which shows that Yu Qian is quite accurate in judging people.

Another measure of Yu Qian is to strengthen the city defense and set up obstacles outside Beijing. The Ming army set up more than 11,000 gates and 5,100-foot sand fences on the city walls, city walls and Qikou to stop the Walla army.

Yu Qian's most important measure is to transfer troops. In fifty days, on the one hand, Yu Qian reorganized the remnants of Beijing, on the other hand, he mobilized the Japanese army and the two armies of Henan and Shandong to enter the defense, and prepared enough grain and grass from the granary in Tongzhou to supply military supplies. All these tasks were completed in 50 days, and it must be said that it was a huge mobilization movement. Finally, on the eighth day of October on the eve of the Zijingguan being broken, Yu Qian arranged everything properly, which shows how important it is for Sun Xiang and Han Qing to stick to it!

At that time, Yu Qian deployed 220,000 troops in Jiumen, Beijing. Wu Qingbo, the company commander, was stationed at Deshengmen, Tao Jin was stationed at Andingmen, Guangning was stationed at Dongzhimen, Wujin Bozi was stationed at Chaoyangmen, Liu Jushou was stationed at Xizhimen, Gu Xingzu was stationed at Fuchengmen, Li Ruishou was stationed at Zhengyangmen, Chongwenmen and Xuanwumen, all of which were controlled. As the supreme commander of Beijing's defense war, Yu Qian personally wore armor, knew loyalty and righteousness, and the whole army cried and had high combat power. Later, Yu Qian ordered the closure of the capital city gate to show his determination to fight to the death.

Yu Qian's portrait.

After the civil war, I thought for the first time that the Ming army was not afraid. I thought that the main force of the Ming army was destroyed in the civil fort, and the capital of the Ming Empire could be breached at any time. Therefore, I drove 200 kilometers in two days, regardless of the fatigue and the need for rest after the foot soldiers captured Zijingguan, which exhausted the soldiers in Varachia and greatly affected the morale of the army. Tired of seeing the Ming army waiting for war first, the morale is even lower. In view of this situation, officials would rather use their brains again when "rebelling". He instigated the ministers of the Ming Dynasty to come to see him first, demanding 2,000 gold and silk, and invited Yu Qian, Zhu Xi and others to discuss. However, the Ming Empire only sent humble Wang Fu and Zhao Rong to appear in front of Ming Yingzong to show that they would never compromise and "get angry first and then threaten". The possibility of peace talks broke down completely, and the war inevitably began. Also began to gather the main force in the direction of Beijing through Zijingguan.

1October 13, the battle for Beijing officially began. The battle first started outside Desheng Gate. First, a small number of cavalry were used to spy on Deshengmen, so Yu Qian set an ambush in the empty rooms on both sides outside Deshengmen, sent several riders to fight first, pretended to be defeated, and lured the enemy deeper. First, the army intends to send more than 10 thousand cavalry to catch up. At this time, the ambush suddenly appeared in the empty room on both sides of the road, and the cannon opened fire. First, the cavalry could not be defeated and had to withdraw from Deshengmen. Although the Ming army repelled Ye Xianjun in the Battle of Deshengmen, it obviously did not cause great harm to Valla. Wala went south to Xizhimen immediately after withdrawing from Deshengmen. When Sun was bored, he rebelled, and even several people attacked him with their hand blades. Since then, on the one hand, the army pretended to withdraw from the north, and Sun was confused by the strategy of the army and chased it out. Later, Valla sent more troops to surround Sun Tun. Sun Tun's troops were invincible, and he retreated to Xizhimen in an attempt to enter the city. Guarding city officials strictly carried out Yu Qian's orders and resolutely prohibited Sun from entering the city. He only ordered the defenders of Chengtou to send arrows and guns to help Sun Man. Sun was bored and had to fight the Walla army with mortal determination. As the saying goes, God never shuts one door but he opens another. Finally, Koryo and Mao Fushou came to the rescue, and soon Shi Heng also suited himself to the rescue, and Vara withdrew.

10 15, Wang Jing and Xing Wu led the troops to fight Ye Xianjun in Zhangyimen. Wuxing takes the spear as the first priority, followed by archers and short soldiers, and hundreds of officials serving in the army rode behind. Even the eunuchs rode into battle, showing the improvisation of the Ming army. After Ye Xianjun arrived, the Ming army repelled Ye Xianjun with a spear. Unexpectedly, as soon as the enemy retreated, civil servants jumped out in succession to win credit. Although it is expected that the temporary recruitment of civil servants has no military discipline, it has caused fatal damage to the Ming army. Because the cavalry serving the officials rushed at random, the first army saw the opportunity and took the opportunity to kill back. The Ming army was defeated and was chased all the way to Tucheng by the Walla army. Commander Wu was killed. At a critical juncture, Wang Hong and Mao Fushou came to help. On the one hand, the army saw that it was unable to capture Beijing. The Ming army's diligent king army gradually approached the capital and had to lead the army out of Beijing.

03

Valla's failure

How many people did the Ming army kill in other places?

Ye Xianjun's retreat route is worth explaining. According to the records of the Ming Dynasty, on the same day that he retreated first, that is, on October 15th, Juyongguan was attacked by more than 30,000 Tatars who had not entered the customs (namely Alazhiyuan). As mentioned earlier, the retreating troops also joined the battle group that first attacked Juyongguan. According to historical records, "on the 15th, I left. Boyan Timur presented Bauhinia to the emperor, and went out to tackle key problems for more than 50,000 people. " However, in this record, it is a fallacy that Boyan Timur first offered Ming Yingzong the opportunity to pass the Amethyst Pass, because according to Xiguanzhi, he turned to Bauhinia after attacking Juyong Pass was ineffective, which shows that the First Army did not pass the Amethyst Pass first. In other words, Juyongguan was attacked by more than 80,000 main forces from outside to inside, and the situation was very tragic. At that time, the commander-in-chief guarding Juyongguan was deputy commander-in-chief, Luo Tong, who stuck to the city and died in battle. Under the fierce attack of Vala, the gate in the southwest corner of Juyongguan suddenly collapsed, and Luotong urgently ordered the old and weak to water the city. At that time, the weather was cold, dripping into ice, and the ice city was established, which scared the Walla army not to approach. After seven days of stalemate, the commanders Pan Cheng and Zhao Keke of Juyongguan thought that Juyongguan was short of troops, and the defenders were mainly visiting troops and recruiting troops. In the long run, Juyongguan will definitely fall. It is better to be smart and annihilate the enemy than to sit still and wait for death. So the Ming army chose the night attack. The Ming army observed that when the Vala army rested at night, the two of them slept on two horses. In this way, once there is a policeman, as long as one person wakes up, he will wake up the second person and get on the horse quickly. When the Valla army camped at night, it surrounded other troops with elite heavy cavalry as a barrier. In addition, every time I walk the dog, if there is a policeman, I will bark as a signal. With such careful military deployment and the existing strength of the Ming army, it is not easy to attack the Vara camp at night. So Luo Tong cooked a lot of cooked mutton and drugged it. In the middle of the night, Luo Tong ordered "no harvest at night" to quietly approach the edge of the Walla army and feed the dog with mutton. The dog ate the drugged mutton and couldn't afford to fall to the ground. The Ming army threw stones at them, and the live dog became a dead dog. Therefore, the Ming military used ropes to connect the iron rider's feet, so that they could not run around at will. After everything was ready, the goddess of victory slowly stood on the side of the Ming army.

The well-prepared main force of the Ming army quietly opened the Juyong Pass and poured into the Valla Barracks. In the case of navarre army unprepared, the Ming army surrounded Ye Xianjun's camp, suddenly raised their torches, shot into the sky and fired on all sides. In a daze, the Walla army, who didn't know what had happened, was frightened to disgrace and prepared to mount a horse to fight. However, the resting horse was frightened by the sound of guns, noise and cannons and became manic and out of control.

The war horses screamed and roared and jumped, trying to escape from here, but the more they jumped and struggled, the tighter the rope that the Ming army put on the horse's foot contracted, making it even more impossible for the Walla people wrapped in heavy cavalry to break through. Seeing that the time was ripe, the Ming army bombarded the external Vala fighters one after another. Vala soldiers trampled on each other in the warrior circle, thousands of people died and the Mongolian army was defeated. The Ming army pursued the victory and won three out of three wars. It captured Naji Timur, commander-in-chief of the Vara army, cut off the armor and bows of thousands of war horses, and recaptured the residents outside the capital captured by the Vara army. In Juyongguan, the main force was defeated first, and then went straight to Zijingguan. Outside Juyongguan, Ala Zhiyuan is far away, and the siege of Juyongguan has been solved. But the first thing I didn't expect was that his nightmare was not over yet. Due to the long delay in Juyongguan, the pursuers of Shi Heng, a general of the Ming Dynasty, caught up with him at Zijingguan, when he was about to escape. The first army had just been defeated and its morale was unstable. It is also afraid of Shi Heng's pursuit first. Shi Heng took advantage of his mentality, sent spies to surrender for a pretence, and went to the first barracks. Yes, he said that Shi Heng has not yet arrived in the array, and now the commander in chief in the array is a fake Shi Heng, so as to shock your's morale. First, because I was just defeated, my judgment declined. He listened to the words of the Ming spies and led the army to attack Shi Heng. Shi Heng took advantage of this good opportunity to treat sth lightly first, and led Shi Biao and dozens of cavalry. Suddenly, he let out a cry and walked straight ahead, rushing around like nobody's business.

Ming dynasty gunpowder pot

Here, I want to explain why Shi Heng can directly attack the camp with a small amount of troops. Because the formation has been set during the confrontation between the two armies, if a small enemy force intrudes unexpectedly, the low-level commander can't leave the formation of the army without the orders of his superiors, and it is difficult for the senior commander who commands 10 thousand people to command tens of thousands of troops to respond to the attack of just a few dozen people in time. Shi Heng with dozens of knives and axes, sprint, greatly disrupted the formation of the first army. The Ming army played it by ear, and the main force rushed ahead, and the army lost first. The sheep, horses and property taken by the Walla people before were also taken away by the Ming army, and the record of Shi Heng's failure to save the captives just corresponds to the record of Luotong's rescue of the captives. After the war, Shi Heng's fame spread to Wallachia, so that brave Mongolian soldiers called Shi Heng "Grandpa Shi Heng". Since then, the Walla army has never dared to go deep into the mainland of the Ming Dynasty.

Another field force, Yang Hong, also won a great victory. After Ye Xian retreated from Beijing, Yang Hong was ordered to join hands with Sun Man, Fan Guang and others to wipe out the remnants of Ye Xianjun who had not retreated and were still plundering near Gyeonggi. Yang Hong and others marched all the way to Zhuozhou, where they joined forces with the "Remnant Lu" and smashed it, regaining more than 10,000 captured people and countless horses, cattle and sheep. Since then, Yang Hong has won a great victory in Gu 'an and captured General Valla and others alive.

In particular, I would like to mention the casualties of Valla in the Battle of Beijing. In the records of the Ming Dynasty, Yexian's army suffered heavy losses. "The goods of plundered sheep and horses were abandoned like hills. They fled with numbers, and only two or three out of ten were returned." As mentioned above, as Ye Xian's spies tortured by the Royal Guards said, Ye Xian's army lost more than 10,000 people in the defending war of Datong and Beijing, which is a record of Ye County. Whether the battle damage in Yexian's mouth is accurate or not can be used to record the loss of troops in Yexian in the defending war of lighting empire in Beijing.

In the whole battle of Peiping, the Ming army, which was also the first to cause war losses, belonged to Shi Heng. The survivors of Datong's fiasco were taken to the capital for interrogation on charges of dereliction of duty after the change of flag in the civil fort. Soon, the imperial city was also driven away. At this time, Shi Heng, who was brave and good at fighting, was recommended to Emperor Jingtai, who ordered Shi Heng to be released from prison and made meritorious deeds. So the whole battle of Peiping became the stage of Shi Heng.

Shi Heng walked out of Andingmen and met the Cavaliers. Shi Heng rode in alone and ran around. "One person killed dozens of people.". My nephew, Shi Biao, jumped into the array and ran around. The bravery of Shi Heng and Shi Biao greatly boosted the morale of the Ming army, and the army cheered and made a loud noise. Walla fell and retreated to the south, but Shi Heng stubbornly persisted, pursued all the way from north to south, and fought against the Mongolian army again. The Mongolian army was powerless to return to heaven and retreat to the south. After that, Shi Heng chased Vala for three days until Zijingguan, and finally launched a large-scale battle with the ancient Mongolian army again. Brave Shi Heng and his men shouted loudly, went straight to the Mongolian army with axes in their hands, and killed hundreds of enemy troops with knives and axes. With this war, Shi Heng became the most outstanding general in the defence of Beijing.

"Shi Minglu" records: "Wu Qing Hou Jiangong. In the book, 19880 people will be promoted to the first level, and 3 1 18 people will be promoted to the second level. " This was an award given to Shi Heng by the Ming Dynasty after the war. The reward standard in Beijing's defense war is: "Whoever dares to take the lead will get a thief, otherwise the beheading will be one level, and the military and civilian officials will be promoted to another level." In other words, the condition for upgrading is to capture or kill a Mongolian army alive. Then, according to this standard, Shi Heng has killed and captured 19880 runners-up.

In addition to Shi Heng, the Ming army led by Yang Hong, the company commander of Fu Xuan, also caused great losses to the Walla army. Yang Hong led 60,000 troops to pursue the defeated Walla Army in the defence of Beijing. Yang Hong chased Yangshan all the way, lost the battle, beheaded hundreds of people, and captured the chief Aki and others alive.

However, the number of beheadings of the Ming army is actually much less than the number of enemies actually killed. Because Mongolia always takes dragging back the bodies of its companions as the first contribution to the battlefield, this is the tradition of nomadic people. For example, the Huns stipulated that whoever brought back the body of the deceased could share all the property of the deceased. Therefore, if the Ming army beheaded hundreds of soldiers in World War I, then Valla may have paid ten times or more casualties. According to the calculation, the number of people killed by Yang Hong all the way to Walla is between120,000 and 20,000.

To sum up, when we first attacked Beijing, there were about 100 thousand people, and when we fled to Juyongguan, there were only more than 50 thousand people. Shi Heng Department and Yang Hong Department, as the main field teams of the Ming Army, have a record of about 30,000 to 40,000. Therefore, the military losses of the Vara side are consistent with the records of the Ming army.

Generally speaking, according to military common sense, the victory announced by the party who finally mastered the battlefield is closer to the truth. If this result can correspond to the loss of the other troops, it will be more convincing. Therefore, it can be said that in the defending battle of Beijing, the number of people killed in Walla was more than 30,000. Then why only admit that you lost more than 10 thousand in the war on the one hand? This is actually very understandable. This kind of allied forces with the nature of enslaving the conquered often only calculate the loss of their core strength, ignoring the loss of servant strength or tribe. From this point of view, the loss of more than 10,000 admitted by predecessors probably only refers to the loss of Varah headquarters, while the losses of Tatar, Wuliangha, Hami, Shazhou and even the Jurchen servant army have been ignored.

In addition, there is an important difference in historical materials, that is, the record of the last large-scale battle of defending Beijing. At that time, he was preparing to turn back first. Yu Qian organized Chengtou artillery to shell the camp first, killing many enemies. There have been two theories about how many Walla troops Yu Qian killed with artillery. One is a biography written by Wang Shizhen for Yu Qian in the National Sacrifice Record. The record of Yu Qian's garrison in Beijing is more detailed: "(Yu Qian) is eager to take charge of the camp and camp outside Deshengmen. There are soldiers at all the city gates, totaling 220 thousand. Seeing that our soldiers won the battle strictly, Lu did not dare to make a light crime, so he tried me several times. Modesty is to lie in an empty house and let a few riders seduce Lu. Lu is thin with 10 thousand riders, and I lose. The defeat of Mao Fushou, the grandson of Xizhimen. Modesty made a spy go to see the emperor, and it was far away. At night, people attacked their camp with cannons. Thousands of people died. Thieves retreat. " The other is a tombstone written by Ni Yue for Yu Qian. It is recorded that in the last battle, Yu Qian killed more than 10,000 enemy troops by shelling: "The enemy forces me to be neat and dare not underestimate me. I would rather invite the minister to make peace and ask for money. It's hard to follow the strong, and even make trouble. Every seven days of confrontation, in order to look forward to October, the enemy away, gradually away, and to shell the enemy camp. Thousands of people were killed by the enemy. E sen was depressed. He ran away at night. Shi Jing lifted martial law. "

The historical records of the two political parties are quite different. According to the analysis of the number of people killed by the Ming army and the troops who fled to Juyongguan first, Wang Shizhen's account of Yu Qian's shelling and killing thousands of enemy troops in the last battle is more credible.