Main categories of cabbage sum

According to the length of the growth period and adaptability to the cultivation season, it is divided into early maturing, medium maturing and late maturing types. Choose a greenhouse or cold shed to raise seedlings in early spring, and start sowing from March 25th to 30th.

Nursing bed: The bed width is 1.2-1.3 meters, and the bed length depends on the terrain. Before making the bed, plow the columbine into a fine layer, apply 5-6kg of fully decomposed organic fertilizer per square meter, and add 50ɡ of ground potassium sulfate vegetable compound fertilizer and mix it with the bed soil. Tread the columbine firmly and sift it well to cover it. Soil preparation.

Sowing: Choose seeds with uniform size and high germination rate. Sprinkle water before sowing to make the border moist. The sowing rate of wet seeds is about 700 seeds per square meter. After sowing, cover with 0.3 sieved fine soil. cm, fully watered, usually 2-3 days to fully seedlings. When the weather is cold, you can sow the seeds after germination, and cover them with mulch or a small shed to keep them warm and moisturizing.

Check the temperature and humidity in time, replenish water and keep warm when appropriate. If pests such as leafminers and aphids are discovered, prevent and control them promptly.

Transplanting: Cultivate the seedlings for 20-25 days. When the seedlings grow to 2 to 3 true leaves, they can be transplanted and planted. Seedling transplantation saves seeds, and only about 70 grams of seeds are needed for planting one acre of land. Early-maturing varieties such as 45 and 49 cabbage must be planted at a row spacing of 10 cm . If you continue to harvest the side sprouts after harvesting the main sprouts, sparse them appropriately when planting. (1) Fertilization: In principle, before making beds, apply 5000kg of fully decomposed organic fertilizer, 50kg of vegetable-specific compound fertilizer, and 1kg of zinc sulfate, borax and other micro-fertilizers per acre in conjunction with land preparation.

(2) Production bed method: 1.4 meters as the area, the bed width is 1.2 meters, the ditch width is 0.2 meters, and the bed height is 0.2 meters.

(3) Sowing: direct seeding, which can be combined with mulching film. In strong light weather, cover with a sunshade net to prevent sun exposure, reduce the impact of heavy rain, and ensure the quality of seedling emergence and stable yield. The cabbage is suitable for shallow planting, and the cotyledons are suitable for the border surface. Immediately after sowing, water the entire bed to ensure good contact between the roots and the soil.

(4) Early seedling thinning and weeding: Live broadcasting is generally dense, prone to leggy growth, and easy to be infected with diseases. Therefore, seedlings should be thinned out in time. There are 20,000 to 22,000 seedlings per mu. The first thinning can be carried out when there are 2-3 true leaves to remove overly dense seedlings, weak seedlings and tall seedlings; the second time can be carried out at the 5-6 leaf stage, combined with seedling replenishment, and the plant spacing should be maintained at 15-20 cm. Combine with thinning to remove weeds.

(5) Fertilization: In addition to sufficient base fertilizer, cabbage must be top-dressed, and it must be applied early, lightly and frequently. Ten days after the cabbage emerges, top dressing is usually done every 4-5 days. For top dressing, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizers, biological bacterial fertilizers, high-temperature decomposed human excrement or peanut bran, etc. can be used. Water should be poured in time after application to avoid fertilizer damage.

(6) Watering: Cabbage has strict water requirements, and the watering method and time must be correctly mastered. When spraying water, the water droplets should be evenly sprinkled on the border and leaf surfaces, and large water droplets should be avoided. Generally, you should shower with water once in the morning and evening on sunny days. On hot days, you should shower with "noon water" once at 11 am. If possible, sprinkler irrigation equipment should be installed to save labor and increase the watering effect. Five days before harvesting, try to control the spraying of water as little as possible, so as not to affect the quality and shelf life of the leaves due to excessive water.

(7) Harvesting: When harvesting cabbage, the standard is that the sprouts are "all blooming". If harvested too early, the yield will be low, and if harvested late, the quality will be poor. When harvesting, use a knife to cut off the stems at the elongation point. It is best to harvest the sprouts in the morning after there is no dew. After harvesting, cover them with a layer of wet felt to keep them moist. Generally, early-maturing species have a shorter harvest period, while late-maturing species have a longer harvest period, up to 10 to 15 days. Exported cabbage must be pre-cooled promptly after harvesting to ensure freshness and tenderness on the shelves. Cabbage prefers a mild and cool climate. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 25-30°C, and the optimum temperature for leaf and sprout development is 15°C-20°C. It grows slowly below 15°C. Cabbage likes moisture and is afraid of waterlogging, and requires a soil humidity of about 80%-90%. However, too much water often causes poor root development. Cabbage has a wide range of soil adaptability, but fertile, neutral or slightly acidic sandy loam soil with good water and fertility retention is suitable. It can absorb more nitrogen, potassium and less phosphorus from fertilizers. It is a semi-cold-tolerant vegetable and cannot tolerate high temperatures. The most difficult season of the year for growth is July-August when there is high temperature, strong light and heavy rain.

The specific methods are as follows:

1. Set up a sunshade net to cover the flat shed. For off-season cultivation of cabbage, you should choose a black sunshade net with a shading rate of 60%-70%. Erect a 2.5-3 meter high cement pillar, iron pillar or wooden pillar every 5 meters around the plot where the cabbage is to be planted. Connect the tops of each pillar with iron wire or nylon rope, and cover it with a sunshade net. Covering the flat shed with a sunshade net can reduce the ground temperature by 4-6°C.

2. Choose varieties that are heat and moisture resistant. As cabbage cultivated in the off-season, early maturing varieties with fast growth speed, moisture resistance, heat resistance and strong disease resistance should be selected, such as Sijiu Cai Xin No. 19, Sijiu Cai Xin No. 20, Zaoyou No. 1, Zaoyou No. 2 and so on.

3. Cultivation and management measures

1. Prepare the land to build borders and apply sufficient base fertilizer. For off-season cabbage cultivation, it is advisable to choose fields where melons, beans, and eggplants were grown before. After the field is selected, it is deeply plowed and leveled, and 1000-1500 kilograms of decomposed manure and 7.5 kilograms of special BB fertilizer for leafy vegetables are applied per mu as base fertilizer, and then the border is built.

The width of the border is 60-100 cm, the border surface is made into a turtle-back shape, and the furrow depth is 35-40 cm to facilitate drainage and irrigation

2. Sow seeds in an appropriate amount and timely seedlings, and cultivate cabbage in off-season Generally, direct seeding is used, and the seeding rate per acre is about 0.75 kilograms. Start thinning when the cotyledons expand, and thin the seedlings 2-3 times. When the plants grow to 5 cm, the seedlings can be planted, and the spacing between rows is 12 cm × 12 cm.

3. Fertilizer and water management. The root system of cabbage is shallow, the ability to absorb fertilizer and water is poor, the growth is rapid, the growth volume is large, and the planting is generally dense, and the requirements for fertilizer and water are very strict. In addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, mixed fertilizers containing mainly available nitrogen fertilizers should be topdressed several times during the entire growth process. Generally, when the first true leaf expands, apply decomposed manure with a concentration of 10%. In the future, decomposed manure will be applied every 5 days, and the concentration can be gradually increased, and 10-20 kg of BB fertilizer will be applied. The growth period of cabbage is during the high temperature and rainy season, so timely drainage and irrigation should be done to keep the soil moist.

4. Harvest at the right time. It takes 30-40 days from sowing to harvesting. During the harvesting period, it is best when the sprouts grow to the same height as the tip of the tallest leaf and when the flower buds begin to open - that is, when they "open at the same time". The yield of cabbage per mu is 1000-1200 kilograms. Spring cultivation of cabbage generally utilizes spring idle land, or idle land after the harvest of spinach, lettuce and other cold-resistant vegetables. After harvesting, it can be used for cultivation and utilization of autumn vegetables. After the solanaceous or melon vegetables are harvested in the spring, they can be used for autumn cultivation of cabbage. The first and last crops of cabbage are solanum. Vegetables such as melons are suitable, but not cruciferous vegetables.

In overwintering cultivation, a crop of cabbage is usually planted in the cold winter after harvesting tomatoes or cucumbers in autumn. After the cabbage is harvested, inoculate it with early spring cucumbers or tomatoes. In this way, according to the cold-resistant characteristics of Laixin, the seasons with lower temperatures in the protective facilities can be fully utilized. 1. Variety selection

Based on the climatic characteristics of Chengde such as less rainfall in four seasons and large temperature difference between day and night, and based on many years of planting experience in Beijing, we selected 80, 60, 49, 45 cabbage varieties with good purity, high bud rate, and good color. The dark green variety is the main variety grown in Chengde. 80 cabbage cabbage takes about 35-40 days from sowing to harvesting. It is a late-maturing variety with strong low temperature tolerance and is suitable for sowing in April-May and after late August. 60 cabbage cabbage takes about 30 days from sowing to harvesting and is a medium-ripening variety. , mainly sown from late May to mid-June and August; 45 cabbage is an early-maturing variety, which takes about 25 days from sowing to harvesting, and is the main vegetable species planted from early June to mid-August.

2. Plot selection

It requires sufficient underground non-polluting water source irrigation conditions, neutral soil with a pH value of 6.0-7.5, a soil depth of more than 40cm, and the previous crop is non-toxic. Flat ground of cruciferous vegetable crops. Cabbage is suitable for sowing in warm areas in the south and can be sown all year round. In the north, it is not suitable to sow outdoors in winter.

1. Suitable cultivation location

For home cultivation, you can choose the balcony, rooftop, living room or courtyard in front of and behind the house.

2. Cultivation containers

For home cultivation, flower pots, old washbasins, foam boxes, etc. can be used as cultivation containers, or they can be built with bricks or wooden boards on the balcony for cultivation. Slots, any size or specification. Because of its short growth period, the cultivation container does not need to be too deep. Generally, the depth of the container is 15 to 20 cm.

3. Time and method

Caixin can be broadcast live or seedlings can be transplanted. Sowing time: Sowing can be done indoors and outdoors all year round in warm areas in the south, but growth is poor in hot summers. Sowing can be done in spring, summer and autumn in northern areas. If there is a heating facility on the balcony, cultivation can also be done in northern winter. The soil should be fertile and loose. Generally, garden soil, leaf mold soil and a small amount of compound fertilizer can be mixed. When sowing, put the cultivation soil into the container, level the soil surface, spread the seeds evenly on the soil, and then cover with a thin layer of cultivation soil. Because the cabbage seeds are small, the soil should not be covered too thick to avoid affecting the emergence speed of the cabbage. Use a fine-hole watering can to slowly water the potting soil until water flows out of the drainage hole under the container. Then cover the container with a layer of black sunshade net, which can be used to moisturize and cool down in summer, and to keep heat and moisture in winter. During this period, keep the soil moist and the temperature is 25-28C. Seedlings can emerge in about 1-2 days. If the temperature is low, then Emergence time will be slightly slower. Remove the covering after seedlings emerge. After the seedlings emerge and the two cotyledons expand, the seedlings can be thinned gradually, and finally the seedlings are set according to a spacing of about 10 to 15 centimeters between rows. If the seedlings are transplanted, they can be transplanted when the seedlings have grown to 4 true leaves, and the distance between the seedlings should be about 15 cm.

4. Key points of cultivation and management

Chinese cabbage has no strict requirements on light, but it is better to place the container in a place with sufficient light for cultivation. If there is insufficient light for a long time, the plants will be thin and leggy. During the growth period, the soil needs to be kept moist and not allowed to accumulate water. In summer, water can be sprayed once in the morning and evening on sunny days. In winter, water can be sprayed once a day or every other day. The specific situation depends on the topsoil of the soil. If it is slightly dry, water it. If it is too dry, water it. The plants will wilt, and if watering is not timely during hot summer, the plants may wither and die.

But if only the main sprouts are collected, the harvesting position can be slightly lower by 1 to 2 nodes; if the side sprouts are collected, 2 to 3 leaves should be left at the base to cut the main sprouts. The height of the cauliflower is as high as the tip of the leaf, and the buds are beginning to bloom, which is called "Qikouhua". This is the suitable harvest period. The sprouts will be tender if harvested too early, and the quality will be poor if harvested too late. Spring Cultivation Technology

Spring cultivation of cabbage sum in North China is the off-season supply of vegetables in late spring and early summer, and plays a great role in enriching the variety of vegetable designs and colors on the market.

1. Seedling raising:

Cai Sum can be either broadcast live or grown as seedlings. In order to save land, it is better to cultivate seedlings.

The seedbed should be built on a plot that has not been planted with cruciferous crops in the previous year. It is advisable to use sandy loam or loam soil. Apply 45,000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per hectare, lightly plow, rake and level. Chengpingqi.

Fire heavily with water before sowing, and then sow the seeds after the water seeps down. The amount of seed used per hectare of seedbed is 7.5 to 10.5 kilograms. Can be transplanted in 0.6 to 1 hectare. After sowing the seeds, cover with soil 0.5 to 1 cm.

Thinning the seedlings immediately after they have emerged. Pull out seedlings that grow side by side, are crowded, or are too dense. Before the first true leaf spreads out, thin the seedlings 2 to 3 times. Finally, keep the distance between seedlings at 3 to 5 cm so that the seedlings have sufficient nutritional area to prevent excessive growth and excessive growth. When the first true leaves unfold, apply fertilizer once, with 150 kilograms of urea per hectare; you can also topdress with human feces and urine, at 7,500 to 10,000 kilograms per hectare, to promote seedling growth.

Keep the soil dry and moist during the seedling stage, with water every 5 to 7 days.

The shape of the seedlings when transplanted is: 4 to 5 leaves, 18 to 22 days old, and a well-developed and complete root system.

2． Planting:

The cultivation site should be fertile and loose loam or sandy loam, and 45,000 to 75,000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer or 22,500 kilograms of human excrement should be applied per hectare. After deep plowing, make a flat border. When the planting period is very late, a sorghum border can also be made to facilitate flood prevention and drainage during the rainy season during the later growth period.

The row spacing for planting is 13 cm × 16 cm for early-maturing varieties and 18 cm × 22 cm for late-maturing varieties. When planting, care should be taken to avoid damaging the root system to facilitate the survival of the seedlings. Irrigate immediately after planting.

3. Field management:

Chinese cabbage has slow seedlings and rapid growth. It requires a large amount of fertilizer and should be topdressed in time. When the seedlings develop new roots 2 to 3 days after planting, apply the first fertilizer in conjunction with watering. Apply 7,500 to 15,000 kilograms of decomposed human feces and urine or 150 kilograms of urea per hectare to promote rapid growth of seedlings. When the plants are budding, add 7,500 to 15,000 kilograms of manure per hectare, or 150 to 225 kilograms of urea to promote the rapid development of vegetable sprouts. After most main vegetable sprouts are harvested, a third fertilizer is applied, with 15,000 kilograms of human excrement or 150-300 kilograms of urea per hectare to promote the development of side sprouts.

Water every 3 to 5 days during the growth period to keep the soil moist. Do not let drought affect the growth and development of cabbage sprouts and reduce product quality.

4. Harvesting:

The main sprouts and side sprouts of cabbage can be harvested. Generally, early-maturing species have a short growth period, and side shoots are less likely to occur after the main shoots are harvested. After the main shoots of mid- to late-maturing species are harvested, side shoots may also occur. The appropriate harvesting period for the main sprouts is when the sprouts grow to the height of the top of the leaves and when there are first flowers at the tip, commonly known as flush flowers. If it is not harvested before the full bloom, the sprouts will be tender and the yield will be reduced; if it is beyond the appropriate harvesting period, the sprouts will be too old and the quality will be reduced. The morphological standards of high-quality vegetable sprouts are: thick sprouts, sparse internodes, few and thin sprout leaves, and early flowers on the top.

When only the main sprouts are harvested from early-maturing varieties, the harvesting node should be at the base of the main sprouts. Mid- to late-maturing varieties are prone to side shoots. When harvesting, leave 2 to 3 leaves at the base of the main shoot and pluck the main shoot to allow side shoots to germinate. Do not leave too many leaves, otherwise too many side shoots will occur, the shoots will be slender, and the quality will decrease.

Autumn Cultivation Technology

In autumn cultivation of cabbage in North China, the seeds are sown from August to September and harvested from September to November. Due to the cool weather in the late growth period of cabbage, which is suitable for the growth and development requirements of cabbage, it is of high quality and is very popular among consumers.

1. Seedling raising:

The seedling raising period for autumn cultivation is during the rainy season. To prevent waterlogging after heavy rain, the seedling furrow should be made into a small sorghum furrow with a width of 1.2 to 1.5 meters and a height of 15 to 20 centimeters. Other seedling stage management is the same as spring cultivation, and seedlings can be planted after 20 days of age.

2． Planting:

When planting is early, small sorghum borders can be made to prevent waterlogging; when planting is late, after the rainy season has passed, flat borders can be made. The planting density is 13 cm × 16 cm. Other matters are the same as spring cultivation.

3. Field management:

During autumn cultivation, the outside temperature is very high, the soil evaporates greatly, and the plants grow rapidly. Therefore, watering should be done in time to keep the soil moist. Generally, water every 2 to 3 days to avoid drying out the soil. From October to November, when the temperature gradually drops, you can water less and less, once every 5 to 7 days.

Top dressing during the growth period is the same as spring cultivation. Weeding should be carried out manually in the early stage to prevent grass shortage.

Pests and diseases occur seriously in autumn and should be prevented and controlled in time. See the Pest and Disease Control section for details.

4. Harvesting:

Only the main sprouts of cabbage grown in autumn are harvested, and they are eradicated immediately after harvesting. The harvesting method is the same as spring cultivation.

Winter cultivation technology

With the rapid development of protected area cultivation and people's demand for year-round supply of rare and special vegetables, the overwintering cultivation of cabbage has also gradually developed. Through overwintering cultivation, cabbage can be supplied from early winter to the following spring, which is an important part of four-season production and year-round supply of cabbage. Although the cost is high, the economic benefits are very significant.

1. Cultivation time and facilities:

Because cabbage is relatively cold-resistant, and the economic benefits of cultivation are not as high as those of cucumbers and tomatoes, solar greenhouses with poor thermal insulation performance and low construction costs are generally used. Plastic greenhouses, medium sheds, small sheds, wind-shielded balcony, etc.

When using solar greenhouse cultivation, it can be sown at any time from October to February and harvested from December to April. When using a wind-blocked sun border or a plastic greenhouse covered with grass thatch for cultivation, the sowing time and harvesting time are basically the same as those in a solar greenhouse. However, because the temperature conditions are slightly lower, the growth period is slightly longer. When using plastic greenhouses without grass thatch covering, sow in October and harvest in early December; or sow in February and harvest in March.

2． Seedling cultivation:

High-yield, high-quality, late-maturing varieties are generally used for overwintering cultivation of cabbage. Since the seedling period is in the cold winter, the seedling plot should be built in a wind-shielded sunny plot or in a solar greenhouse. During the seedling stage, keep the temperature at 15-20℃ during the day and 10-12℃ at night. To prevent freezing damage caused by low temperatures of 0°C in winter, we must also prevent early spring. The high temperature above 25℃ in the sunny and warm weather in early winter causes leggy growth, so as not to reduce the quality of the sprouts.

During the seedling stage, due to low temperatures and low evaporation, there is no need to water more. Generally, the seeds are watered thoroughly when sowing, and there is no need to water during the entire seedling period. No watering or top dressing is required. Other management is the same as spring cultivation. The seedling age of winter nursery is 25-30 days, and the seedlings have 4-5 leaves.

3. Planting:

Apply 45,000 to 75,000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per hectare in the protection facility. Fasten the plastic film tightly 15 to 20 days before planting, cover it with grass thatch at night, and try to increase the ground temperature as much as possible. Choose to plant in the morning on sunny and warm weather with clear head and cold tail. The distance between rows of transplanted plants is 18 cm × 22 cm. Other matters are the same as spring cultivation.

4. Field management:

Chinese cabbage is cultivated in winter. Due to the low temperature, low evaporation, and high air humidity in the protective facilities, watering should be less. As long as the soil is moist, there is no need to water, usually every 10 to 15 days. There is no need to water in January. Combined with watering and fertilizing twice. Topdressing is mainly chemical fertilizers and less organic fertilizers. The frequency is the same as for spring cultivation.

5. Harvest:

The harvest standard for overwintering cultivation of cabbage is the same as that for spring cultivation. However, the price is the highest when it goes on the market before the Spring Festival, so when harvesting, the market price should be used as the basis. As long as the market price is high, harvest can be made earlier or later.